An Effective Bioinformatics Tool for Multiple Sequence Acquisition and Translation

이혜리(Hye Ri Lee),이승희(Seung-Hee Lee),이건명(Keon Myung Lee),김성수(Sung-Soo Kim),이찬희(Chan-Hee Lee),이성덕(Sung-Duk Lee) 한국지능시스템학회 2008 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.18 No.1

많은 바이오인포매틱스 관련 데이터베이스와 도구가 네트워크를 통해서 제공되고 있고, 이들을 효과적으로 활용하면 생물학적 분석을 적은 비용으로 우수한 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 주어진 질의에 대해서 잠재적으로 관련된 DNA 서열 정보를 획득하고, 분석자가 관심있는 항목을 선택하면, 선택된 항목에 대한 모든 DNA 서열 정보를 확보하고, 이들에 대해서 아미노산 서열로 자동변환하여 ORF라는 정보를 활용하여 가장 가능성이 큰 것을 추천하는 도구를 소개한다. 해당 도구에는 웹 로봇 기법과 ORF 검색등을 위한 생물학적 지식을 활용한다.

시내면세점의 점포분위기, 인지적 평가, 감정적 평가 및 행동반응간의 관계에 대한 연구 : 중국 소비자 대상으로

이혜리(Hye-Ri Lee),홍광희(Kwang-Hee Hong),채명수(Myung-Su Chae) 한국외국어대학교 지식출판콘텐츠원 글로벌경영연구소 2017 글로벌경영연구 = Journal of global business research Vol.29 No.1

최근 쇼핑을 목적으로 방한하는 중국 관광객들의 꾸준한 증가로 인해 국내 면세점산업의 성장세에 맞춰 관광활성화를 위한 마케팅전략이 무엇보다 필요한 시점이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 면세점(duty-free shop)의 점포분위기가 소비자의 인지적 평가, 감정적 평가 및 행동반응에 미치는 영향 관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구 모형의 기본적인 바탕으로 S-O-R(Stimulus-Organism-Response)모델을 이용하였으며, 특히 유기체(organism)중 소비자들이 감정적 평가를 하는 경우 PAD(Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance)척도 각각의 상호 인과관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 한국에 방문하여 서울 시내 면세점을 이용한 경험이 있는 중국 관광객 219명을 대상으로 설문조사를 하였으며, SPSS(19.0 version)와 AMOS(19.0 version)을 사용하여 수집된 자료를 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 면세점의 점포분위기 요인들 중 소비자의 인지적 평가에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 레이아웃 & 디자인(Layout and Design factor), 구매시점(Point-of-Purchase factor), 인적 요인(Human factor)으로 나타났지만 일반적 인테리어 요인(General Interior factor)은 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 인지적 평가는 감정적 평가인 환기와 지배력에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 즐거움은 환기와 지배력을 매개한 감정 차원인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구에서는 3가지의 감정 유형에 따라 상호 인과 관계가 형성되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 셋 째, 감정적 평가의 즐거움은 소비자의 행동반응 중 접근(approach)행동에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. Duty-free shop industry is booming recently due to the continuous increasing numbers of Chinese tourists for their shopping in Korea and relevant marketing strategies is desparately needed to cope with this trend. This research analyzes effects of store atmosphere of a duty-free shop over consumer’s cognitive and affective evaluation as well as behavior response. This research is based on S-O-R Model, and especially focused on the factors of casual relationship within PAD (Pleasure-Arousal-Dominance) measure of the consumers’ affective evaluation which is also a factor of an Organism. 219 Chinese tourists who have shopping experiences at duty-free shops in Seoul were surveyed and SPSS (v.19.0) and AMOS (v.19.0) were used to analyze collected data. First, this research discovered layout & design, point-of-purchase and human factors of shop atmosphere had positive influence on consumers’ cognitive evaluation whereas general interior factor was insignificant. Second, cognitive evaluation has positive effect on arousal and dominance, which are the factors of affective evaluation. Further, the relationship between cognitive evaluation and pleasure was mediated by arousal and dominance. Based on these results, this study identified 3 factors of affective evaluation has causal relationship between one another. Lastly, analysis confirmed that pleasure, an affective evaluation, had positive effects on approach behavior of consumers’ behavior response.

