CCD SNAPSHOTS OF FIELDS IN A STUDY OF THE VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF STARS

CHEN ALFRED B.,TSAY WEAN-SHUN,LU PHILLIP K.,SMITH ALLYN,MENDEZ RENE The Korean Astronomical Society 1996 Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society Vol.29 No.suppl1

Snapshots of eight SA and standard fields from low to high galactic latitudes were made using the KPNO 0.9m 2K $\times$ 2K CCD with a limiting magnitude from 19 to 22.5. The purpose of this study is to determine the vertical distribution of stars with respect to Galactic latitude and z-distance in comparison with the model simulation between intermediate population to the 'thick disk' component of scale height of a few kpc. Comparison of the preliminary results between observed and model simulation for 3 of the S fields shows good agreement both in V-mag and B- V color distributions. A bimodal distribution in B- V at high galactic latitude seems to be represented by a halo and 'thick disk' dwarf in the blue and by a normal disk dwarf population in the red.

Genomic Location of a Gene Conditioning a Miniature Phenotype in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Jeffery D. Ray,James R. Smith,Earl Taliercio,Felix B. Fritschi 한국식물학회 2012 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.55 No.1

The potential for global warming and climate change has increased the focus of research on plant genes that respond to high temperatures. Previous research identified a temperature-sensitive miniature soybean mutant that was controlled by a single gene. The objectives of our research were to confirm the single-gene control and to determine the genomic location of this gene. Segregation of the combined progeny of four BC6F5 plants heterozygous for the miniature trait in a Tracy-M background confirmed that the trait was conditioned by a single gene (1:2:1, χ2=4.38, P=0.1120). Molecular marker analysis identified three SSR markers and a SNP marker on molecular linkage group B2 (chromosome 14) associated with segregation for the miniature trait. One of these, marker Satt560, cosegregated perfectly with the miniature trait. The data from these four polymorphic markers indicated that the gene conditioning this miniature phenotype is at or near Satt560. Given this newly identified location of the gene and the recently published soybean genomic sequence, it may be feasible to isolate the gene and determine its mechanism of action in responding to temperature. Such knowledge may be of use in understanding how plants respond to increased temperature.

Fatty acid biosynthesis and lipogenic enzyme activities in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers fed supplementary palm oil or soybean oil

Choi, S. H.,Gang, G. O.,Sawyer, J. E.,Johnson, B. J.,Kim, K. H.,Choi, C. W.,Smith, S. B. American Society of Animal Science 2013 Journal of animal science Vol.91 No.5

<P>We hypothesized that supplementing finishing diets with palm oil would promote adipocyte differentiation in subcutaneous adipose tissue of feedlot steers, and that soybean oil supplementation would depress adipocyte differentiation. Twenty-eight Angus steers were assigned randomly to 3 groups of 9 or 10 steers and fed a basal diet without additional fat (control), with 3% palm oil (rich in palmitic acid), or with 3% soybean oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids), for 10 wk, top-dressed daily. Palm oil had no effect (<I>P</I> > 0.05) on ADG, food intake, or G:F, whereas soybean oil depressed ADG (<I>P</I> = 0.02), food intake (<I>P</I> = 0.04), and G:F (<I>P</I> = 0.05). Marbling scores tended (<I>P</I> = 0.09) to be greater in palm oil-fed steers (Modest<SUP>09</SUP>) than in soybean oil-fed steers (Small<SUP>55</SUP>). Subcutaneous adipocyte mean volume was greater in palm oil-fed steers (515.9 pL) than in soybean-supplemented cattle (395.6 pL; <I>P</I> = 0.01). Similarly, glucose and acetate incorporation into total lipids in vitro was greater in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers (119.9 and 242.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively) than adipose tissue of soybean oil-fed steers in (48.9 and 95.8 nmol·3h<SUP>–1</SUP>·10<SUP>5</SUP> cells, respectively). Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase activities were greater (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) in subcutaneous adipose tissue of palm oil-fed steers than in adipose tissue of control steers. Palm oil did not increase palmitic acid or decrease oleic acid in subcutaneous adipose tissue or LM, but decreased (<I>P</I> ≤ 0.05) myristoleic, palmitoleic, and <I>cis</I>-vaccenic acid in adipose tissue, indicating a depression in stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase activity. Soybean oil increased the proportion of α-linolenic acid in adipose tissue and muscle and increased linoleic acid and 18:1<I>trans</I>-10 in muscle. We conclude that palm oil supplementation promoted lipid synthesis in adipose tissue without depressing feed efficiency or increasing the palmitic acid content of beef.</P>

Adipogenic gene expression and fatty acid composition in subcutaneous adipose tissue depots of Angus steers between 9 and 16 months of age1

Smith, S. B.,Go, G. W.,Johnson, B. J.,Chung, K. Y.,Choi, S. H.,Sawyer, J. E.,Silvey, D.T.,Gilmore, L. A.,Ghahramany, G.,Kim, K. H. Oxford University Press 2012 Journal of animal science Vol.90 No.8

