뇌성마비아 부모의 부담감 및 가족기능에 관한 연구

이화자,어용숙,Lee Hwa Ja,Eo Yong Sook 한국아동간호학회 2000 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.6 No.2

Today, more chronically ill and handicapped children are being cared for at home by a family member caregiver. The task of caring for a family member may feel burden that the caregiver has less time and money and more work. Family functioning and their burden have influence on coping and adaptation of families with chronically-ill children. This study attempted to identify the levels of burden and family functioning in families of children with cerebral palsy and to examine their relationships. The instruments were burden scale developed by Suh and Oh(1993), and a modified Feetham Family Functioning Survey based on Roberts and Feetham.(1982). The subjects were 98 parents of children, under 15 years, who have cerebral palsy and being treated and living in Pusan. Data were collected through a self-administered question- aire from April 26 to May 29. The collected data were tested using frequencies, percentiles, means, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient with SPSSWIN program. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. The mean rating scores of burden and family functioning were 2.79±.51 and 4.12±.69, respectively. 2. The relationships between general character- istics and burden were statistically significant difference : degree of children's handicap(F=6.333, P<.01). The relationships between general characteristics and family functioning were statistically significant differences : familial relation with the children(F=3.628, P<.05), caregiver's health status(F=4.359, P<.05), age of children (F=4.185, P<.05), and duration of treatment (F=6.802, P<.01). 3. In families of children with cerebral palsy, there was significantly negative correlation between the burden of parents and the performance of family functioning(r=-.230, P<.05). There were significantly negative correlations between the burden of parents and the satisfaction of family functioning (r=-.211, P<.05), and between the perceived importance and the satisfaction of family functioning(r=-.481, P<.01); however, there was a positive correlation between the performance and the perceived importance of family functioning(r=.425, P<.01). In conclusion, this study suggests that families of children with cerebral palsy need family-focused nursing interventions as supportive care for relieving their burden and for improving family functioning.

에세이 - 내가 만난 가장 아름다운 도시, 예레반!

이화자,Lee, Hwa-ja 대한건축사협회 2014 建築士 Vol.2014 No.8

동물 만화영상의 풍자적 표현 연구

이화자,Lee, Hwa-Ja 한국만화애니메이션학회 2005 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.9

만화영상은 이미지적 속성과 언어적 속성으로 되어있으며, 유머와 풍자적 내용이 밀접하게 관계되어 있다. 그리고 영상매체에서 동물 소재로 표현되었던 풍자적 표현 기법들을 연구 ${\cdot}$ 분석한다. 그 방법으로 이론적 배경은 동물 만화 영상의 역사적 배경으로 선사시대 원시 동굴 벽화로부터 시작하여 현대의 다양한 만화영상 캐릭터 산업까지 간략한 흐름을 살펴본다. 그리고 동물 풍자적 표현 유형으로 동물 묘사의 문학적 표현의 다양한 유형을 정리해 본다. 마지막으로 문학에서의 풍자 표현 기법인 비유적 표현, 상징적 표현, 수사적 표현들의 개념을 알아보고 비교하여 작품분석을 시도한다. 이러한 시도는 기존에 개념화되었던 인문학적 분류와 새로운 시각영상예술인 만화영상매체에 의미 연결 및 결합의 기초 분석법을 제시하고, 또한 자료들을 데이터베이스화함을 목적으로 한다. 이러한 축적된 자료들은 만화영상에 창작되는 동물 캐릭터들의 내적인 풍자 속성의 이야기 생산 및 그 의미작용에 대한 세부적인 자료를 제시할 것이다. Cartoon & Animated cartoon is consists of imaginal attributes and linguistic attributes, and it is closely connected with humor and satirical contents. And then various expressions using animals as matter communicate satirical attributes of a satire strongly and easily. On this article, techniques of satirical expression using animals in Cartoon & Animated cartoon media are studied and analyzed. By the method, it looks around briefly beginning from primitive cave paintings of the prehistoric age to various contemporary Cartoon & Animated cartoon character industries as historical background of Cartoon & Animated cartoon, and also arranges various types that literary expression and representation for visual expression techniques - metaphorical expressions, emblematic expressions, figure of speech and so forth - on literature. This attempt aims for presenting a basic analysis method that connecting and combining Cartoon & Animated cartoon media with humanistic classification and making database of existing data. These accumulated data will indicate cartoon and the action of meaning.

