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A Brief Examination of Zhi Qian's Terminology in the Fanzhi pin of the Faju jing
이혜빈,한재희 동국대학교 불교문화연구원 2024 佛敎學報 Vol.0 No.104
지겸은 중국의 삼국시대(220~280 CE) 오나라를 배경으로 활동했던 역경가다. 중앙아시아 월지(月支)국 출신으로, 중국 내에서 태어나 전통적인 한문 교육을 받았고, 후한의 수도 낙양에서 같은 월지국 출신 승려인 지량(支亮, fl. 2~3 CE)에게 사사하며 역경사로 성장했다. 이후 동탁의 폭정, 황건적의 난과 같은 사회적 혼란을 피해 강남 지역으로 이주했으며, 오나라 군주 손권(孫權, 182~52 CE)에 의해 등용되어 다수의 인도 불교 문헌들을 번역했다. 세련된 어휘와 고전 한문의 요소들을 적극적으로 사용한 그의 번역 스타일은, 후대 중국의 역경사뿐만 아니라 고전 한문 자체에도 적지 않은 영향을 주었다. 본 논문에서는, 법구경(法句經, T210) 범지품(梵志品)에 나타나는 네 가지 번역어, ‘도사(道士)’, ‘사(蛇)’, ‘외(畏)’, 그리고 ‘참(塹)’에 대한 분석을 통해, 그의 용어 선택 배경 및 번역 과정을 살펴보았다. ‘도사’의 경우, 단어가 가진 도교적 함의에도 불구하고, 초기 역경사들에 의해 인도종교전통의 수행자들을 가리키는 단어로 종종 사용되어왔다. 범지품의 시작 부분에 나타나는 ‘도사’ 역시 인도불교 개념에 익숙하지 않은 중국 독자들을 위한 지겸의 선택으로 볼 수 있다. 나머지 세 단어들의 경우, 지겸의 번역만이 다른 번역본들과 다르다는 점에서 그의 단순 오역, 혹은 과도하게 자유로운 의역으로 볼 여지가 있었다. 그러나 (1) 사(蛇)의 경우 ‘뱀’을 뜻하는 Skt. sarpa/P. sappa와 ‘겨자씨’를 뜻하는 Skt. sarṣapa/P. sāsapa 간의 혼동으로, (2) 외(畏)의 경우 ‘두려움’을 뜻하는 Skt/P. bhaya와 ‘양 쪽 모두’를 뜻하는 Skt/P. ubhaya 간의 혼동으로, 마지막으로 (3) 참(塹)의 경우 ‘도랑’을 뜻하는 Skt. parikhā와 ‘장애물’을 뜻하는 Skt. parigha 간의 혼동으로 볼 수 있으며, 더 나아가 그가 다른 곳에서 해당 단어들을 정확하게 번역하고 있음을 고려했을 때, 이 번역어들은 지겸의 오역이 아닌, 그가 당시 사용했던 필사본 자체에서 기인하거나, 사본의 전승 과정에서 발생한 문제 때문이라고 보는 것이 더 타당하다는 결론에 도달할 수 있었다. One of the crucial factors in the influx of Indian Buddhism into Chinese religious and intellectual traditions was the translation activities that began during the late Han dynasty. Among the many translators who contributed to the spread and development of Buddhism in China, the role of third-century translator Zhi Qian is particularly noteworthy. He made Indian Buddhist scriptures accessible to a Chinese audience, unfamiliar with Buddhist concepts, through the use of polished, or “sinicised” translation language. In this paper, we analyze Zhi Qian's use of language, by examining four specific terms—daoshi (道士, “Masters of the Way”), she (蛇, “snake”), wei (畏, “fear”), and qian (塹, “trench”), found in the Fanzhi pin (梵志品) in the Faju jing (法句經 T210). The term daoshi was frequently used in early Chinese Buddhist translations to denote Indian religious practitioners, including brāhmaṇas, despite its Daoist connotations. This adaptation by translators, including Zhi Qian, reflects an effort to integrate Buddhist teachings into the existing Classical Chinese context, making them more readable to the Chinese audience. The other three terms, she, wei, and qian, exemplify Zhi Qian's approach to translation. First, his choice of she “snake” instead of “mustard seed” could be due to phonetic similarities in Sanskrit, implying a deliberate choice based on the reading of the manuscript, or a possible error, though his correct usage in other texts shows his knowledge of the term. The use of wei “fear” might suggest a misinterpretation of the term for “both,” as used in other versions, or it could indicate manuscript corruption as Zhi Qian accurately translates similar terms in other parts of the text. Last, the term qian “trench”, may reflect either a deliberate adaptation to resonate with his audience or a misreading of the original terms, influenced by phonetic similarities or manuscript corruption.
