『류큐오라이(琉球往來)』와 류큐 관련 지식・정보의 유통

허지은 전북사학회 2021 전북사학 Vol.- No.61

오라이모노(往來物)는 11세기부터 서양의 학교제도가 들어오는 메이지 초 기까지 데나라이주쿠(手習塾)에서 이용되었던 서간문 형태의 교재이다. 오라 이모노 가운데에는 류큐가 언급되었거나 류큐 관련 내용이 수록된 오라이모 노도 있다. 당시 류큐에서의 교육은 구메마을(久米村)을 중심으로 이루어지고 있었다. 이곳은 중국 복건성(福建省)에서 중국인이 이주해 와 거주하던 곳이다. 류큐 관련 오라이모노 가운데 가장 대표적인 것으로 다이츄 쇼닌(袋中上人)의 『류큐오라이(琉球往来)』가 있다. 『류큐오라이』에는 새해의 축하(年賀)와 기원에서 부터 렌가(連歌)・바둑・장기・차・향(香)・단오・직관(職官)・사원 등에 관한 내용이 총망라되어 있다. 『류큐오라이』가 갖는 특징은 첫째, 에도(江戶)시대에 제작된 류큐 관련 오 라이모노 가운데 가장 오래된 것이라는 점, 둘째, 류큐에서 일본인 승려가 집 필했다는 점, 셋째, 일본인 승려 다이츄가 류큐에서의 현지에서의 견문을 바 탕으로 작성되었기 때문에 당시 류큐의 실태가 반영되어 있다는 점, 넷째, 류 큐의 어린아이들의 훈몽을 위한 교재로서 만들어졌기 때문에 『정훈(庭訓)오라이』형식을 기본으로 하여 1월부터 12월까지 모두 28개 항목으로 나누어져 있 다는 점, 다섯째, 장래 관리로 성장할 구메촌의 자제들이 주요 교육대상이었 기 때문에 이들의 실무연습에 도움이 될 수 있는 내용들로 구성되어 있다는 점 등을 들 수 있다. 류큐에서는 『류큐오라이』 이후 19세기 전반 즈음이 되어서야 오라이모노로 『고쿄죠(御教条)』가 간행되었다. 그 때까지는 『류큐오라이』가 어린이용 교재 로 활용되었을 것으로 생각된다. 일본 내에서는 19세기에 들어와서 일본과 류큐가 원래 한 뿌리라는 소위 ‘일류동조론(日琉同祖論)'에 근거하여 류큐에 대한 관심이 커지던 분위기 속에서 『류큐오라이』가 필사되어 일본인들에게 류큐 관련 지식과 정보로서 제공되었다. Oraimono (往來物) is a textbook in the form of letters that was used in Denaraijuku(手習塾) from the 11th century to the early Meiji era, when the Western school system began. There are more than Tens of thousands of types of oraimonos that have been identified so far, and among them, some of them mention Ryukyu or contain information related to Ryukyu. At that time, education in the Ryukyus was centered around the Kume Village. This is the place where Chinese immigrated and lived in Fujian, China. One of the most representative of the Ryukyu-related orai monos is Taichu Shonin's(袋中上人) 『Ryukyu Orai(琉球往來)』. The contents of 『Ryukyu Orai』 are about the celebration and prayer of the new year, renga(連歌), go(囲碁), janggi(將棋), tea(茶), incense, dan-o(端午), intuition(職官), and temples. The characteristic of 『Ryukyu Orai』 is, first, that it is the oldest of the Ryukyu related Oraimonos produced during the Edo period. Second, it was written by a Japanese monk in Ryukyu. Third, the fact of the Ryukyu at that time was reflected because the Japanese monk Daichu was written based on local knowledge in the Ryukyus. Fourth, since it was created as a textbook for the admonition of children in the Ryukyus, it is divided into 28 items from January to December based on the format of “庭訓Orai”. Fifth, the subjects of education are the children of the Kume Village, which will grow into future management. So, it is composed of contents that can be helpful in their practical practice. In the Ryukyu, only around the first half of the 19th century after Ryukyu Orai, the “Kōkyojo(御教条)” was published as an oraimono. Until then, Ryukyu Orai was thought to have been used as a textbook for children. In Japan, in the atmosphere of growing interest in the Ryukyus based on the so-called ‘日琉同祖論’ that Japan and Ryukyu originally had one root in the 19th century, “Ryukyu Orai” was copied and Japanese people It was provided as Ryukyu-related knowledge and information.

