http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
황기준,Whang, Ki-Jun 대한생리학회 1967 대한생리학회지 Vol.1 No.1
A nomogram of gas exchange ratio (R) in air breathing subjects ,was porposed which enables a simple and rapid determination of R value using the fractional concentrations of nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the expired or alveolar gas. The readable limit of R value seems less than 1/100 of R unit and the average difference between the values from the nomogram and the actually calculated values is less than 0.005 of R unit. The usefulness of this nomogram for rapid and frequent determinations of the oxygen uptake is also suggested.
19세기 말~20세기 초 정부 주도 향약의 변화-李道宰의 향약 시행 사례를 중심으로
황기준 한국역사민속학회 2022 역사민속학 Vol.- No.63
Since the 18th century, Hyangyak(鄕約) has been operated in the form of Juhyeon-Hyangyak(州縣鄕約), led by a government official, especially from the end of the 19th century, as the leading force has changed from the former Jaeji-Sajok(在地士族). And around the beginning of the 20th century, as an administrative organization borrowing the form of Hyangyak, a certain change appeared. Lee Do-jae(李道宰, 1848~1909), a representative figure who held key positions in the central government and in the provinces, attempted to spread Hyangyak such as Hyangyak-Jangjeong ( 鄕約章程 ) in 1894 and <Hyangyak- Jibdojolye>(<鄕約戢盜條例>) in 1905. The common purpose of these Hyangyak was to restore social order under the mutual surveillance system based on crackdowns and operational controls on those who cause social chaos, referred to as 'thieves and non-classes'. And the form was borrowed from Hyangyak, which is familiar to people under the 邑-面-里(Eup-Myeon- Ri) system, and specific items such as executives, organization, and operation of Hyangyak were used. However, unlike Hyangyak-Jangjeong , <Hyangyak-Jibdojolye> does not contain the basic provisions of Hyangyak, such as ‘Deogeobsanggwon (德業相勸), Gwasilsanggyu(過失相規), Yaesogsanggyo(禮俗相交), Hwannansanghyul (患難相恤)’, as before. In the early 20th century, the aspect of administrative organization of Hyangyak was further strengthened, such as utilizing only the composition and operation method of Hyangyak's executives, such as heads of departments and chiefs. 18세기 이후 향약은 이전 재지사족 중심에서 정부로 대표되는 관 주도 형식의 주현향약으로 변화하였고, 나아가 19세기 말부터는 관찰사가 직접 향약을 관장하고 보급하는 형태로 운영되었다. 그리고 20세기 초 무렵이 되면 정부에 의해 일종의 지방행정기구로서 변화된 향약의 모습이 나타나게 되었다. 이도재는 중앙정부 및 지방의 주요 보직을 역임한 대표적인 관료로, 1894년 鄕約章程 과 1905년 <鄕約戢盜條例> 등의 향약 보급을 시도하였다. 이들 향약의 공통적인 목적은 ‘도적, 비류’ 등으로 지칭되는 사회 혼란 유발자들에 대한 단속과 작통제에 기반한 상호감시체제 하에서의 사회질서 회복이었다. 그 형태는 邑-面-里 체제 하에서 사람들에게 익숙한 향약의 방식을 차용하였는데, 향약에서의 임원, 조직, 운영 등을 활용한 것이 그 사례이다. 鄕約章程 에서는 기본적인 향약의 조목과 형식을 유지하면서 정부의 의도가 포함되었으나, 이후 <鄕約戢盜條例>에서는 德業相勸, 過失相規, 禮俗相交, 患難相恤 등 향약의 전통적인 4대 강목을 제외한 채 실질적으로 조례 운영에 필요한 내용들만 수록하였다. 또한 도약장, 면약장, 이장 등 향약의 임원 조직의 구성과 운영방식을 적극적으로 활용하는 등의 모습이 보이는데, 이를 통해 20세기 초에는 향약의 지방행정기구화 현상이 심화되었음을 알 수 있다.
19세기 말 충청도 提川鄕約과 향약에서의 동학농민군 대응 양상
황기준(Hwang, Ki-jun) 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소 2021 중앙사론 Vol.- No.53
Jecheon Hyangyak(堤川鄕約) in Chungcheongdo, implemented in 1894, was Juhyeon Hyangyak(州縣鄕約), and to respond to the Donghak peasant movement developed in the 1890s, Hyangyak was administered by an observer led by an observer to distribute them to Myeonri(面里), the lowest administrative district. Jecheon Hyangyak was promulgated to eight Myeon(面) of Jecheonhyeon(堤川縣) and the jurisdiction of Jecheonhyeon under the direction of Lee Heon-yeong, who served as an observer in Chungcheongdo in 1894. At that time, the situation in Chungcheongdo was experiencing an unprecedented crisis, such as the spread of the Donghak(東學), the increase in the activities of the peasant army, and the outbreak of a battle between the Qing dynasty army and Japanese army. Accordingly, Lee Heon-young made the first priority to minimize the damage to the village society and to stabilize the livelihood of the local community through the use of Hyangyak. The basic content of Jecheon Hyangyak was the cultivation of customs with Confucian virtue. The composition of the executives of Jecheon Hyangyak was to reflect the intention of the government, and a kind of local administration system was established that leads to “Tongsu(統首) → Dongyakjang(洞約長) → Myeonyakjang(面約長) →Doyagjang(都約長) → Gwan(官)”. In this way, instructions from the observer or the leader and administrative measures were delivered step by step and finally reached the local residents of each house. Jecheon Hyangyak was combined with the Ogajagtongje(五家作統制) and operated as the center of defense of the local community. It is judged that all local residents should have participated in Ogajaktongje, and the organizational organization in the region responding to the Donghak Peasant Army and a mutual monitoring system between residents were established. However, due to doubts about the local Donghak, not everyone was included in the operation, and those who were suspicious due to Hyangyak could be expelled from the region. When the region was attacked by the Donghak peasant army, the basic guideline for responding to Jecheon Hyangyak was the establishment of Miltonggun(密通軍) based on mutual solidarity between the local residents. At this time, the scope of the response was in units of government, and the principle of Ogajagtongje was also adopted in the composition of Miltonggun. However, fearing the counterattack of the Donghak peasant army, the focus was on defense and mercury rather than attack. On the other hand, there were residents who did not participate in the control of Hyangyak and miscellaneous goods in the region, and in this case, the executives were punished to give a sense of responsibility for urging participation. In the light of other regional cases, this Jecheon Hyangyak is believed to have had some effect as a countermeasure against the Donghak peasant army.