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이혜빈,써니 쿠마르 포구루리,배윤혁 한국풍력에너지학회 2020 풍력에너지저널 Vol.11 No.3
This research developed an aerodynamic analysis code for a vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) based on the structure of AeroDyn ver. 15, developed by the NREL. The aerodynamic analysis code used the double multiple streamtube model (DMSM) to describe aerodynamic characteristics, anticipating more accurate results and faster computation time. Tip-loss correction was adopted to increase the accuracy of the results. Validation was carried out by comparing the results from the developed code to the experimental and CFD analysis results. For the validation of aerodynamic characteristics computed by the developed code, power coefficient curves and rotor torque curves were chosen. The power coefficient curve predicted by the developed code showed good agreement with the experimental and CFD results. In the case of rotor torque, the developed code gave reasonable results compared to the CFD results. The differences in rotor torque were due to the secondary effects of the VAWT aerodynamics. Consequently, it was found that the developed aerodynamic analysis code can be used for the preliminary design of the VAWT, which requires fast and reasonable prediction.
이혜빈,안용찬,오동률,남희림,노재명,박수연 대한암학회 2016 Cancer Research and Treatment Vol.48 No.2
Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of the tumor volume reduction rate (TVRR) measured during adaptive definitive radiation therapy (RT) for nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). Materials and Methods We reviewed the RT records of 159 NPC patients treated with definitive RT with or without concurrent chemotherapy between January 2006 and February 2013. Adaptive re-planning was performed in all patients at the third week of RT. The pre- and mid-RT gross tumor volumes (GTVs) of the primary tumor and the metastatic lymph nodes were measured and analyzed for prognostic implications. Results After a median follow-up period of 41.5 months (range, 11.2 to 91.8 months) for survivors, there were 43 treatment failures. The overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) rates at 5 years were 89.6% and 69.7%, respectively. The mean pre-RT GTV, mid-RT GTV, and TVRR were 45.9 cm3 (range, 1.5 to 185.3 cm3), 26.7 cm3 (1.0 to 113.8 cm3), and –41.9% (range, –87% to 78%), respectively. Patients without recurrence had higher TVRR than those with recurrence (44.3% in the no recurrence group vs. 34.0% in the recurrence group, p=0.004), and those with TVRR > 35% achieved a significantly higher rate of PFS at 5 years (79.2% in TVRR > 35% vs. 53.2% in TVRR ! 35%; p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, TVRR was a significant factor affecting PFS (hazard ratio, 2.877; 95% confidence interval, 1.555 to 5.326; p=0.001). Conclusion TVRR proved to be a significant prognostic factor in NPC patients treated with definitive RT, and could be used as a potential indicator for early therapeutic modification during the RT course.
이혜빈,허승재,오동렬,정배권,주상규 대한부인종양학회 2012 Journal of Gynecologic Oncology Vol.23 No.3
External-beam radiation therapy with intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy is the standard treatment modality for advanced cervical cancer; however, late gastrointestinal complications are a major concern after radiotherapy. While radiation proctitis is a well-known side effect and radiation oncologists make an effort to reduce it, the sigmoid colon is often neglected as an organ at risk. Herein, we report two cases of radiation sigmoiditis mimicking sigmoid colon cancer after external-beam radiation therapy with intracavitary high-dose-rate brachytherapy for uterine cervical cancer with dosimetric consideration.