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과학 용어 분류를 통한 초등학생들의 심리적 과학 영역 분석
이성호,임청환,정진후 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 2001 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.11 No.1
통합적인 과학 교육의 필요성이 부각되고 있으며 통합 방안에 관한 여러 연구들이 이루어지고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 통합에 관한 연구는 학문의 구조와 인식론적인 측면에 그 근거를 두고 이루어지고 있다. 보다 효율적인 통합 과학 학습을 위해서는 학생들의 심리적인 측면에 관한 연구가 이루어져야 한다. 이러한 필요성에 의해 본 연구에서는, 초등학교 6학년 96명을 대상으로 교육과정상의 과학 용어 분류를 통하여 초등학생들의 심리적인 과학 영역과 그 특징을 알아보았다. 연구 결과, 다양한 과학 영역을 형성하고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 특히 ‘전기’, ‘인체’, ‘지구’, ‘에너지’, ‘식물’, ‘동물’, ‘환경’, ‘생물’, ‘날씨’, ‘꽃’의 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 각 영역에 포함된 과학 용어를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일상 생활의 경험에서 형성된 관련성을 강하게 유지하고 있는 경우가 있었다. 둘째, 가장 포괄적인 영역은 ‘지구’영역이었다. 이 영역에는 다른 영역에 포함되었던 대부분의 용어들이 관련되고 있었다. 따라서 ‘지구’영역을 통합의 중심으로 하는 것은 학생들의 심리적인 측면에도 잘 부합되는 것이라고 보여진다. The importance of integrated approach have increased gradually in science education. But most of researches on integrated science have been based on the structure of science and epistemology. The investigations of students' psychological science domains are needed for effectiveness of integrated science in science curriculum and classrooms. In this study, for exploration of elementary school students' psychological science domains and their properties, students(N=96) were asked to classify scientific words presented on textbooks in several categories. Many psychological science domains were revealed. Among them, the domains that were over 20% are 'Electricity', 'The human body', 'The earth', 'Energy', 'Plant', 'Animal', 'Environment', 'Living things', 'Weather', 'Flower'. According to the results from analysis on the words that students presented in each domains, the participants hold strongly the relationships caused by everyday experiences. For example, 'light' and 'heat' showed high frequency in 'Electricity' domain and 'The human body' domain included 'force' and 'motion' in high frequency. The most inclusive domain was 'The earth'. Not only the words on earth science but also biological and chemical words were classified in this domain. So The integration that centered with 'The earth' domain looks correspond to the elementary school students' psychological aspect.
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Jean Schneider,이혁진,남석진,이수정,정진향,정성후,임승택,전예원,곽홍기 한국유방암학회 2020 Journal of breast cancer Vol.23 No.3
Purpose: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) involving trastuzumab markedly increases pathologic complete response (pCR) rates in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer. Despite increasing pCR rates, long-term survival gains are controversial owing to distinctive biologic behavior mediated by the presence of hormonal receptors (HRs) that may interact with HER2 receptors. We, therefore, investigated the differences in relative survival gain provided by neoadjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy on HR positive (HR+) status of patients. Methods: We retrospectively ana Patient clinical characteristics were compared usin lyzed women with stage II or III HER2+ breast cancer who underwent NAC followed by a breast cancer surgery between 2008 and 2013. The survival benefits of adding trastuzumab to NAC were analyzed by classifying patients into HR+ and HR negative (HR−) groups. Results: Of 666 patients included in the study, 374 (52.1%) were HR+ and 319 (47.9%) were HR−. In the HR+ group, trastuzumab treatment led to higher pCR rates and significantly better breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) than no trastuzumab treatment. However, among patients with HR− breast cancer, trastuzumab treatment showed no statistically significant difference between BCSS and OS following multivariate analysis. Conclusion: We found that the addition of trastuzumab to NAC improved relative survival benefit in HER2+/HR+ patients than in HER2+/HR− patients, even though the pCR rate increases were lower. Although pCR has been regarded as a surrogate marker for estimating long-term survival benefits after NAC, it alone may not translate into real long-term oncologic outcomes in particular cancer subtypes after trastuzumab-based NAC. Further longer-term evaluation of the objective survival benefit after NAC driven by a dual HER2 block according to HR status is warranted.
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