14인의 역사학자가 보낸 답변들_한봉석

한봉석 역사비평사 2012 역사비평 Vol.- No.100

미국 대한원조에서 미국대학들(American Universities)의 역할과 그 의미 — 시라큐스 대학과 오레곤 대학의 사례를 중심으로 —

한봉석 수선사학회 2019 史林 Vol.0 No.70

It is necessary to pay cultural attention to “technical cooperation” among U.S. aid to Korea in the 1950s. Components of technical cooperation include the United Nations, the Foundation, the University and the Land Grant Colleges. The school will look at two of the six universities that appeared in the U.S. aid group in the 1950s. First, Syracuse University was in charge of providing audiovisual education guidance and facilities. It was aimed at public notification, but it was not enough for the South Korean government to take advantage of it. As a result, technology transfer at Syracuse University was mainly about business. The university expanded its business to the level of enterprise at that time. This is a view of universities and other profit-making activities that are generally focused on education. Second, Oregon University was a case of colliding with the U.S. Korean aid's stance of ‘low level of modernization.’ Since the mid-1950s, universities have had to focus on education projects due to changes in U.S. foreign aid. Oregon University had to do the same. However, at that time, the Korean government wanted more than a “low level of modernization” from Oregon University to develop a long-term economic development plan. However, the Public Administration Bureau of the Office for Economic Coordination in Seoul, which oversaw the university's business, did not want Oregon University to pursue development projects other than just administrative guidance. As a result, Oregon University's business was frustrated. In conclusion, there were six universities in the U.S. aid to Korea in the 1950s. These were components of technical cooperation, but were understood individually. However, they worked for profit-making and individual purposes, respectively. However, it can be said that the U.S. aid authorities failed to get out of the hegemony of the U.S. aid agency.

[서평] 세계에서 유일하게 미국의 근대화론이 성공한 나라라는 평에 대한 의문을 해소할 한 단서 마이클 레이섬, 권혁은·김도민·류기현·신재준·정무용·최혜린 옮김, 『근대화라는 이데올로기』 (그린비, 2021)

한봉석 역사문제연구소 2021 역사문제연구 Vol.25 No.2

인도주의 구호의 ‘냉전적 기원’-1950년대 주한 케아(C.A.R.E.)의 우유급식사업과 ‘푸드 크루세이드’(Food Crusade)-

한봉석 국제한국문학문화학회 2020 사이 Vol.28 No.-

오늘날 국제적으로 합의된 ‘지속가능한 개발’이 지닌 냉전적 성격을 그 중요한 요소인 인도주의 구호 단체들 중 하나인 케아(C.A.R.E)의 한국사업을 통해 살펴보고자 한다. 주한 케아는 유럽의 전후 구호를 돕던 미국계 민간자선단체로서, 제2차 세계대전 후 한국사업에 참여하였다. 케아는 인도주의 구호를 표방하였으나, 몇 가지 점에서 전후 미국의 냉전정책을 수행한 혐의가 있다. 미군정기 사업진출, 주한 케아의 우유급식사업, 그리고 푸드 크루세이드 사업이 대표적이다. 먼저 초기 주한 케아의 한국 사업진출은 미국 국무부 및 군부의 판단과 권유에 의한 것이었다. 실제로 트루먼 행정부는 한국전쟁 중 케아를 미국 내 한국전쟁 지원을 위한 매개로 활용하고자 하였다. 하지만 아이젠하워 정권 등장 이후, 새롭게 선택된 한미재단과의 갈등 속에서 주한 케아의 독점적 지위는 훼손되었다. 한편 1950년대 주한 케아의 우유급식사업은 대표적인 인도주의 구호사업으로 간주된다. 그러나 이 사업은 한국 내에서 유니세프와 주한 케아가 미국 잉여농산물의 분배를 놓고 갈등한 대표적 사건이었다. 이 사건을 통해 주한 케아는 유니세프의 우유급식사업을 케아의 이름으로 전유할 수 있었고, 동시에 한국정부 및 원조당국의 운송시설을 자유롭게 이용할 수 있게 되었다. 1950년대 중반 주한 케아의 푸드 크루세이드 사업은 주한 케아가 미국의 냉전 이익에 복무한 증거이다. 소위 1달러 푸드 크루세이드라고 호명되었던 이 사업은 주로 38도선 인근의 마을들에 지원되었고, 냉전의 전초기지를 유지하는데 집중되었다. 동시에 ‘자조’패키지가 지원되었던 ‘자유의 마을’ 프로젝트들 역시 한국전쟁 당시 이탈한 북한주민들의 남한 재정착을 지원하는 프로젝트들이었다. 결과적으로 주한 케아는 오늘날 대표적인 인도주의 구호단체이지만, 실제로는 냉전 하 자신의 영리적 목적과 미국의 냉전적 이익을 인도주의 구호라는 이름 하에 절묘하게 잘 동거시킨 민간자선단체였다. 1950년대 주한 케아의 활동은 현대 인도주의 구호활동이 결코 중립적이지 않을 수 있다는 사고를 제공하는 한 사례가 될 것이다. This study focus on the Cold War nature of “Sustainable Development” through the Korean business of C.A.R.E., one of the important elements of humanitarian relief organizations during 1950’s. C.A.R.E did their own business and the U.S. Cold War policies to the South Korea at the same time. We can recall this as follows; History, Milk Feeding Program, and Food Crusade. First of all, C.A.R.E.’s early advancement into Korean business was based on the judgment and recommendation of the U.S. State Department and the GHQ/SCAP. In fact, the Truman Administration wanted to use C.A.R.E. as a medium for supporting the Korean War in the United States during the Korean War. However, after the emergence of the Eisenhower administration, C.A.R.E.’s exclusive status in Korea has been undermined amid the conflict with the newly selected American-Korean Foundation. Then, C.A.R.E.’s Milk Feeding Program in Korea in the 1950s is considered a representative humanitarian relief project. However, the program was a representative case in which UNICEF and C.A.R.E. in Korea clashed over the distribution of surplus U.S. agriculturalproductsinKorea.Throughtheincident, C.A.R.E.-Korea was able to transfer UNICEF’s Milk Feeding Program to C.A.R.E.s control, while at the same time freely using transportation facilities of the Korean government and OEC authorities. At last, In the mid-1950s, C.A.R.E.’s Food Crusade project in Korea is evidence that C.A.R.E. served in the U.S. Cold War interests. Dubbed the so-called one-dollar food cruse, the project was mainly supported by villages near the 38th parallel and focused on maintaining the outposts of the Cold War. At the same time, the “Freedom Village” projects, in which the “self-help” package was supported, were also projects supporting the resettlement of North Koreans who fled during the Korean War in the South. In conclusion, C.A.R.E. is today a representative humanitarian relief organization, but in reality it was a civil charity organization that exquisitely cohabited its own commercial purpose and U.S. Cold War interests under the name of humanitarian relief. Kea’s activities in Korea in the 1950s will be an example of providing the idea that modern humanitarian relief efforts may never be neutral.

