네팔 국가 정치가 시각 예술에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구

카말라 동방문화대학원대학교 문화예술콘텐츠연구소 2023 문화와예술연구 Vol.22 No.-

네팔의 시각 예술은 국가 정치의 중요한 영향을 받고 있는 현실적인 측면을 대표하고 있다. 본 연구의 주요 목적은 국가 정치와 시각 예술 간의 관계를 체계적으로 분석하는 것이다. 예술은 특정 사회의 이념뿐만 아니라 정치 철학과도 깊은 연관이 있다. 리치비 시대와 말라 시대는 에베레스트 산을 정점으로 시각 예술을 발전시켰다. 네팔의 예술은 네팔 사회 뿐만 아니라 중국과 티베트에도 큰 의미를 지니고 있다. 정치 체제와 철학은 그 나라의 예술과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 대부분의 리치비 왕조는 신에 대한 높은 헌신을 지니며 힌두교를 따르지만 불교도 동등하게 존중한다. 또한 중국과 티베트와의 관계가 긍정적이다. 이러한 맥락에서 라나 규칙 아래에서의 시각 예술 발전과 라나 규칙의 공헌도 논의된다. 이 논문은 현재의 정치적 개입과 네팔 시각 예술 분야에 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 했다. 과거에는 정거 바하두르 라나, 마헨드라 왕, 비렌드라 왕과 같은 정치적 리더들이 예술 발전을 촉진한 중요한 역할을 한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 사회 변화를 주도하는 예술의 역할에 대한 논의를 포함하며, 정치는 국가 예술과 시각 문화 환경을 조성하는 중요한 요소임을 강조한다. 또한 탑과 시카라 스타일의 건축물은 여전히 네팔 말라 시대와 샤 시대를 대표하고 있다. Influence of state politics in Nepali visual arts is a representative vision of the reality. Main thrust of the present study is to analyze relation between state politics and visual arts. Art is related with politics philosophy as well as ideology of the particular society. Lichhive period and Malla period develop the visual art in the paramount of the Mt. Everest. Nepalese art has great and immense significance not only Nepalese society but also Tibet as well as China. Political system and their philosophy are directly related with their countries' art. Most of the Licchavi dynasty are very much devotee with God, they are Hindu but they respect equally Buddism. They have good relation with China and Tibet. It talks about the role of Shah Dynasty in the development of visual art which also includes the contribution of Rana rules in the same field. It describes about the political interference in the field of Nepali visual art by present political parties and its effects. First Rana Prime Minister Jungaa Bahadur Rana, King Mahendra, and Birendra seems important rules who took interest to the development of art. Present research talks about the art which can be a means to transform of society. Politics is not only creating a good state law but also creating environment of visual culture, which represent the visual arts. Pagoda and Sikhara Style architectures still represent the time of Malla period and Shah Period of Nepal.

자주식 양파정식기 단일 호퍼형 회전식 점파 메커니즘의 작업속도 시뮬레이션

카말라술,나피울이슬람,모하마드알리,밀론초두리,권행주,정선옥 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

The dibbling mechanism for onion transplantation is a major key component to obtain required deposition of the seedling into the soil. Obtaining a suitable dibbling mechanism play an important role for the development of other mechanisms. Therefore a number of parameters need to be optimized by simulation in order to design a dibbling mechanism. The purpose of this study is to perform simulation using software package to develop a gear driven hopper type rotary dibbling mechanism for self propelled onion transplanter. The dibbling mechanism comp rises by the three main parts primary arm, connecting arm, and rotary dibbling hopper. Both in primary and connecting arms, two stage spur gears mechanisms were installed, three gears each arm. The ratio between driver and idler gear of primary arm is 1.2:1 and in the connecting arm the ratio between the idler and driven gear is 2:1. Different trials of simulation analysis were conducted using SolidWorks software to calculate the optimal working speed of the dibbling mechanism which satisfy the smooth vertical deposition of the seedling for standard plant interval. The drive shaft rpm ranging from 40 to 70 and the working speed ranging from .05 m/sec to 0.28 m/sec were considered. In order to identify the planting condition visuality, The planting trajectory for dibbling mechanism were drawn. The peak velocity and acceleration were observed 0.8 m/sec and 5.5 m/sec2 respectively. Working speed and planting rate of the mechanism for smooth vertical deposition of the seedling were found to be 0.13 m/sec for the plant interval of 7cm at 60 rpm. The seedlings will be subjected to damage if working speed is over 0.13m/sec. This proposed single hopper dibbling mechanism could plant 60 seedling/min at the depth of 35 ± 5mm. The outcomes of this study would provide a significant references for the development of an efficient onion transplanting.

