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장홍,김진철 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.36 No.-
Temperature-responsive monoolein (MO) cubic phase was prepared by including polyethyleneimine(PEI) and cinnamic acid (CA) in the cubic phase. PEI/CA aqueous solution exhibited reversible uppercritical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. CA and PEI was included in the cubic phase so that theconcentrations were the same as those in PEI/CA solution which exhibited reversible UCST behavior from32 8C to 50 8C. The maximum release degree of methylene blue observed above UCST (12.5% at 45 8C and13.1% at 50 8C) was apparently higher than the maximum release degree below UCST (4.1% at 25 8C and4.3% at 30 8C).
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李聖惠,尹薰鉉,張弘 牧園大學校 1983 論文集 - 牧園大學校 Vol.6 No.-
Changes in both domestic and international environment are examined here to execute the Fifth Economic Development Plan. A suggestion is also made to rear the material and part industry and to increase export. Various limitations begin to appear in the industrial sturcture in Korea. Up to now. for example, the heavy chemical industry has been the driving force of export and economic development under quantitative and extensive goals. Its growth, however, is slowed down. Reasons of the limitations are as follows: repeated price rise of raw materials and energy since 1970, the tendency of using resources as a weapon under the nationalism of new industrial countries in the international market, and the lack of domestic natural resources except some. The basic problem is not the scarcity of resources but excessive dependence of raw materials on import, the export of simply processed products by introducing simple assembling or processing technology, and the depression of the world economy. The material industry is the basis of the heavy chemical industry and is a strategic export industry with a great forward and backward influence. An analysis is made here on its slowdown and the weakened international competitive power of the part industry. And the present condition, demand and supply and overseas dependence of the two industries are examined. A suggestion is also made to improve conditions and to achieve the export target and balanced industrial structure, and to get a internationally dominant position. CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION The cencept, its position in the national economy and importance, of the material and part industry are explained in this chapter. The purpose, method and the scope of the research are also clarified. CHAPTER 2. THE PRESENT CONDITION OF MATERIAL AND PART INDUSTRY IN KOREA For more strategic point of view, the scope of materials is limited to iron and steel, and nonferrous metals(aluminium, copper, lead and zinc), taking into consideration of the degree of their contribution of the national economy, the change in industrial structure, their international competitive power, the earning rate of foreign exchange, the influence on doestic price and their importance in the policy-making process. Their present conditions are explained in the chapter. 1) Iron and Steel Industry The domestic demand of iron and steel in Korea has been increased by 20.2% annually on the average since 1970. Their production has been increased by 24.8%, reaching 1,200,000 M/T annually. They are used in the field of assembling metal, electric machines, machine in general, transportation equipment, construction and civil engineering. The dependence on import is reducing owing to the in creased domestic production capacity(continuous refining in Pohang Steelmaking Co). Raw materials for steelmaking(iron ores, fuel coals and iron scrap), however, still depend heavily on import. 2) Nonferrous Industry The demand on nonferrous metals increases sharply with economic growth, increased income and the changed pattern of consumption. Facilities supplying them, however, remain insufficient because of their own economic and technological characteristics. Except zinc, they heavily depend on import. a. The production of copper(Cu), increases by 34.3% while demand increases by 33.7%. The self-support rate, therefore, is 85.6%. Annual production capacity is 140,000M/T. As distinctively in advanced countries, most of it is consumed in the electric industry. b. The demand and supply of lead(Pb) increase by 22.7% and 22.4% , respectively with the self-support rate of 53%. Annual production capacity is 60,000M/T. The dependence on import is high. c. Zinc(Zn) is self-supported. It is used for batterises, plating, metal chemistry and alloy. Annual production is 96,000M/T. d. The demand and supply of aluminium (AI) are 90,000M/T and 17,500M/T, respectively. Its dependence on import is high. Because of its great consumption of energy, the economy of aluminium production is the most doubtful one. 3) The Present condition of Allied Demand and Part Industry In considering allied industry with ferrous and nonferrous industries, the scope is limited to part industry. In it, part manufacturing enterprises are further limited to small and medium ones according to the characteristics of the national economy and industrial structure. Simple, labor intensive enterprises producing and selling parts and products of assembling metal, machines in general, electric and electronic machines, transportation equipment and shipbuilding have grown rapidly at first. They, however, become slowed down later and lose competitive ability both in domestic and international markets because of changes in various conditions and policy. CHAPTER 3. DEMAND AND SUPPLY, AND THE OVERSEAS DEPENDECE OF MATERIAL AND PART INDUSTRY 1) Demand and supply, and overseas dependence of materials. a. Iron and steel. Production capacity increases continuously with the rapid increase of demand. Its overseas dependence is improved continuously. (Demand increase: 4,770,000M/T in 1974, 12,431,000M/T in 