인공지능 창작물의 저작자 판단기준에 관한 연구 — 비인간 창작물에 관한 미국 판례분석을 중심으로 —

조연하 (사)한국언론법학회 2024 언론과 법 Vol.23 No.1

저작권의 역사는 기술의 역사이다. 저작권 제도가 탄생하게 된 계기가 된 것도 인쇄술이란 기술이었고, 현재 저작권의 기본 뿌리를 뒤흔드는 기술도 인공지능이란 기술이다. 새로운 창작의 주체로 등장한 인공지능이 생성한 창작물의 저작자를 누구로 볼 것인지의 문제를 제기함으로써, 인간 창작에 기반한 저작권 제도에 도전을 제기하고 있기 때문이다. 본 연구는 저작자 문제를 심도 있게 다루지 못했던 기존 논의와 입법의 한계를 보완하고, 인공지능 기술발전에 대응하기 위한 법적 논리를 개발하려는 목적을 가진다. 이에 현행 저작권법 체계를 기준으로 논의되었던 저작자 결정의 원칙 및 판단기준과 기계, 동물, 인공지능과 같은 비인간 창작물의 저작자 관련 판례분석을 토대로 인공지능 창작물의 저작자 판단기준을 논의하였다. 저작자에 관한 입법적, 사법적, 학술적 논의를 종합하면, 저작자는 인간, 표현, 창작행위, 창작물에 대한 통제, 창작 의도, 저작물에 대한 책임과 같은 요소들로 구성되며, 이것은 저작자 판단에서 중요한 기준이 된다. 미국의 비인간 창작물 판례분석 결과, 인간 저작자 요건이 인공지능 창작물의 적극적인 수용에 걸림돌로 작용할 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 동물 창작이 문제가 되었던 Naruto 판결(2018)은 인간이 아닌 존재는 저작자 자격이 안 된다는 점을 분명히 하였다. 기술을 이용한 창작물의 저작자 논의의 시발점이 된 Sarony 판결(1884)에서 저작자 판단기준은 창작 과정에서 인간의 통제력 행사와 지적 사고를 통한 창의성 발휘로 나타났다. 최초로 인공지능 창작물의 저작자가 논의되었던 Thaler 판결(2023)은 인간 저작자 요건에 기반하여 인공지능이 자율적으로 창작한 저작물이 저작권 등록대상이 아니라고 판단함으로써 사실상 인공지능 창작물의 저작자에 관한 논의의 실익이 없음을 보여주었다. 하지만 무엇보다도 이 판결의 함의는 인공지능 창작물의 저작자가 되기 위한 인간 개입의 범위에 관한 논의의 필요성을 제기했다는 점에서 찾을 수 있다. 이것은 인공지능 창작물의 저작자 판단에서 인간의 입력과 창의성의 개입을 입증하는 문제가 중요함을 시사한다. 결국 저작권법의 패러다임 전환이 없는 한, 인간의 역할이 인공지능 창작물의 저작자 판단의 핵심 요소라고 볼 수 있다. The history of copyright is that of technology. It was the technology of printing that led to the birth of the copyright system, and it is the technology of artificial intelligence(AI) that is currently shaking the very roots of copyright. By raising the question of who should be considered the author of AI creations, AI challenges the copyright system based on human creation. This study aims to complement the limitations of existing discussions and legislation which have not dealt with the issue of authorship in depth, and to develop a legal logic to respond to the development of AI technology. This study discusses the authorship of AI creations based on the principles and criteria for determining author discussed in the current copyright law system and the analysis of case law on the creations of non-human, such as machines, animals, and AI. According to legislative, judicial, and academic discussions of authorship, authorship consists of the following elements: human, expression, creative act, control over the creative work, creative intent, and responsibility for the works, which are important criteria for determining author. An analysis of U.S. case law on non-human creations shows that human authorship requirements will be a barrier to the proactive acceptance of AI creations. The Naruto decision(2018), which involved the creation of an animal, made clear that non-humans could not be authors. In the Sarony decision(1884), which started the debate on authorship of technological works, the criteria for author were the exercise of human control over the creative process and the creativity through intellectual thought. The Thaler ruling(2023), which was the first to discuss the authorship of AI creations, demonstrated the futility of debate on the author of AI creations by ruling that autonomously created works by AI were not eligible for copyright registration based on the human authorship requirement. However most importantly, the significance of the ruling lies in the fact that it raised the need to debate the extent of human intervention to be the author of AI creations, suggesting that the issue of demonstrating human input and creativity is important in determining the author of AI creations. Without a paradigm shift in copyright law, the role of humans will remain a key factor in determining the author of AI creations.