자주식 양파정식기 정식 메커니즘에 따른 기구학적 해석

카말라술 ( Kamal Rasool ),나피울이슬람 ( Md. Nafiul Islam ),모하마드알리 ( Mohammod Ali ),밀론초두리 ( Milon Chowdhury ),임승진 ( Seung-jin Lim ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.2

The demand of the onion transplanter is increasing in Korea as mechanization rate of the transplantation is less than 2% ~ 5%. Seedling transplanting mechanism is the key component of onion transplanter. Therefore, kinematic analysis of transplanting mechanism is helpful to determine the operational efficiency and performance of the implement. The purpose of this study is to develope kinematic models and simulation analysis of three different transplanting mechanisms. Five bar transplanting mechanism with pushing type seedling extraction, five bar transplanting mechanism with pin type seedling extraction, and four bar transplanting mechanism with clamp type seedling extraction were considered and their motions were simulated using commercial software. Selection of the appropriate link combination was done by conducting five numbers of trials for each mechanism with different lengths of link bars. The simulated velocities and accelerations of the end effector for each mechanism in the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ directions for appropriate link combination were found as 0.3 m/sec, 0.5 m/sec, 0.36 m/sec, 0.73 m/sec, 1.29 m/sec. 1.27 m/sec and 3.9 m/sec2, 1.6 m/sec2, 4.5 m/sec2, 4.7 m/sec2, 7.34 m/sec2, 7.26 m/sec2 respectively. The maximum seedling extraction rates were found as 60, 60 and 30 seedlings per minute, respectively. The five bar transplanting mechanism with pushing type seedling extraction could be considered as appropriate picking mechanism for onion seedling transplantation at 60 rpm speed of the driving link.

농업용 4륜 전동운반차 설계를 위한 동력전달장치 모델링 및 시뮬레이션

모하마드알리,나피울이슬람,카말라술,밀론초두리,나딤알리칸,이현석,정선옥 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

The power transmission system of machine is investigated in order to optimize the important power transmission parts and their functionalities. However, the modelling and simulation of power transmission unit of the proposed four-wheeled electric cart is necessary. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to model the gears and to simulate the power transmission efficiency prior to development of the four-wheeled electric cart. The three-dimensional models of a 24, 27, and 30 T spur gear for front wheels, and 15, 20, and 25 T of bevel gear for rear wheels were modelled using steel material SM45C, employing the commercial software. The power transmission efficiency was calculated varying the gear teeth number, the input torque values, and the geometry of the gear following the directions of the power drive line. The gear module 2.68, 1.34 and 3.2, 1.6 were used to model the spur gear and bevel gear, respectively following the 1:1 gear ratio. 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 Nm torque were applied for calculating the power transmission efficiency and loss of the proposed cart. The simulated results of 2.68 module with 27 T spur gear, and 3.2 module with 20 T of bevel gear showed the better performance compared to 24 and 30 T of spur gears as well 15, and 25 T of bevel gears for front and rear wheel, respectively. The maximum power transmission efficiency was recorded 99.96 % for the front wheel and 99.92 % for the rear wheel when applied 90 Nm torque. The simulation results presented in this study would offer a suggestion to design and develop a four-wheeled electric cart for agricultural use.

Stabilization of Metals-contaminated Farmland Soil using Limestone and Steel Refining Slag

임정묵,유영남,카말라칸,오세강,오병택 한국지하수토양환경학회 2014 지하수토양환경 Vol.19 No.5

The metals contamination of farmland soil nearby abandoned metal mine was serious problem in Korea. Stabilization ofcontaminated soil was reported using various stabilizers. Application of limestone and steel refining slag was reported aseffective stabilizers in the stabilization of metals. The batch studies confirmed that the mixture of limestone and steelrefining slag was suitable for stabilization of metals in contaminated soil. The limestone and steel refining slag mixture(2 : 1 and 3 : 2) were used in column studies and it was confirmed that the stabilizers effectively stabilized heavy metals incontaminated soil. The pH of the soil was increased with the addition of stabilizers. Total leached concentration of metalsfrom the column study was reduced 44, 17, and 93% in comparison to the control at arsenic, cadmium and copper,respectively. The sequential extraction studies showed that the exchangeable fraction was changed into carbonate boundfraction (Cd and Cu) and Fe-Mn oxide bound fraction (As). Based on the results we confirmed that 2:1 ratio of limestoneand steel refining slag effectively stabilizes the heavy metals. The mixed treatment of lime stone with steel refining slagwould be an effective and feasible method for controlling metals leaching in contaminated soil.

