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A New Approach for Ecumenical Doctrine:A Focused Response to Augustine’s Filioque
하필수 장로회신학대학교 기독교사상과문화연구원 2013 장신논단 Vol.45 No.3
The filioque controversy regarding the double procession of the Holy Spirit is one of the most problematic issues preventing the Eastern and the Western churches from being re-united as one Holy Catholic Church. On this issue, there is strong criticism of Augustine’s filioque by Jürgen Moltmann and Vladimir Lossky, positive opinions by Jonathan Edwards and Yves Congar, and suggestions for alternative terminology such as from the Father ‘through the Son’ or ‘of the Son.’ None of these examinations of the filioque, however, focus on the question raised by Augustine: What is the inherent difference between the Son and the Spirit? Without a pertinent answer to this question, doctrinal ecumenism is scarcely possible. The foundation of Augustine’s filioque is neither fully biblical nor consistently logical, if you only examine the arguments in On the Trinity, because Augustine’s reasoning is based on the economic Trinity and it also contradicts common logic. Being ‘begotten’ of the Son has a passivity-prevalent trait, but the procession of the Holy Spirit is denoted by Augustine as activity-dominant, as God revealed Himself in human language through Scripture and Augustine implied these characteristics in On the Trinity. For these reasons, Augustine’s filioque is not sustainable. Because Augustine truly loved the Church, if he had foreseen the schism of A.D. 1054 between the two Churches, he would probably have renounced his filioque and agreed with the answer proposed here,as promised in his prayer at the end of On the Trinity.
역설계 및 CFD를 통한 저효율 프란시스 수차의 성능향상
하필수(Pil Su Ha),오석영(Suk Young Oh),정종현(Jong Hyun Chung),노형운(Hyung Woon Roh),서상호(Sang Ho Suh) 대한기계학회 2010 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2010 No.4
Recently, the Korean Government is encouraged to propagate the small hydropower part in renewable energy development policy as the 「Low CO2 Green Growth」 policy. However, turbine in the Kwater operated at an average of 5.5% to 10% less than foreign turbines due to the lack of design or the manufacturing technique for the small hydropower part. Thus, maintenance fee was increased because the cavitations were excessively occurred on the main equipment (runner, guide vane, stator etc) finally, the life cycle of turbine will be shortly reduced and the frequency break down will increased. In order to update the efficiency, raise the capacity and improve the cavitations' performance, a CFD-based design system is applied to a Francis turbine replacement project with Kwater and KFMA. Therefore, the inversed design or the extensive turbulent flow 3D-simulations are performed for both the existing and new turbines at design and off design conditions. As a result, the runners are optimized to the greatest extent with a possible minimum cost under the geometrical constraints of the existing machine.
IEC60041 코드에 의한 런너교체 전후 프란시스 수차성능의 실험적 고찰
노형운,서상호,이영호,김진형,김일수,최영도,박종문,김종수,김태권,오석영,하필수,정종현,김광홍 한국유체기계학회 2010 유체기계 연구개발 발표회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.12
저효율 수차의 효율을 상승시키기 위하여 CFD와 역설계법으로 이용하여 새로운 런너를 설계 및 제작하였다. 런너 개선제품 교체후 수차 효율시험 결과, 수차 최고효율은 87.4%로 런너 개선전 수차 최고효율 77.5% 대비 약 10% 향상되었다. 소음을 측정하여 FFT분석을 한 결과, 런너 교체전 발생된 노이즈는 깨끗하게 제거되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이는 캐비테이션이나 언밸런스로부터 발생되는 소음이 제거되었다는 것이다. 이번 프로젝트의 당초목표는 85%로써 3%정도 상위하는 성과를 이루었다. 이에 따른 발전수익 증대는 연간 35백만원/호기 이고, 수차 진동 및 소음저감으로 유지보수를 고려한다면 이보다 더 많은 발전수익을 올릴 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.
노형운(Hyung-Woon Roh),서상호(Sang-Ho Suh),김진형(Jin Hyung Kim),김태권(Teckwon Kim),오석영(SuegYoung Oh),하필수(PilSu Ha),정종현(Jong-hyun Jung),김광홍(KwangHong Kim) 대한기계학회 2010 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2010 No.11
In order to improve the efficiency, the CFD-based design system is applied to the Francis turbine replacement project with Korea Fluid Machinery Association (below KFMA) and K-water. The inversed design technique and the fully turbulent 3-dimensional flow simulations are performed in the previous study. In this study, the runner is newly manufactured from the reversed engineering and CFD's results. By Manufacturing method, the precision wood pattern, casting, a number of the surface blasting as like the buffering and a balancing technique is selected Furthermore, The turbine with newly runner is respectively experimented with the output in accordance with IEC60041 code. The performances of the new design are verified by the approved test and the guarantees have all been successfully met. From the experiment results, the efficiency of the newly turbine, 87.5% is more enhanced than the efficiency of the old model for the 500kW. The perfect combination of the CFD analysis has finally resulted in a new model which can provide about a 10% increase in peak efficiency.