석유회사광고 Buy me보다는 Love me에 호소하라

이화자,Lee, Hwa-Ja 대한석유협회 1993 석유와 에너지 Vol.1993 No.4

뇌성마비아 어머니의 경험

이화자,김이순,이지원,권수자,강인순,안혜경,Lee Hwa Za,Kim Yee Soon,Lee Gee Won,Gwan Soo Za,Kang In Soon,An Hea Gyung 한국아동간호학회 1996 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.2 No.1

The purpose of the study is to identify the lived experience of mothers who have children with cerebral palsy in order to understand their agony. Moreover, the result of study was to find some nursing intervention for disabled children and their mothers. For this purpose, ten mothers who are willing to cooperate with this research were selected at random from those who have children with the cerebral palsy, currently using the municipal facilities for the handicapped with cerebral malfunction. Data collection was done from October 4, 1994 th December 31, 1994. The data were collected by asking the mothers mentioned above with some unstructured open-ended questions, recorded on the tapes with permission by the interviewee in order to prevent missing of the interviewed contents. These collected data have been substantiated and properly analyzed on the basis of phenomenological approach initiated by Colaizzi's method. The results and validity are proved to be credible by means of the individual checking of the interviewed mothers. The results of this study are as follows : 1. When the mother is first informed of the diagnosis of cerebral palsy on her child, she usually misses the crucial timing needed for proper treatment of the child's disorder because she is notified through the doctor's indifference and his apparently inactive, matter-of-fact attitude. At first she suspects the doctor's diagnosis and tries to attribute it to the unknown cause from a certain genetic problem and then she quickly wants to deny the whole situation that her child is really suffering from the cerebral palsy. The reality is too much for her to accept as it is and she would not believe her child is abnormal. Therefore, she even attempts depend on the power of God for its solution. 2. The mother, who goes thorough this kind of uncommon experiences, is totally devoted to the treatment and care of the child and completely ignores her own life and happiness. At the same time, she feels sorry for her other normal children she believes having not enough care and concern. Also, she feels sorry for the sick child when the child's brothers or sisters show special concern for the patient out of sympathy. It is sorry and not satisfied for her that the child is growing with abnormality and neighbor other around have inappropriate attitudes. Likewise, she is discontent with her husband's lack of concern about the child's treatment. She believes that the health care system in this society isn't fulfilling its due purpose. In the state of her utmost distress and anxiety, she always feels the need of competent consultants, and is angry about that her child is treated as an abnormal being, she is trying to hide the child from other people and to make him or her disappear, if possible. Although she doesn't have harmonious relation with her husband, she id happy when he shows his affection for the child and she feels relieved and thankful when the relatives don't mention about the child's condition Since the child's overall status of health is continuously in unstable conditions, requiring her all-time readiness for an emergency, she feels guilty of her child's illness toward the fEmily members as if it was her own fault to have borne such an abnormal child and she feels responsible for the child morally and financially if necessary Because her life is centered on taking care of the child, she cannot afford to enjoy her own life and happiness. She is a lonely mother, fatigued, with no proper relationship with other people around her. With this sense of guilt and responsibility as a mother of an unusual disease, she has no choice but to grieve her destiny from which she is not allowed to escape. 3. Nevertheless, the mother with the child suffering from the cerebral palsy does not easily give up the hope of getting her child cured and she believes that in the long run, though slower than hoped, her abnormal son or daughter will be eventually cured to become a normal sibli

뇌성마비아 어머니의 스트레스와 대처양상에 관한 연구

이화자,이지원,Lee Hwa Za,Lee Ji Won 한국아동간호학회 1997 Child Health Nursing Research Vol.3 No.2