Response surface methodology based optimization of keratinase production from alkali-treated feather waste and horn waste using Bacillus sp. MG-MASC-BT

Muthusamy Govarthanan,카말라칸,Thangasamy Selvankumar,Kandasamy Selvam,Chinnappan Sudhakar,Vincent Aroulmoji 한국공업화학회 2015 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.27 No.-

A native feather-degrading keratinolytic bacterium, Bacillus sp. MG-MASC-BT was isolated from featherdumping soil in Mallasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India and screened for keratinase production using alkalitreated horn waste (HW) and feather waste (FW). The study factors influencing keratinase productionwas optimized by Box–Behnken design (BBD). The maximum enzyme production (1075 U/ml) wasobserved at pH 7.0, temperature 55 8C and growth period of 60 h. The media supplemented with 6% ofHW and FW enhanced keratinase production. Statistics based contour plots were generated to evaluatethe changes in the response surface and to understand the relationship between the enzyme yield andthe culture conditions.

트랙터 부착형 배추 수집기 횡전도각 분석

장보은 ( Bo-eun Jang ),카말라술 ( Kamal Rasool ),이상희 ( Sang-hee Lee ),박주택 ( Ju-taek Park ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

트랙터 및 농작업기계 보급 확대와 발전으로 인해 사망 사고발생이 증가하고 있으며, 농업기계 농작업 사고유형 중 전복 인한 사고가 36.8%로 큰 비율을 차지하고 있다. 또한 작업 시 트랙터의 전도 문제는 경사지의 기계화 추진뿐만 아니라 작업 안전의 관점에서도 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 트랙터 부착형 배추 수집기 주행상의 안정성을 분석하기 위한 것으로서, 동역학 분석 프로그램을 이용한 시뮬레이션 및 실제 전도시험을 통하여 시작기의 안정성을 평가하였다. 배추 수집기의 주행 안정성 분석을 위하여 동역학 분석 프로그램을 활용하여 횡전도각 시뮬레이션을 진행하였다. 무게 중심은 이론식을 통해 계산되었으며, X축 방향으로 1.32 m, Y축 방향으로 0.9 m에 위치한다. 컨베이어 각도에 따른 기체의 횡전도 분석을 위해 컨베이어의 각도가 0°, 45°, 90°인 경우 시뮬레이션을 각각 3회씩 반복하여 수행하였다. 실증시험을 위한 트랙터 부착형 배추 수집기의 전도시험 또한 컨베이어의 각도 0°, 45°, 90° 일 때 측면별 각 5회씩 반복하여 전도시험을 수행하였다. Recurdyn을 통한 측면 별 횡전도각 시뮬레이션 결과, 배추 수집기가 우측으로 기울어질 때의 횡전도각은 각각 53.49°, 53.32°, 52.59°으로 나타났으며, 좌측으로 기울어질 때 컨베이어 각도별 횡전도각은 각각 12.28°, 32.49°, 40.45°으로 나타났다. 좌측으로 배추 수집기가 기울어질 때 수집기 컨베이어의 길이로 인해 횡전도각이 12° 이상으로 기울어지기 시작하면 그라운드에 접하였다. 전도시험 결과, 배추 수집기가 우측으로 기울어질 때의 횡전도각은 각각 31.20°, 22.40°, 31.15°이었고, 좌측으로 기울어질 때의 횡전도각은 15.11°, 20.60°, 30.92°였다. 시뮬레이션 결과와 비슷하게 좌측으로 기울어질 때는 컨베이어가 바닥에 닿아 컨베이어가 완전히 펴진 상태, 즉 작업 상태에서 기울어질 때에는 지면에 충돌할 위험성이 크다고 판단된다. 횡전도 분석 결과, 컨베이어의 각도가 0°, 45°, 90°로 설정되었을 때 15.11° ~ 31.20° 범위를 가지었으며, 이는 ISO 16251-2 기준에 충족되는 것으로 판단되었다. 추후 배추의 적재, 주행 속도 등을 고려한 동적 시뮬레이션 및 실차 시험을 통해 안정성이 보장된 시작품 개발에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

IoT를 이용한 사막 토양에서의 벼 재배를 위한 센서 기반 자동관개제어 시스템

모하마드알리 ( Mohammod Ali ),카말라술 ( Kamal Rasool ),밀론초두리 ( Milon Chowdhury ),정재혁 ( Jae-hyeok Jeong ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

Automatic irrigation according to the water demand is an efficient way to manage the water loss and ensure the rice quality and productivity in desert soil. Therefore, the aim of the study was to develop a sensor-based automatic irrigation control system for rice production in desert soil using Internet of Things (IoT). Field experiment was conducted in tropical desert area located at United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) farm site at Al-Foah, Al-Ain, UAE. A Linux based VPS system on Raspberry Pi 3 model B+ platform was used to implement the irrigation control unit. Python programming language was used for automation purpose. Commercial soil water content sensor (ECH20 EC-5) and relays were interfaced with the raspberry GPIO pins which were responsible to switch motor on/off. The water content percentage (%) ranging from 25~30% were considered for the rice growth in the desert soil. The output value of the water content sensors were posted and stored on the dedicated web server. The irrigation system operated based on the developed algorithm which autonomously maintain the required soil water content level in the dessert soil depending on their out put values. The pump were observed to be in operation when soil water content level dropped down below the 25% and vice versa. The proposed study based on IoT helped to display the current water content (%) and the status of pump operation (on/off). The smart irrigation system would be suitable to monitor the moisture content for rice cultivation in desert soil.