<P>We have demonstrated that among carcass adipose tissue depots, brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue contains the greatest concentration of MUFA and lowest concentration of SFA. Therefore, we hypothesized that brisket subcutaneous adipose tissue depots would exhibit greater adipogenic gene expression over time than other major subcutaneous adipose tissue depots. Four Angus steers, each at 9, 12, 14, and 16 mo of age, were harvested and fresh subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were collected from over the brisket, chuck, rib, loin, sirloin, round, flank, and plate. Relative gene expression for C/EBPβ, PPARγ, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 beta (CPT-1β), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD), AMP-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), and G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Expression of C/EBPβ, PPARγ, and CPT-1β was greatest at 12 to 14 mo of age (all P < 0.0001) and declined to very low abundance by 16 mo of age in all depots. Expression of PPARγ and CPT-1β was greater (P < 0.03) in flank, rib, and sirloin subcutaneous adipose tissues than in brisket and round adipose tissues. The expression of the SCD gene did not differ among the 4 age groups (P = 0.95). The palmitoleic:stearic acid ratio (an estimate of SCD activity) was greater (P < 0.001) in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from brisket, plate, and round than in the loin, rib, and sirloin. Conversely, subcutaneous adipose tissue from the loin, rib, and sirloin had greater (P < 0.001) SCD gene expression than the brisket, plate, and round. In general, subcutaneous adipose tissues with the highest concentration of MUFA and least SFA consistently exhibited the least SCD gene expression and adipogenic gene expression. We conclude that MUFA in the brisket and other depots with large SCD indices were deposited before 9 mo of age, during a time when the subcutaneous adipocytes were highly differentiated.</P>

Supplementary prenatal copper increases plasma triiodothyronine and brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein-1 gene expression but depresses thermogenesis in newborn lambs

Smith, Stephen B.,Sweatt, Craig R.,Carstens, Gordon E. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.3

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that increasing dietary copper (Cu) to gravid ewes would enhance brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis in their offspring. Methods: Twin-bearing ewes were assigned on d 70 of gestation to diets containing 3, 10, or 20 ppm dietary Cu (n = 8 per group). Twin lambs were assigned at birth to a cold (6℃) or warm (28℃) environmental chamber for 48 h. Blood was collected from ewes and from lambs and perirenal BAT was collected after 48 h in the environmental chambers. Results: Prenatal Cu exposure increased ewe plasma triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine concentration (T₄) (p<0.01) but prenatal Cu exposure had no effect on lamb plasma concentrations of T₃, T₄, glucose, or nonesterified fatty acid concentration (p≥0.08). The high level of prenatal Cu exposure depressed 48-h rectal temperature (p = 0.03). Cold exposure decreased BAT norepinephrine (NE) and increased BAT dopamine (p≤0.01), but prenatal Cu exposure had no effect on BAT cytochrome C oxidase activity or BAT NE or dopamine (p≥0.07). However, BAT of lambs from high-Cu ewes maintained higher uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene expression than BAT of lambs from low- and medium-Cu ewes following warm or cold exposure in environmental chambers (p = 0.02). Cold exposure caused near depletion of BAT lipid by 48 h (p<0.001), increased BAT cytochrome c oxidase activity (p<0.01), and depressed plasma fatty acid concentrations (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although prenatal Cu exposure increased BAT UCP1 expression during warm and cold exposure, prenatal cold Cu exposure depressed 48-h rectal temperature. Cold exposure decreased BAT lipid content by over 80% and decreased lamb plasma fatty acid concentration by over 40%, indicating that fuel reserves for thermogenesis were nearly depleted by 48 h of cold exposure.

Marbling and Its Nutritional Impact on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Smith, Stephen B. Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resource 2016 한국축산식품학회지 Vol.36 No.4

This review addresses the role of fat in beef palatability and healthfulness. Particular emphasis is placed on the content of oleic acid in beef, and how this increases with time when cattle are fed a grain-based diet. Oleic acid decreases the melting point of lipids from beef, increasing the perception of juiciness and improving beef flavor. Clinical trials have demonstrated that ground beef containing elevated oleic acid increases, or at the least has no negative effects on the concentration of HDL cholesterol. The amount of fat in published ground beef intervention trials greatly exceeds the amount of fat in equivalent portions of beef from U.S. domestic or Korean Hanwoo cattle. Thus, we conclude 1) Beef cattle should be raised under production conditions that increase the concentration of oleic acid in their edible tissues (i.e., by grain feeding over extended periods of time); and 2) The amount of fat consumed in a typical portion of beef will not increase risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Measuring low-energy ( α , p ) reaction cross sections using an extended gas target and gas recirculator