Association between the Thigh Muscle and Insulin Resistance According to Body Mass Index in Middle- Aged Korean Adults

허지은,심지선,이호규,김현창 대한당뇨병학회 2020 Diabetes and Metabolism Journal Vol.44 No.3

Background: We examined the associations between thigh muscle area (TMA) and insulin resistance (IR) according to body mass index (BMI) in middle-aged Korean general population. Methods: TMA was measured using quantitative computed tomography and corrected by body weight (TMA/Wt) in 1,263 men, 788 premenopausal women, and 1,476 postmenopausal women all aged 30 to 64 years. The tertiles of TMA/Wt were calculated separately for men and for premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was performed using fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, and increased IR was defined according to sex-specific, top quartiles of HOMA-IR. Associations between the TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR according to the BMI categories (<25 and ≥25 kg/m2) were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: In men with higher BMIs, but not in those with lower BMIs, the presence of an increased IR had significantly higher odds ratios in the lower TMA/Wt tertiles, even after adjustment for visceral fat area. However, in premenopausal and postmenopausal women, there was no significant inverse association between TMA/Wt tertiles and increased IR, regardless of BMI category. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the thigh muscle is inversely associated with IR in men, particularly in those with higher BMIs.

17~19세기 조선 관련 오라이모노(往来物)의 제작・유통과 일본 서민의 조선 인식

허지은 동양사학회 2022 東洋史學硏究 Vol.160 No.-

The purpose of this article is to examine the characteristics of shipbuilding-related oraimono produced, distributed, and consumed in Japan from the 17th to the 19th centuries, focusing on publication date, classification according to content, publication region, and author. Also, the purpose of this study is to examine the temporal change of Japanese commoners' perception of Joseon by analyzing the contents and illustrations of Oraimono (往来物). Oraimono was a textbook that was widely used for the education of children in Japan from the 11th to the 19th centuries. In the Edo period, all kinds of textbooks used in the homes of ordinary people and at Denarai-juku(手習塾), a private educational facility for ordinary people, were called oraimono. The knowledge, images, and memories acquired and formed in the educational field during childhood take root more deeply than at any other time and act as the basis for the perception formed in the process of becoming an adult. Commoners in various parts of Japan naturally acquired information and knowledge related to Joseon based on the contents of the Joseon-related Oraimono, which was used as a textbook in each household and in Denaraijuku. And based on this, it is presumed that he had his own view of Joseon. In the 17th century, many Oraimono related to Joseon were based on Joseon books containing Confucian ideas. In the 18th century, when peaceful Korea-Japan relations were established, such as dispatching news agencies in the 18th century, the emphasis was placed on preparations for visits by news agencies dispatched from Joseon and publications related to Joseon. Later, as foreign ships approached the coast of Japan in the late 18th century, they became conscious of external pressure, and the theory of territorial expansion in the surrounding area became active as a reaction against this. As a result, interest in Joseon increased again in the middle of the 19th century, and the main focus was on Empress Shin Gong's(神功皇后), Samhan(三韓) Conquest, the Imjin(壬辰) and Jeongyu(丁酉) Wars, and tributes and offerings from Joseon. After the opening of the country, interest in Western countries grew in the mid-to-late 19th century, and the names, populations, trade products, and products of each country were organized, and some of them dealt with Joseon. This change in the contents of Oraimono reflects the situation at the time and the interests of the common people in Japan, and it is thought that it served as the basis for forming the perception of Joseon by the common people in Japan at the time. And I think that this collective learning and memory formation became the basis for the formation of Joseon in Japan that was formed in the modern era.