1981. Production increase:1,929,000M/T in 1974, 10,753,000M/T in 1981). Import ratio is improved from 17.5% in 1974 to 8.1% in 1981. Self-support rate is also improved from 40.4% in 1974 to 86.5% in 1981. Export increases continuously (33%) but the overseas dependence of raw materials is high(96.3% for iron ores 100% for fuel coals and 51.2% for iron scraps). b. Copper. Export began in 1980. In spite of continuous increase in production capacity (increase in supply), its overseas dependence grows to be more than 20% owing to the increased demand(by 30,000M/T in 1979). c. Zinc. Production increased by 56.7% and became 80,800M/T, supporting 73,000M/T of demestic consumption. The dependence on import dropped down to negligible 4.3%. d. Aluminium. With 17,500M/T of production as compared with 101,000M/T of total demand, the overseas dependence is 86%, the lowest degree of self support. Domestic conditions for its production become worse and its economy is doubtful. e. Lead. As compared with the rapid increase in domestic demand in 1978(24,690M/T to 37,000M/T), its supply is limited. Its dependence on import reaches 85%, while export decrease. 2) Long-tgerm prospect on the demand and supply and overseas market of materials. The contribution of small and medium part industry to export dropped to 31.1%. The industry lost the dominant position in the overseas market and its prospect is not bright because of its immaturity, international economic depression, excessive dependence on import of materials, simply processed products for export, aged and out-of-date facilities and technology causing lowered productivity and the reinforced import regulation in advanced countries. CHAPTER 4. PROBLEMS IN MATERIAL AND PART INDUSTRY 1) Steel industry Scale of facilities short of the international level of standard(Annual production of 8.50 million M/T is about a half of the international standard.) The economy of scale is not achieved, unreasonable manufacturing process(inefficiency caused by the difference in facility scales of each process and the excessive dependence on an electric furnace), out-of-date technology and lowered productivity(lowered steel production per capita, aged facilities and the shortage of skilled manpower), low quality level and limited kinds of product(As compared with that of the international standard, these are the reason for poor export), insufficient management and poor financial structure (small scale, poor management ability, decreased net profit-especially in special steel sector), errors in government policies and the worldwide adverse conditions(policies wholly devoted to export, lack of accumulation of technology, negligence of social cost and strengthened import regulation in advanced countries), the deepened shortage of raw materials and their inefficient use(inefficiency caused by lack of skills and difficult material securing owing to unbalanced material import). 2) Nonferrous Industry Unfavorable price and condition in purchasing materials(as caused by excessive dependence on overseas materials, and the purchase of small amount of simple ores), the small scale of domestic nonferrous industry(failure in achieving economy of scale, poor financial structure and inefficient management), unfavorable conditions in domestic relevant industries(high labor cost, deepened shortage of skilled manpower, out-of-date facilities, and the lack of accumulation of technology), insufficiency of various policies(careless demand and supply policy, underdevelopment of alloy materials and insufficient measure against reinforced anti-pullution regulations). 3) Part Industries Tendency toward poor quality and higher price of parts owing to extensive export(tendency to quantity-oriented export rather than to domestic demand, thereby injuring reputation in the domestic market), lack of the spirit of contribution caused by unfair trade under master and slave relationship with parent enterprise(immature systematization of enterprises causing distrust), the labor intensive, traditional consumption industry(mainly devoted to the light industry in which selling in quantity is emphasized, poor internationally competitive power as compared with the technical, capital intensive industries), processing trade of imported materials(excessively overseas dependent, lacking organic relationship with domestic demand industries), excessive competition among market(infiltration of big enterprises and blind participation in market with expansionism), small scale and unskilled management causing financial difficulty(poor profitability, high cost, increased financial cost and the shortage of managers), the limitation in diversifying product and raising quality(shortage of technical manpower, low level of technology and insufficient facilities), disadvantage in making diverse, small quantity products(diverse materials, unfaborable purchase condition, excessive management expense, excessive occurrence of waste, lack of sense of cost), lack of recognizing the importance of the part industry itself(opportunism the spirit to depent on others, lack of sense of purpose), unbalanced government policies and indifference to them(policies putting emphasis on large enterprises and neglecting the importance of the part industry), shortage of able manpower and the lack of ability to develop technology(insufficient mental technicians, lack of the necessity of investing to research and development), and immature exhibition of the characteristics of small and medium part enterprises(lack of specialty and peculiarity). CHAPTER 5. PLAN TO REAR THE MATERIAL AND PART INDUSTRY AND TO INCRASE EXPORT 1) Plan to Rear the Material Industry and to Increase Export Recognition of the export drive, target-oriented attitude(recognition of market-oriented target), preparation of measures for export increase and against reinforced import regulations(measures against the change in international environment), the improvement of balance of