경희토류(La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) 혼합용액에서 Cyanex 572에 의한 추출·분리 거동 고찰

조연철,이주은,소홍일,안재우,김홍인,이진영,Cho, Yeon-Chul,Lee, Joo-Eun,So, Hong-Il,Ahn, Jae-Woo,Kim, Hong-In,Lee, Jin-Young 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2017 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.26 No.4

Cyanex 572에 의한 경희토류 다성분 혼합 용액에서 La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm의 분리특성에 대해 연구하였다. 5성분계 혼합 용액에서 추출제 농도가 증가할수록 5성분 모두 $pH_{50}$(추출율이 50%인 pH) 값은 감소하였다. 추출제 농도 0.6 M 이상에서 La과 Ce, Nd와 Sm 는 10 이상의 분리계수 값을 보인 반면, Ce과 Pr, Pr과 Nd 사이의 분리계수는 0.5~2.2로 낮았다. 분리계수 개선을 위해 0.6 M Cyanex 572에 TBP를 첨가하였으나 상 분리 속도나 분리계수 개선 효과는 나타나지 않았다. 실험 결과를 고찰한 결과, La/(Pr, Nd, Sm) 그룹과 (Pr, Nd)/Sm 의 경우는 그룹 별 분리는 가능할 것으로 보이나, (La, Ce) 과 (Pr, Nd)의 그룹분리는 Ce와 Pr 사이의 분리계수가 낮아 어려울 것으로 사료된다. Extraction and separation behaviors of La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm from light rare earth multi - component mixed solutions by Cyanex 572 were studied. As extractant concentration increased, the $pH_{50}$ values of all the five components decreased. When extractant concentration was larger than 0.6 M, the separation factor of La and Ce, Nd and Sm was higher than 10, while the separation factor between Ce and Pr, Pr and Nd was as low as 0.5~2.2. Addition of TBP to the 0.6 M Cyanex 572 had little synergistic effect on the phase separation rate and separation factor. From the analysis of experiment results, group separation of [La]/[Pr, Nd, Sm] and [Pr, Nd]/[Sm] could be possible, but in case of the group separation between [La, Ce] and [Pr, Nd] was not available because of the low separation factor between Ce and Pr.

기존 부적격 건출물의 특례제도에 관한 연구 (한일간의 비교법적 고찰을 통한 우리 특례 규정의 정비방안을 중심으로)

조연팔 법학연구소 2016 法學論集 Vol.20 No.4

초고층 공동주택의 환기방식에 관한 연구

조연효(Cho Yeon-Hyo),이지원(Lee Ji-Won),이성(Lee Sung) 한국건축친환경설비학회 2008 한국건축친환경설비학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

Indoor air quality at ultra-high apartment houses becomes worse with the improvement of airtightness performance of windows and the use of the building materials contained chemical substances. As a result, these cause to have injurious effects on occupant health. The most effective solution to improve the air quality is to encourage the use of a green building material ventilation with outdoor air. The purpose of this study is to suggest the effective ventilation methods indoor air quality in ultra-high apartment houses. To evaluate the natural ventilation and the mechanical ventilation methods can be applied, C.F.D simulation was carried out. Consequently, to apply the natural ventilation method which uses both the mechanical method would be a lot better than to apply the ventilating method of electric heat exchange for indoor thermal comfort and energy conservation.

티오요소와 염산 혼합 용액에서 사이클론 전해에 의한 은(Ag) 회수

조연철,소홍일,이주은,안재우,류호진,Cho, Yeon-Chul,So, Hong-Il,Lee, Joo-eun,Ahn, Jae-Woo,Ryu, Ho-Jin 한국자원리싸이클링학회 2017 資源 리싸이클링 Vol.26 No.4