17~19세기 나고야(名古屋) 지역에서 유통된 서적(書籍)의 조선 관련 기술

허지은 고려대학교 글로벌일본연구원 2024 일본연구 Vol.41 No.-

This study examined the demand for books, the background of book distribution, shipbuilding-related books produced and distributed in Nagoya, and how Nagoya locals came to perceive Joseon through the educational situation of Nagoya residents in the Edo period. The contents that came to be grasped as a result are summarized as follows. Nagoya was the village under a castle of Owarihan(尾張藩) during the Edo period. The Owaribun Hanshu(藩主) family is the OwariTokugawake(尾張徳川家), which was the head of the Tokugawa Gosanke(御三家)and had the highest price among the various daimyo(大名). The size of the estate was also the largest among the Gosanke(御三家), and Nagoya Castle in Owari-guk was used as a castle in residence. The Nagoya area was a Jokamachi(城下町). So there were many Denaraijuku(手習塾) run by Busi(武士), and mainly taught reading and writing. In addition, Nagoya was a hub for regional publishing, so many oraimono(往來物)were published. Nagoya residents developed literacy skills through education in Denarajuku(手習塾) when they were young. Based on that ability, I was able to naturally enter the world of writing and culture after becoming an adult. The Nagoya was also one of the many areas where the delegation dispatched from Joseon(朝鮮) to the Edo Shogunate(江戶幕府) passed on the round trip. Nagoya was also one of the many areas where Tsushinsi(通信使) sent from Joseon to Edo Shogunate passed. As is well known, when Tsushinsi(通信使) visited Japan, the Japanese showed great interest, and the interest led to the writing and distribution of books related to Joseon. Nagoya was no exception. Nagoya locals, who were able to see Tsushinsii(通信使) up close or directly contact it during the hospitality process, became interested in Joseon, and as a result, many books related to Joseon(朝鮮) were produced and distributed in Nagoya. For example, “KakokusavbutsOrai(各国産物往来) is Oraimono(往來物) related to Joseon(朝鮮) which was produced and distributed in Nagoya. This book introduces the trade of each country by period without illustration. Products of Joseon include ginseng, tin(錫), iron, and rice. Omurochuki(鸚鵡籠中記) is