payment, the diversification of export market and the development of market ability(preparation of plans to improve and reinforce marketability), the long-term securing of resources and energy, the breaking from unbalanced in securing them, and the preparation of countermeasures(investment to develop resources and the careful consideration in doing it), anti-pollution measures and R&D (increased investment to R&D, taking the recognition of social cost and regulation into account), the development of quality steel, the rearing of special and alloy steel sectors and the improvement of distribution structure(diversification of quality products, quality improvement and the development of new manufacturing process), the efficient reformation of the industry to achieve economy of scale(achievement of economic scale of international level, systematization, the formation of large-sized enterprises), plans to rear allied industries and to strengthen ties with them (the rearing of allied industries and the part industry), the rearing of healthy enterprises, manpower training and the rationalization of management(improvement of financial structure and the reinforced support by policy), the modernization and the formation of large-sized industial structure(large-scaled facilities and rationalized scale of distribution), the investment to R&D to save cost and the improvement of quality(energy saving, the improvement of operation skills, concentrated effort on R&D and the rationalized manufacturing process), the establishment of information system to cope with the change in international environment(the expansion and development of export market and the reinforcement of sales activity), the improvement of government policies(the formation of indirect support of sales activity), the improvement of government policies (the formation of indirect support system), the estabilshment of comparative advantage by means of industrial structure reformation(resource saving, energy saving, and the establishment of preferential support system based on the standard of international competitive ability). 2) Plan to Rear the Part Industry and to Increase Export Division of labor on a suitable scale according to potential speciality(securing the proper area of the part industry), the realization of substantial industrial substructure by expanding specialty systematization(specialty systematization with parent enterprise and the preparation of support plan), diverse support in finance and taxation(expanded support from the government and other institutions concerned), the reinforcement of international competitive power by reforming structure according to functions(effort for the reinforcement by the part industry itself), the recognition of the importance as a domestic demand industry(emphasizing the idea of the priority of demand and the performance of the function), the necessity of policies as a strategy to develop relevant industrial structure(policy and support to change the industrial structure), the growing necessity of the part industry with a mass production system of quality products(preparation of the conditions to achieve specialized production and quality product), the necessity to enhance competitive power to cope with internationalization(the modernization of facilities, the improvement of quality level, the efficient management of materials, the improvement of productivity and the enhanced sense of cost). CHAPTER 6.CONCLUSION Continuous economic growth and the target of export should be achieved in the everchanging international economy and in the adverse conditions of international material market. The material industry is the basis of the heavy chemical industry which has the greatest linkage effect and for which the international competitive power can be greatly strenghened. It and the small and medium part industries were selected here as the ferrous and nonferrous(aluminium, zinc, lead, copper) industries and their allied ones. The present condition, demand and supply, and the overseas dependence were analyzed by means of empirical and secondary data and the government policies. Problems were also selected based on the prospect of overseas market and plans to improve them were suggested. The author considers that suggestions made here will contribute to the export strategy industry, to the enhancement of forward and backward effect of influence, and to the increase of export by enhancing international competitive power. It will also realize the economy of scale by securing continuous and stable supply of resources and by prospecting and planning demand and supply, thereby obtaining international competitive power with comparative advantage and contributing substantially to economic development and expor increase.
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Sparse Reconfigurable Adaptive Filter with an Upgraded Connection Constraint Algorithm
장홍,황석승 한국지능시스템학회 2011 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of FUZZY LOGIC and INTELLIGE Vol.11 No.4
A sparse reconfigurable adaptive filter (SRAF) based on a photonic switch determines the appropriate time delays and weight values for an optical switch implementation of tapped-delay-line (TDL) systems. It is well known that the choice of switch delays is significantly important for efficiently implementing the SRAF. If the same values exist as calculating the sum of weight magnitudes for implementing the connection constraint required by the SRAF, conventional connection algorithm based on sequentially selection the maximum elements might not work perfectly. In an effort to increase the effectiveness of system identification, an upgraded connection algorithm used progressive calculation to obtain the better solution is considered in this paper. The performance of the proposed connection constraint algorithm is illustrated by computer simulation for a system identification application.
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