A cyclone type electrolytic method was used to recover silver from thiourea-hydrochloric acid mixed solutions. The electrowinning behavior of silver was investigated in different systems, such as the flow rate, current density, silver concentration, thiourea concentration and hydrochloric acid concentration. As the increase of the flow rate, current density and hydrochloric acid concentration, the recovery rate of silver was increased. Whereas, as the increase of silver concentration, the recovery rate of silver was decreased. The thiourea concentration did not affect the Ag recovery and current efficiency. Above 99% of Ag was recovered at the flow rate of 12 L/min., current density of $0.75A/dm^2$, silver concentration of 1.0 g/L, 0.5 M thiourea and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. In most experimental conditions, silver was recovered as a powder form. 티오요소와 염산 혼합 용액 중 은(Ag)을 금속으로 회수하기 위해 사이클론 전해법을 이용하였다. 유속, 전류밀도, 은 농도, 티오요소 농도, 염산 농도를 주요 변수로 하여 은의 전해회수 거동을 살펴보았다. 유속, 전류밀도와 염산 농도가 증가할수록 은의 회수속도가 증가하였으며, 은 농도가 증가함에 따라 은의 회수 속도는 감소하였고, 티오요소 농도는 은 회수율과 전류효율에는 큰 영향이 없었다. 유속 12 L/min., 전류밀도 $0.75A/dm^2$, 1 g/L Ag, 0.5 M Thiourea, 0.1 M HCl에서 실험하였을 경우 99% 이상의 은 회수율을 보였다. 대부분의 실험 조건에서 은(Ag)은 분말 형태로 회수되었다.

뇌교육 명상수련 경험 유무에 따른 심리적 안녕감 및 우울감 비교: 20~30대 미혼 성인을 중심으로

조연비 ( Yeon Bee Cho ),오미경 ( Mi Kyoung Oh ) 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 뇌교육연구소 2012 뇌교육연구 Vol.9 No.-

This study investigated the relationship between Brain Education meditation experienced and inexperienced in psychological well-being and depression among adults in their 20s and 30s. Results showed that those with Brain Education meditation experience scored higher on the Purpose of life and Personal growth scales of Psychological well-being as compared to those with no experience. Meditators scored lower in symptoms of depression than non-meditators. While Psychological Well-being did not vary for meditators according to gender, inexperienced meditators`s scores did vary according to gender on the Environmental mastery, Purpose in life, and depression scales. Psychological well-being and depression scores were divided into three groups based on amount of experience in Brain Education meditation: no experience, less than one year experience, and more than that. Those with no experience in Brain Education meditation showed a significant difference on the Self-acceptance and Purpose in life scales of Psychological well-being as compared to those with more than one year experience. Those with less than one year experience showed a significant difference on the Autonomy and Purpose in life scales as compared to those with more than one year experience. On the Personal growth and depression scales, non-meditators showed a significant difference as compared to both groups of meditators. This research suggests that Brain Education meditation may contribute to positive changes in one`s Purpose in life and Personal growth and may also help to alleviate the symptoms of depression in their 20s and 30s.

카페인 投與가 持久力 運動 遂行에 미치는 影響

趙衍澈,李源才 최신의학사 1991 最新醫學 Vol.34 No.4

콘크리트 믹서 감속기의 진동 평가

조연상,배명호 한국트라이볼로지학회 2019 한국트라이볼로지학회지 (Tribol. Lubr.) Vol.35 No.1

The differential planetary gear reducer as a main component of the concrete mixer driving mechanism requires a strong torque to mix concrete compounds. As this component is currently dependent on imports, it is necessary to develop it by conducting a study on vibration analysis and the resonance problem. The noise and vibration of a concrete mixer reducer increase owing to the transmission error of planetary gears, and the damage of components occurs owing to the problems in design and production. In this study, the tooth-passing frequency is calculated to evaluate the noise and vibration of a mixer reducer, and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis is conducted through a vibration test using an acceleration sensor. The vibration of the reducer is measured at three points of input and output of the shaft and planetary gear housing with fixed and variable revolutions per minute. The operating conditions of gears and bearings are evaluated by performing the FFT analysis, and the resonance problem is verified. The results show that No. 1 pinion and ring gears revolve disproportionately. The amplitude values appear high, and the wear of tooth faces occur in tooth-passing frequencies and harmonic components of No. 1 and No. 2 pinion-ring gears. Therefore, we conclude that design changes in the reducer and a correction of tooth profiles are required.

언론법학자로서 백암(白巖) 김동철 교수의 생애와 사상

조연하(Yoen Ha Cho),배진아(Jin Ah Bae) 한국언론법학회 2021 언론과 법 Vol.20 No.3

신경회로망에 의한 마찰상태의 식별 ( Identification of Friction Condition with Neural Network )

조연상,서영백,박흥식,전태옥 한국트라이볼로지학회 1998 한국트라이볼로지학회 학술대회 Vol.27 No.-