a diary left by Nagoya Busi Asahibunzaemon(朝日文左衛門). It depicts various hospitality situations for Tsushinsi(通信使) companies that visited Nagoya in 1711, as well as Nagoya locals and nearby local people who gathered to see the Tsushinsi(通信使) companies. On the other hand, the Ikokuorai narabi Hyoryunenpyo Nihen(異国往来并漂流年表 二編) distributed in Nagoya is a book that has never been mentioned in academia until now. Major events that reveal the relationship between Japan and countries on the Korean Peninsula are mainly recorded. As such, Nagoya residents have gained literacy through education in Denaraijuku(手習塾) using Oraimono(往來物) as textbooks. Through books related to Joseon produced and distributed in Nagoya, information about Joseon was obtained, and awareness of Joseon and Joseon people was formed. 본 연구에서는 에도시대 나고야 지역민의 교육실태를 통해 서적에 대한 수요와 서적 유통의 배경, 나고야 지역에서 제작·유통된 조선 관련 서적, 그리고 이 서적들을 접한 나고야 지역민들이 어떻게 조선을 인식하게 되었는가에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 파악하게 된 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 나고야는 에도(江戶)시대에 오와리번(尾張藩)의 조카마치(城下町)였다. 오와리번 번주 가문은 도쿠가와 고산케(御三家)의 필두격이었던 오와리 도쿠가와(尾張徳川) 집안으로, 여러 다이묘들 중에서도 가장 높은 가격(家格)을 보유했다. 고산케 중에서 영지가 가장 넓었으며, 오와리국의 나고야성을 거성으로 삼았다. 나고야 지역은 조카마치라는 특성상 무사가 운영하는 데나라이주쿠(手習塾)가 많았고, 주로 읽기·쓰기를 위주로 교육했다. 또한 지역출판의 거점으로서 많은 오라이모노(往來物)가 출판되었다. 나고야 지역민들은 아동 시기에 데나라이주쿠에서의 교육을 통해 문자를 읽고 쓰는 능력을 갖추게 되었고, 그 능력을 바탕으로 성인이 된 후 자연스럽게 문자 문화의 세계로 들어갈 수 있었다. 나고야는 조선에서 에도막부에 파견한 사행단이 왕복 길에 지나가는 여러 지역 가운데 한 곳이기도 했다. 주지하다시피 조선 사행이 일본을 방문했을 때 일본인들은 큰 관심을 보였고, 그 관심은 조선 관련 서적의 집필과 유통으로 이어졌다. 나고야 지역도 예외는 아니어서 조선사행을 가까이에서 보거나 접대 과정에서 직접 접촉할 수 있었던 나고야 지역민들은 조선에 대해 관심을 가지게 되었고, 그 결과 나고야에서는 많은 조선 관련 서적이 제작·유통되었다. 예를 들면 나고야에서 제작·유통된 조선 관련 오라이모노인 각코쿠산부츠오라이(各国産物往来) 에는 삽화 없이 당시의 무역품을 각 나라 별로 소개되어 있는데, 조선의 산물로 인삼, 주석(錫), 철, 쌀이 열거되어 있다. 나고야 무사 아사히분자에몬(朝日文左衛門)이 남긴 일기인 오무로추키(鸚鵡籠中記) 는 1711년 나고야를 방문한 조선 사행에 대한 제반 접대상황, 통신사행을 구경하기 위해 모여든 나고야 지역민들과 인근 지역민들의 모습이 묘사되어 있다. 한편, 나고야에서 유통되었던 이코쿠나라비효류넨표 2편(異国往来并漂流年表 二編) 은 현재까지 학계에서 언급된 적이 없었던 서적으로 일본과 한반도에 있었던 국가들과의 관계를 알 수 있는 주요 사건을 중심으로 기록되어 있다. 이처럼 나고야 지역민들은 데나라이주쿠에서 오라이모노를 교재로 한 교육을 통해 문자를 읽고 쓰는 능력을 갖추게 되었고, 나고야에서 제작·유통되었던 조선관련 서적들을 통해 조선에 관한 정보를 얻고, 조선·조선인에 대한 인식을 형성했을 것으로 생각된다.

