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민주주의와 선거관리: 원칙과 평가 -제 5회 전국동시지방선거를 중심으로-
홍재우 한국의회발전연구회 2010 의정연구 Vol.16 No.3
The previous works have not considered “electoral administration” as a serious theme of electoral studies. Yet, in terms of legitimacy and equality, which are two major norms of democracy, a theoretical attempt should set up the principles of conducting elections and suggest a check list for evaluation. The most important factor that contribute to build legitimacy and equality is “openness of election” allowing free debates and publicizing “conflicting issues” in the entire process of electoral campaign. Unfair and impartial implementation of regulation in election law banning the various political participation and expression ultimately endangers the true meaning of democratic election, which is socializing private conflicts between majority and minority, and the strong and the weak into public and political sphere. Regarding these normative democratic principles, this paper concludes that the electoral administration on the 5th Korean nationwide local election was biased and severly misconducted. 본 연구는 선거관리제도 연구의 규범론적 서설(序說)이다. 선거관리에 목표에 대한 민주적 규범의 원칙을 이론적으로 제시하며 이를 근거로 선거관리 평가를 위한 기준을 구축하고 2010년 제 5회 전국지방자치단체 동시선거의 선거관리의 문제점을 분석한다. 지금껏 선거관리는 선거제도 연구의 사각지대였다. 그러나 선거관리는 민주주의의 정당성과 평등성을 확보하려는 선거 본연의 의미를 완성하는 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 정당성과 평등성을 확보하기 위한 방법은 기존의 투표 참여 이론을 통해서 분석할 수 있으며 양자는 선거 참여와 공간의 개방성을 중심으로 선순환적 관계에 있지만 기계적 정치참여의 규제는 양자를 모두 악화시킬 수 있다. 5회 전국지방자치단체 선거에서 나타난 선거관리는 유권자의 폭넓은 정치참여를 제한했다는 점에서 민주주의 원칙에서 벗어난 실패한 선거관리였다.
미얀마 종족갈등의 연대기: 좌절된 민주주의와 실패한 종족공동체
홍재우 한국외국어대학교 국제지역연구센터 2014 국제지역연구 Vol.18 No.1
This study is a chronicle-like research of Myanmar’s a half-century long ethnic conflict. Besides military authoritarianism, what has defined the country’s political history is the world’s longest civil war since her independence. Recently Myanmar seems entering a liberalization phase as the first step of democratic transition, which called “transformation.” Ethnic conflicts should be one the major obstacles of democratization. Thus, it is important to understand the history of ethnically divided political geography and related history in detail. When the county got independence, union, a semi-federal system had been taken as a solution of ethnic cleavage which had been intentionally mobilized by British colonial rule. But while Myanmar failed her democracy, this federal like solution lso was practically collapsed. There was a sophisticated institutional design for sustaining unified multi-ethnic polity. By scrutinizing ethnic political history, this study argues that these two political phenomena are interwound and mal-designed power-sharing system was major reason of the federal failure. 이 연구는 군부독재와 민주화 이외에 또 하나의 미얀마 현대정치의 일부인 종족갈등의 정치사를 다루고 있다. 미얀마는 전 세계에서 가장 오래된 내전의 역사를 갖고 있으며 민주화초기 단계에 들어선 현재까지 완전히 잦아들지 않고 있다. 미얀마 정부는 자유화와 함께 내전의 종전을 자신하고 있지만 종족문제는 민주화와 함께 혹은 민주주의보다 더 어려운 정치적 과제가 될 것이다. 식민 지배자에 의해 동원된 미얀마 종족 문제는 1949년 독립부터 아웅산 장군이 주도한 뺑롱협약을 통해 ‘준 연방제’의 구성으로 해결을 시도했지만 실패하고 말았다. 이 연구는 종족갈등의 역사와 현재의 종족 정치의 지리학을 정리한다. 그럼으로써 연방제의 실패가 민주주의 실패 그리고 정치권력의 공유에 대한 제도적 장치의 설계와 선택에 대한 미흡한 이해에 있었음을 살펴보고 미얀마 민주화의 과제가 종족갈등의 해결과 긴밀하게 연결되어 있음을 주장한다.
Structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein for Therapeutic and Preventive Target
홍재우,전현정,Choi Yeo-Ok,Taitt Afeisha S.,배수영,이영민,송창선,Yeom Su Cheong,김수현 대한면역학회 2021 Immune Network Vol.21 No.1
The global crisis caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) led to the most significant economic loss and human deaths after World War II. The pathogen causing this disease is a novel virus called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of December 2020, there have been 80.2 million confirmed patients, and the mortality rate is known as 2.16% globally. A strategy to protect a host from SARS-CoV-2 is by suppressing intracellular viral replication or preventing viral entry. We focused on the spike glycoprotein that is responsible for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cell. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration/EU Medicines Agency authorized a vaccine and antibody to treat COVID-19 patients by emergency use approval in the absence of long-term clinical trials. Both commercial and academic efforts to develop preventive and therapeutic agents continue all over the world. In this review, we present a perspective on current reports about the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as a therapeutic target.
Neutrophilic Granule Protein Is a Novel Murine LPS Antagonist
홍재우,Peng Qu,Todd R. Wuest,Haishan Huang,Chuanshu Huang,P. Charles Lin 대한면역학회 2019 Immune Network Vol.19 No.5
Neutrophilic granule protein (NGP) was previously reported as a granular protein of neutrophils in mouse, but the function has not been known clearly. We found the presence of the possible signal peptide in NGP and validated this protein is circulating in the bloodstream. In our findings, NGP is being modified post-translationally in Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, which is a universal character of secretory molecules with a signal peptide. The secreted NGP protein could be detected both in vitro and in vivo. NGP has sequence similarity with an antimicrobial protein cathelicidin, and we observed the aspect of inflammation of NGP. Interestingly, NGP interacts with the complex of LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP). This interaction blocks the binding of the complex of LPS and LBP to TLR4 and the downstream inflammatory signals. Furthermore, the inhibitory function of NGP against the inflammatory effect of LPS could be observed in both in vitro and in vivo. With these findings, we report NGP is a novel secretory protein to mask LPS and inhibit its function.