Mothers with cerebral palsy children have much stress that is related to the care of children with cerebral palsy and to other household duties, and this state of the mother has an effect on the cerebral palsy child and on other household member. Mothers in such stressful situations use various coping patterns. The purpose of this study was as follows : to develop instruments that can be used for measuring the stress and coping patterns of mothers with cerebral palsy children, and to test a hypothetical model on the relationship between the mother's stress, her coping patterns and the variable affecting the stress and coping patterns. The results of this study can be summarized as follows : 1. The stress scale was composed of 44 items and Cronbach's α was .94, and the coping pattern scale was composed of 19 items and Cronbach's α was. 80. The mean score of stress scale was 136.12 out of a total of 220, and the mean score of the coping scale was 72.87 in a total of 95. 2. In test of the hypothetical model, it was found that extra-care demand, the support of the husband, the degree of handicap, health status and self-esteem had statistically significant influence on the mother's stress(r=.285,-.262,-.133, -.126). And the support of the husband, formal support, informal support, and economic status were found to have statitically significant influence on the mother's coping patterns (r=.412, .178, 178, .138).

중소벤처기업의 근무환경이 조직창의성에 미치는 영향

이화자 ( Hwa Ja Lee ),유왕진 ( Wang Ja Yoo ),이철규 ( Cheol Gyn Lee ),문종범 ( Jong Beom Moon ),이동명 ( Dong Myung Lee ) 한국경영공학회 2011 한국경영공학회지 Vol.16 No.2

In this paper, previous studies on the promotion factors of work environment, organizational creativity and business performance have been investigated. In addition, a research model was set after studying the specific related items. Then, a questionnaire survey was performed amongst the employees and directors of the Small and Medium Venture Business for empirical analysis. The survey was classified into organizational encouragement, leader`s support, support from the department and individual challenging spirit in terms of the promotion factors of the work environment. Regarding hindrance factors, they were classified into organizational obstacles and heavy workload. To analyze the relationship between technical, customer and financial achievements, a causal relationship was induced using a structural equation with product development capability and production capacity as parameters. The results of the empirical analysis can be summarized as follows: First, it was confirmed that the promotion factors of the work environment have a significant impact on organizational creativity, not on business performance. Second, work environment hindrance factors had no significant impact on either organizational creativity or business performance. When organizational creativity was taken as a parameter through the analysis of covariance, however, a positive relationship was observed between promotion factors and business performance. Third, organizational creativity had a significant impact on business performance.

자기주도적 학습을 위한 전략 활용 영자신문 읽기지도

이화자 ( Hwa Ja Lee ),손화자 ( Hwa Ja Son ) 글로벌영어교육학회 2007 Studies in English education Vol.12 No.1

서울시 홍보용 동물캐릭터 ‘해치'의 상징성 분석

이화자(Lee Hwa-Ja) 한국만화애니메이션학회 2009 만화애니메이션연구 Vol.- No.17

현대에 와서 동물캐릭터의 도상적 상징성은 자의로 만들어져 사회적 약속에 의해 기호작용을 하게 되었고, 공공기관이나 기업을 상징하기 위해 동물캐릭터는 심벌로 만들어져 적극 활용되고 있다. 오늘날은 이 환영의 동물캐릭터들이 중요한 아이콘으로 작용하고 있고, 상품개발자는 세속적인 동물 콘텐츠를 지속적으로 만들어내고 있다. 본 논문에서는 미학사에서의 ‘상징성’을 이론적 배경으로 하며, 동물캐릭터의 시작이었던 애니메이션과 동물캐릭터의 접목을 통해서 살펴본 매체 발달에 의한 현대 동물캐릭터의 응용을 기술한다. 그리고 기업 및 공공기관 홍보용 동물캐릭터의 활용 사례 중 대표적이라 할 수 있는 서울시의 동물캐릭터 ‘해치’의 상징성을 분석한다. In modern days, the iconic symbolicity of animal characters functions as a sign by the social promise after being made with voluntary intentions. Representing a public organization or corporation, an animal character is put to active use as a symbol. Today illusionary animal characters serve as important icons, and product developers incessantly put out animal contents. This study set out to examine the applications of animal characters in modern times according to media development by integrating animal characters into animation, which was the beginning of animal characters, based on the theoretical background of "symbolicity" in the aesthetics history. It also analyzed the symbolicity of "Haechi," which is Seoul's animal character and one of the good examples of utilization of a promotional animal character by a corporation or public organization.

대학간호교육목표의 시안개발

이화자(Haw, Ja Lee) 한국간호교육학회 1995 한국간호교육학회지 Vol.1 No.-