쓰시마 조선어통사(朝鮮語通詞) 연구의 동향과 과제

허지은 상명사학회 2008 祥明史學 Vol.13 No.-

신라 연화문 연목와 연구 - 기원과 특징을 중심으로 -

허지은 한국기와학회 2021 한국기와학회 학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2021 No.11

쓰시마 朝鮮語通詞 오다 이쿠고로[小田幾五郞]의 생애와 대외인식 - 『通譯酬酢』을 중심으로 -

허지은 동북아역사재단 2010 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.30

The Japanese Outpost in Korea called Waegwan(倭館). Korean officials and merchants visited the Waegwan, and they were to be mediated by Tsushima’s Korean interpreters in their dealings with the Japanese counterparts. The basic duty of Korean interpreters was interpretation, and The domain needed the information for its own purposes, and sometimes the bakufu ordered Tsushima to gather specific information on Korea or China. It was Korean interpreters who actually engaged in the information gathering work in the field. The Korean interpreters collected a variety of information out of personal curiosity as well. Oda Ikugoro’s publications are a good example of information gathering conducted by Korean interpreters. These information were collected mainly to help his duty at Waegwan. His unusual experience of hardship in a foreign country and his curiosity for foreign culture also led to his writing of this book. The Korean interpreters collected a variety of information out of personal curiosity as well. Oda Ikugoro’s publications are a good example of information gathering conducted by Korean interpreters. Shoshokibun (象胥紀聞) included encyclopedic knowledge on Korean politics, society and culture. Soryowashu (草梁話集) was designed to be a guide book for the life at Choryang Waegwan, and it also includes the institutional changes in Korea-Japan relations. Tsuyakushusaku (通譯酬酢) contains various topics such as Korean customs, military facilities and equipments, women, foods, drinking manner, and courtesy. These information were collected mainly to help his duty at Waegwan. His unusual experience of hardship in a foreign country and his curiosity for foreign culture also led to his writing of this book. These records were submitted to the Tsushima domain and used as reference in carrying out its relations with Korea. They also came to be used for the education of Korean interpreters. When the debate over Japan’s conquest of Korea stimulated Japanese interest in Korea in the early Meiji period, many publications on Korea appeared and many of them were based on information collected by Tsushima’s Korean interpreters. 조․일간의 외교․무역업무는 왜관을 중심으로 이루어졌는데, 언어도 문자도 다른 조선과의 의사소통과 정보수집의 최전선에 있었던 것은 조선어를 이해하고 구사할 수 있는 朝鮮語通詞였다. 이들의 기본업무는 통역이었지만 쓰시마에서 바쿠후의 요구에 따라 또는 자체적인 필요에서 지시하는 정보를 수집하고 제공하는 중요한 역할도 담당하였다. 한편 통사는 개인적으로도 다양한 정보를 수집하고 기록을 남겼는데, 그 이유는 자신의 업무수행을 위해 그리고 해외체험이 힘든 시절 이국땅에서의 이문화 체험에서 비롯된 것으로 생각된다. 통사가 남긴 기록 가운데 현재 확인 가능한 것으로는 『御尋朝鮮覺書』, 『象胥紀聞』, 『草梁話集』, 『通譯酬酢』, 『象胥紀聞拾遺』 등 모두 5종이 있다. 이 가운데 『象胥紀聞』『草梁話集』『通譯酬酢』등 가장 많은 기록을 남긴 오다 이쿠고로(小田幾五郞)는 46년간 조선어통사로서 쓰시마, 조선, 나가사키 등지에서 근무하였으며, 통사로서는 최고위직인 大通詞의 지위에까지 올랐던 인물이다. 오다 이쿠고로의 기록은 쓰시마도주의 요구에 따라 정보를 수집한 오다 시로베의 『御尋朝鮮覺書』나 오다의 기록을 근거로 그 내용을 보충한 오다 칸사쿠의 『象胥紀聞拾遺』와는 달리 오랜기간 동안의 왜관에서의 생활 경험과 업무수행 과정에서 수집한 다양한 정보를 담고 있다는 점에서 특징을 지니고 있다. 그 가운데 『通譯酬酢』은 왜관내에서의 왜학역관과 조선어통사 사이에 이루어진 대화를 그대로 기록하는 형태로 작성되어 있다. 특히 「外國之部」부분은 조선 북방의 정세와 북방민족의 조선침략여부, 조선 서북쪽의 지형 및 방비, 이국선의 출몰과 異宗, 네덜란드인 등에 관한 내용을 담고 있어서 오다가 조선의 범주를 넘어 북방과 유럽에 대해 어떠한 인식을 가지고 있었고 또 갖게 되었는가를 살펴볼 수 있다. 오다는 바쿠후와 쓰시마에서 필요로 하는 정보를 제공하는 한편 『通譯酬酢』 序文에서 밝히고 있듯이 해외체험이 힘든 시절 나가사키와 이국땅인 조선에서 자신의 업무수행을 위해 수집한 정보를 자신 이후에 통사로서 임무를 담당할 통사에게 지침이 되고 쓰시마의 대조선업무에도 도움을 주기 위해 쓰시마에 제출하였다. 그리고 오다의 업무가 비록 조선과 관련된 것이었기는 하지만 나가사키에서 근무하는 동안 입수할 수 있었던 많은 정보는 조선관련 정보를 얻는 과정에서 접촉한 조선의 역관을 비롯하여 조선측 관리에게 제공되기도 하였다. 뿐만 아니라 그가 수집한 정보를 바탕으로 기록한 기록의 일부는 메이지(明治)초기 일본인들에게도 제공되었다. 결과적으로 조선어통사였던 오다가 수집한 정보와 그것을 바탕으로 갖게 된 대외인식은 개인적인 차원에 머무르지 않고 근세시기 바쿠후와 쓰시마의 역인들과 후배 조선어통사, 그리고 근대시기 일본인들의 조선 및 대외인식, 나아가 조선의 대외인식에까지도 영향을 미쳤다는 점에서 의미를 가진다고 할 수 있겠다.