Chae, K.Y.,Ahn, S.,Ayres, A.,Bardayan, D.W.,Bey, A.,Greife, U.,Howard, M.E.,Jones, K.L.,Kozub, R.L.,Matoš,, M.,Moazen, B.H.,Nesaraja, C.D.,O’Malley, P.D.,Peters, W.A.,Pittman, S.T.,Smith, M.S. Elsevier 2018 Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research. Vol.900 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Direct measurements of ( α , p ) reactions of astrophysical interest with radioactive beams presents serious challenges because of the difficult nature of helium targets and the typical low intensities of the beams. To address this, a new technique has been developed for measurements of low-energy ( α , p ) reactions with heavy ion beams using an extended <SUP> 4 </SUP> He gas target and a newly developed gas recirculating system. The system was used to measure the <SUP> 4 </SUP> He(<SUP>19</SUP>F, <SUP> 1 </SUP> H)<SUP>22</SUP>Ne reaction as a demonstration. Excitation functions of the <SUP>19</SUP>F( α , p )<SUP>22</SUP>Ne and <SUP>19</SUP>F( α , <SUP> p ′ </SUP> )<SUP>22</SUP>Ne <SUP> ∗ </SUP> reactions were successfully measured to show the viability of this technique. Details of the approach and future plans are given.</P>

European 1: A globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis

Smith, N.H.,Berg, S.,Dale, J.,Allen, A.,Rodriguez, S.,Romero, B.,Matos, F.,Ghebremichael, S.,Karoui, C.,Donati, C.,Machado, A.d.C.,Mucavele, C.,Kazwala, R.R.,Hilty, M.,Cadmus, S.,Ngandolo, B.N.R.,Habt Elsevier Science 2011 Infection, genetics and evolution Vol.11 No.6

We have identified a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacterium bovis by deletion analysis of over one thousand strains from over 30 countries. We initially show that over 99% of the strains of M. bovis, the cause of bovine tuberculosis, isolated from cattle in the Republic of Ireland and the UK are closely related and are members of a single clonal complex marked by the deletion of chromosomal region RDEu1 and we named this clonal complex European 1 (Eu1). Eu1 strains were present at less than 14% of French, Portuguese and Spanish isolates of M. bovis but are rare in other mainland European countries and Iran. However, strains of the Eu1 clonal complex were found at high frequency in former trading partners of the UK (USA, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and Canada). The Americas, with the exception of Brazil, are dominated by the Eu1 clonal complex which was at high frequency in Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and Mexico as well as North America. Eu1 was rare or absent in the African countries surveyed except South Africa. A small sample of strains from Taiwan were non-Eu1 but, surprisingly, isolates from Korea and Kazakhstan were members of the Eu1 clonal complex. The simplest explanation for much of the current distribution of the Eu1 clonal complex is that it was spread in infected cattle, such as Herefords, from the UK to former trading partners, although there is evidence of secondary dispersion since. This is the first identification of a globally dispersed clonal complex M. bovis and indicates that much of the current global distribution of this important veterinary pathogen has resulted from relatively recent International trade in cattle.

Numerical study of rectangular spectral collocation method on flow over a circular cylinder

B. Smith,R. Laoulache,A. R. H. Heryudono,이진희 대한기계학회 2019 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.33 No.4

Laminar flow over a circular cylinder has been widely used as a classical benchmark test for various numerical methods for partial differential equations. One of the popular ways is by using the vorticity-streamfunction formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations on a bounded numerical domain. The partial differential equations are solved numerically by the method of lines, where space is discretized using the standard collocation method, subject to multiple boundary conditions in the form of Dirichlet at the inlet and Neumann at the outlet. The resulting system of equations are then advanced in time using multistep methods. Fourier-Chebyshev pseudospectral method is used to approximate the solutions in space and Adams-Bashforth third-order backward differentiation method is employed as a timestepping method. The rectangular spectral collocation method, developed by Driscoll and Hale, is applied to solve the ambiguity in imposing multiple boundary conditions on the same boundary points. The numerical simulations show very good agreement with similar studies for the Strouhal number, drag and lift coefficients over Reynolds numbers ranging from 50 to 150.

Current situation and future prospects for global beef production: overview of special issue

Smith, Stephen B.,Gotoh, Takafumi,Greenwood, Paul L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.7

The demand for beef as a protein source is increasing worldwide, although in most countries beef accounts for considerably less than half of total meat consumption. Beef also provides a highly desirable eating experience in developed countries and, increasingly, in developing countries. The sustainability of beef production has different meanings in the various geographical and socio-economic regions of the world. Natural resources including land mass and uses, rainfall and access to livestock feed, and the robustness of the economy are major determinants of the perception of beef sustainability. In this overview of the 2016 International Symposium on "Future Beef in Asia" and this subsequent Special Edition of the Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences on "Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production", the contributions have been grouped into the following categories: Countries in Southeast Asia; Europe; and Countries producing highly marbled beef for export and/or domestic consumption. They also include reference to Special Topics including marbled beef production, and use of "omics" technologies to enhance beef quality assurance. Among these broad categories, notable differences exist across countries in the production and marketing of beef. These reflect differences in factors including natural resource availability and climate, population size, traditional culture and degree of economic development including industrial and technological developments. We trust that the International Symposium and this Special Edition on Current Situation and Future Prospects for Global Beef Production, the contents of which that are briefly summarized in this paper, will serve as a valuable resource for the livestock industries, researchers and students with an interest in enhancing the prospects for sustainable, efficient beef production that satisfies the growing size and complexity of consumer demands and markets for beef.