‘근대화론’에 속박되었던 한국 지식인들에 대한 조문 : 이상록, 『한국의 자유민주주의와 『사상계』,고려대학교민족문화연구원, 2020

한봉석 역사학연구소 2020 역사연구 Vol.- No.39

알루미나 세라믹스의 열충격 거동에 대한 통계적 해석

한봉석,이홍림 한국세라믹학회 1999 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.36 No.10

Deep Learning 기반의 폐기물 선별 Vision 시스템 개발

한봉석,권혁원,신봉철 한국금형공학회 2022 한국금형공학회지 Vol.16 No.4

Recently, with the development of industry and the improvement of living standards, various wastes are generated along with the production of various products. Most of these wastes are used as containers for products, and plastic or aluminum is used. Various attempts are being made to automate the classification of these wastes due to the high labor cost, but most of them are solved by manpower due to the geometrical shape change due to the nature of the waste. In this study, in order to automate the waste sorting task, Deep Learning technology is applied to a robot system for waste sorting and a vision system for waste sorting to effectively perform sorting tasks according to the shape of waste. As a result of the experiment, a Deep Learning parameter suitable for waste sorting was selected. In addition, through various experiments, it was confirmed that 99% of wastes could be selected in individual & group image learning. It is expected that this will enable automation of the waste sorting operation.

$Al_2O_3$ 세라믹스 열충격에 미치는 냉각 조건의 영향

한봉석,이홍림,전명철 한국세라믹학회 1997 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.34 No.7

Thermal shock behavior of alumina ceramics were studied by quenching the heated alumina specimen into the water of various temperatures over 0~10$0^{\circ}C$. The critical thermal shock temperature difference ( Tc) of the specimen decreased almost linearly from 275$^{\circ}C$ to 20$0^{\circ}C$ with increase in the cooling water temperature over 0~6$0^{\circ}C$. It is probably due to the increase of the maximum cooling rate which is dependent of the convection heat transfer coefficient. The convection heat transfer coefficient is a function of the temperature of the cooling water. However, the critical thermal shock temperature difference( Tc) of the specimen increased at 25$0^{\circ}C$ over 80~10$0^{\circ}C$ due to the film boiling of the cooling water. The maximum cooling rate, which brings about the maximum thermal stress of the specimen in the cooling process, was observed to increase linearly with the increase in the quenching temperature difference of the specimen due to the linear relationship of the convection heat transfer coefficient with the water temperature over 0~6$0^{\circ}C$. The critical maximum cooling rate for thermal shock fracture was observed almost constant to be about 260$\pm$1$0^{\circ}C$/s for all water temperatures over 0~6$0^{\circ}C$. Therefore, thermal shock behavior of alumina ceramics is greatly influenced by the convection heat transfer coefficient of the cooling water.