멀티미디어를 이용한 STS수업이 실업계 고등학생의 학업성취도와 태도에 미치는 영향 : A Technical High School Students' Achievement and Attitude on Biology Education

허지은 이화여자대학교 교육대학원 2000 이화교육논총 Vol.11 No.-

STS education, unlikely the traditional science education, makes students to acquire scientific concepts and procedure through their own activities and to solve every day questions. It offers the situations for students to use the acquired information. For effective biology class, various methods should be used for learners to discover scientific fact and idea in structured fictional circumstances. It is increasingly required to apply multimedia such as voice, sound, picture graphic, and animation. This study investigates the effect of the STS program using multimedia on high school students. The subjects were 82 high school students. They were divided into two groups: the STS program applied class (treatment group) and the traditional lecture-centered class(control group). The STS program was consisted of three subunits. 'nutrient and health', 'stimulation and reaction' and 'reproduction' in the 'life' unit of high school general science. After the class, students' achievement and effects of science-oriented attitude are estimated by ANCOVA The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. The treatment group showed much better achievement in learning significantly (p<.001) than the control group. It approves the STS program using multimedia is effective. 2. The treatment group showed more positive science-related attitude than the control group(p<.001). They express their positive attitudes remarkably, in all categories such as 'affective component'(p<.01). 'behavioral or conational component'(p<.01), and 'cognitive component'(p<.01). 3. The correlation coefficient was high at the domain of 'affective component', 'behavioral or conational component', and 'cognitive component' in science-related attitude.

『류큐오라이(琉球往來)』와 류큐 관련 지식・정보의 유통

허지은 한국일본학회 2021 한국일본학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.08

Prostate-Specific Antigen Kinetics Following 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Treatment May Be a Useful Indicator for Repeat Prostate Biopsy

허지은,구교철,홍성준,박상운,정병하,이광석 연세대학교의과대학 2018 Yonsei medical journal Vol.59 No.2

Purpose: To evaluate parameters for determining repeat prostate biopsy in patients with 5α-reductase inhibitor (5ARI) treatment after initial negative biopsy. Materials and Methods: From January 2007 to December 2015, patients who underwent a repeat prostate biopsy after an initial negative biopsy were enrolled from multiple institutions. Serial prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels after the initial biopsy were analyzed for PSA kinetics. Clinicopathologic variables were evaluated according to the use of 5ARIs after the initial negative biopsy. Results: Of 419 patients with initial negative biopsies (median age=67.0 years, median PSA=6.31 ng/mL), 101 patients (24.1%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer at the repeat biopsy. An increase in PSA level at 18 months, compared to that at 6 months, was a predictor of a positive repeat biopsy. However, the use of 5ARIs was not identified as a predictor. Of 126 patients receiving 5ARI treatment after the initial biopsy, 30 (23.8%) were diagnosed with prostate cancer at the repeat biopsy. Increase in PSA level at more than two time points after 6 months of 5ARI treatment (odds ratio=4.84, p=0.005) was associated with cancer detection at the repeat biopsy. There were no significant 5ARI group-related differences in the detection rates of prostate and high-grade cancers(Gleason score ≥7). Conclusion: The effects of 5ARIs on prostate cancer detection and chemoprevention remain uncertain. However, more than two increases in PSA level after 6 months of 5ARI treatment may indicate the presence of prostate cancer.