수경 작물 재배 시스템의 양액 조제에 영향을 미치는 요인 식별

밀론초두리 ( Milon Chowdhury ),카말라술 ( Kamal Rasool ),모하마드알리 ( Mohammod Ali ),나딘알리칸 ( Nadeen Ali Khan ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

Automatic target hydroponic solution preparation is still a critical issue as several factors affect this process. The objective of this study was to identify the major factors affecting the target nutrient solution preparation, in terms of nutrient mixing method, coefficients identification, and stock solutions supply rate, for hydroponic crop cultivation. A hydroponic nutrient solution preparation test bench was fabricated, which consisted of sensors, tanks, pumps, pipes, and a controller. Two control methods, on/off and PID, were implemented and coefficients of the relevant control methods, dead-band for the on/off, and Kp, Ki, Kd for the PID method, were identified through mathematical simulations. Validation tests were performed to select the suitable control method along with their coefficients based on the response time and steady-state error. Effects of different stock solution supply rates (0.03, 0.05, and 0.1 Lmin-1) on the control methods were also evaluated. In the on/off and PID control method, the target ion concentration was maintained with the errors of 22.15% and -1.241%, respectively. Considering 2% dead-band for on/off method, and tuning the PID coefficient, the steady-state error reduced to 1.175% and -0.398%, respectively. In the case of on/off control, duration of oscillation and overshoot volume were increased with stock solutions supply rate. In the PID control, the low supply rate (0.03 Lmin-1) showed the minimum steady-state error (-0.402%), but took a long time to reach steady (364s). The Rising time for the high supply rate (0.1 Lmin-1) was short (89s), but the steady-state error was high (-1.363%). The results indicate that the nutrient mixing method, relevant coefficient/s identification, and supply rate of the stock solutions need to be adjusted system-specifically.

온실 내 온습도환경관리를 위한 제어인터페이스 성능평가

장영균 ( Young-kyun Jang ),카말라술 ( Kamal Rasool ),밀론초두리 ( Milon Chowdhury ),정재혁 ( Jae-hyeok Jeong ),정선옥 ( Sun-ok Chung ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

우리나라는 과채류, 화훼 등의 작물을 집약적으로 생산하는 시설원예 온실이 1950년대부터 2000년도까지 온실 규모가 급증가하였다. 국내에서는 2000년도 이전부터 네덜란드의 ICT 기반의 스마트팜 기술이 도입된 스마트 온실이 보급, 활용되었고, 시설원예 환경관리를 위한 복합환경제어기는 대부분 네덜란드, 이스라엘 등의 수입산이며, 초기 구축비용이 고가제품으로 고장시 수리 또한 힘들어 실질적으로 농가가 사용하는 불편함이 많이 겪고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 온실 내부 구동기가 센싱 값에 따라 자동제어가 가능한 H/W를 설계, 제작하고, 자동제어알고리즘을 적용하여 PID 제어방법으로 온실 내 온습도 관리 여부를 확인하고자 한다. 위와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위해 제어인터페이스를 저가형으로 오픈소스 형태이고 간편 교체가 가능한 아두이노 마이크로컨트롤러를 사용하고, 제어장치의 고장문제를 해결하기위한 릴레이 교체 또는 추가를 통해 손쉽게 구동기 교체가 가능하도록 10A 릴레이를 이용하여 하드웨어를 설계 및 제작하였다. 제어인터페이스는 온실 내외부의 온습도 환경요인을 센서를 통해 자동 측정하고, 제어기에 입력된 환경관리 목표값에 따라 각종 구동장치를 가동시켜 온실 내부의 환경을 최적 관리하며, 센싱 값에 대한 구동기가 희망온도 27℃, 희망습도 60%를 설정하고 온도를 관리하는 유동팬, 냉난방기, 습도를 관리하는 제습기, 가습기를 작동시킨 결과, 1시간 이내에 온도 5%, 습도가 오차범위 2% 이내에서 지속적으로 유지되는 것을 확인할 수 있었고, 목표 수치에서 온습도 변화에 따라 잦은 구동이 반복되기때문에, PID 제어방법을 이용하여 온도, 습도의 상호작용을 통한 정밀제어가 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다.