누가, 누구를 어떻게 다시 읽을 수 있을까? — ‘민중사’의 한계와 정체성 정치 —

한봉석 수선사학회 2023 史林 Vol.- No.83

The popular history research methodology is still considered to be a meaningful methodology in the times. In particular, when trying to construct Korean history as a narrative called the ‘state’, it seems that research on popular history still contains a meta-critical character. And this point is connected to the limitations of the popular historical research methodology. The study of popular history criticizes the state, violence, and premise, but rather maintains an ambiguous point about the content of the people. This may be intended to use public discourse as an open symbol, but paradoxically, it is seen that it shares an “ideological” characteristic that cannot survive independently, apart from the current modern state narrative (mainly the developing state narrative). In other words, when the modern state is excluded from the narrative, when it returns to human nature or non-human beings, who can the discourse on public affairs describe? When the enemy does not exist – in this case, when there is no enemy that can be captured by the eyes of the intellectual, or when the intellectual does not capture the enemy – will the public discourse be able to exert its unique power?In this regard, it is necessary to deeply reflect on the fact that research on popular history does not have a unique narrative method for research on minorities and women. It is necessary to postpone it to the “later” that most researchers in popular history will achieve, and to discuss in depth what was prepared for the accident. A significant point in the new popular history is that it was eventually a practice of researchers' empathy for the times. If so, it is thought that it is time for the researcher's own position on the newly emerging “people” in the changed era and to re-grind philosophy. .

구호물자에 담긴 냉전 : 주한 케아(C.A.R.E.)의 패키지로 살펴보는 냉전과 인도주의

한봉석 서울대학교 통일평화연구원 2020 통일과 평화 Vol.12 No.1

NGO are the main players who are active in international development cooperation today. But there are few studies on “humanitarianism” and U.S. foreign aid during the Cold War. In this sense, it is necessary to look at the activities of C.A.R.E., humanitarian relief organization during the Cold War, through four package services: general package, food crusade, self-help package support, and U.S. surplus agricultural product support. First, the general package reflects the humanitarian aspect of the C.A.R.E. relief project in Korea. This was mainly close to the nature of emergency relief such as hunger, disaster, and war. On the other hand, food crusades and self-help package support are suspected of serving as “psychological warfare” or “propaganda” in the United States under the Cold War. Furthermore, C.A.R.E.’s business in Korea through U.S. support for surplus agricultural products showed that the charity organization during the Cold War was not free from the U.S. government nor the capitalist system. From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, when the U.S. received the most support for surplus agricultural products, C.A.R.E.’s business in Korea was greatly influenced by the aid authorities. After the mid-1960s, American food companies wanted to replace surplus agricultural products. However, in the process, the review or response of the Korean government, which was a source country, did not function. In conclusion, the package support of C.A.R.E. in Korea was a humanitarian slogan, but it reflected the interests of the U.S. government and American companies during the Cold War. This is an example of the need for a critical review of humanitarian relief organizations in international development cooperation today. 오늘날 국제개발협력에서 활발하게 활동하고 있는 주체들로서 인도주의 구호단체들을들 수 있다. 인도주의 구호단체들은 ‘인도주의’를 표방하기 때문에, 흔히 그 활동의 기원이 냉전 하 미국 대외원조와 연결되어 있다는 점은 종종 간과되었다. 그런 의미에서 냉전 하 인도주의 구호단체였던 주한 케아의 활동을 중심으로 그 상관관계를 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 주한 케아는 1949년부터 1979년까지 활동하였으며, 주로 4가지 패키지 사업을 통해인도주의 구호활동을 진행하였다. 이는 일반 패키지, 푸드 크루세이드, 자조 패키지 지원, 그리고 미국 잉여농산물 지원으로 구분된다. 먼저 일반 패키지는 주한 케아 구호사업의 인도주의적 측면을 반영한다. 이는 주로 기아, 재난, 전쟁 등의 긴급구호의 성격에 가까웠다. 반면 푸드 크루세이드와 자조 패키지지원은 냉전 하 미국의 ‘심리전’ 혹은 ‘프로파간다’로 기능한 혐의가 있다. 미국 정부는 주한 케아의 이 두 가지 사업을 통해 냉전 하 미국의 외교정책이 시민의 적극적인 지지를받고 있고, 인도주의적 맥락에서 기능하고 있음을 선전하고자 하였다. 그러나 미국 잉여농산물 지원을 통한 주한 케아의 사업은 냉전 하 자선단체가 미국정부는 물론 자본주의 체제로부터도 자유롭지 않았음을 보여주었다. 미국 잉여농산물 지원이 가장 많았던 1950년대 중반부터 1960년대 중반까지 주한 케아의 사업은 원조당국의 영향을 크게 받았다. 구호원조를 개발원조로 전용했던 ‘간척단 사업’이 한 예이다. 1960년대 중반 이후에는 미국 식품회사들이 잉여농산물의 자리를 대체하면서, 한국 시장에 진출하기도 하였다. 다만 이 과정에서 수원국이었던 한국정부의 검토나 대응은 사실상 기능하지 않았다. 결론적으로 주한 케아의 패키지 지원은 인도주의 구호를 표방하였으나, 냉전 하 미국정부 및 미국 기업의 이익을 적극 반영한 측면이 컸다. 이것은 오늘날 국제개발협력에서인도주의 구호단체에 대한 비판적 검토가 필요함을 보여주는 한 사례라고 할 것이다.