미국법상 약속적 금반언에 기한 전계약적 책임

이혜리(Hye-Ri Lee) 한국비교사법학회 2008 비교사법 Vol.15 No.4

Since parties in entering the contract strongly wish to maximize the possibility of its successful completion, they spent substantial amount of time in negotiation. During this negotiation, a party often might mislead other party to think the contract would be entered although they have not formalized the contract yet. Relying on such appearance, the other party might result in incuring the expense in preparing so that he or she can successfully enter the contract. Under such circumstance, Korean law provides the remedy for the other party based on tort law since there is no contract has been established. On the other hand, the American law classifies the different basis for precontractual liability(unjust enrichment resulting from the negotiations, misrepresentation made during the negotiations, agreement to negotiation in good faith, specific promise made during the negotiations-promissory estoppel). Especially the American case(Hoffman v. Red owl Stores) has found the precontractual liability by ruling that the act of reliance by the promisee to his detriment provided a substitute for consideration and promissory estoppel. furthermore, such promissory estoppel originally was invoked as a substitute for consideration rendering a gratuitous promise enforcible as a contract. However, under Hoffman case, it is not clear when promissory estoppel should be applied. Not only that, the court does not illustrate the extent of damage the court could provide under promissory estoppel. After Hoffman case, there are many different theories relating to promissory estoppel in precontractual liability. Different theories argue whether promissory estoppel is based on torts law or contract law or both or either. However, it seems that which part of civil law that promissory estoppel is based on does not matter if promissory estoppel provides the basis for remedy under precontractual liability. In order to accomplish the above goal we need to come up with more stable and definite formular for its application and damages for the loss.

개인파산에 있어서 신용상담제도 도입의 필요성

이혜리(Hye-Ri Lee) 한국비교사법학회 2007 비교사법 Vol.14 No.2

  On Sept. 23rd, 2004, the new Korean ‘the Act on Debtor"s Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy" was newly modified in order to solve the problems caused by the previous Act on Bankruptcy. However, it unlikely includes any kind of aids to help debtors to walk through the process in filing for bankruptcy so it often tends to lead the uneducated debtors to use the bankruptcy as an escape rather than a last resort for their economic crisis. In order to prevent the abusive use of filing for bankruptcy, the United States"s law makers already introduced ‘credit counseling" in ‘the Bankruptcy Abuse and Consumer Protection Act of 2005". ‘Credit counseling" is to require a debtor to be counseled respect to his financial situation and consequence of filing for bankruptcy before filing it. This paper mainly discusses the necessity of ‘credit counseling" process in Korean bankruptcy law, practice of credit counseling in the U.S. and finally its application to Korean bankruptcy law.<BR>  Firstly, why Korean bankruptcy law should adopt the ‘credit counseling", since: ① Debtors can be aware of any other alternatives to bankruptcy, ② Debtors can use this counseling to financially rehabilitate himself, ③ By preventing the abuse of bankruptcy, it reduces the loss on social costs. Secondly, the practice of the credit counseling in the U.S. is; ① What? When a debtor files for bankruptcy, he or she has to get briefing that outlined the opportunities for available credit counseling and assisting in performing a related budget analysis. ② Where? When a debtor gets such counseling, he or she should get it in an approved nonprofit budget and credit counseling agency. ③ When? 180 days before a debtor files for bankruptcy. Nextly, the credit counseling in the U.S. has caused the following problems; ① When a debtor receives any advices from credit counselor, even though the issues addressed by the counselor involves legal aspect of the debtor"s financial situation but the counselors are not legal professionals, ② costs and expenses for providing credit counseling, ③ Supervision of the approved nonprofit budget and credit counseling agencies. Finally, this paper discuss how the credit counseling can be legislated into Korean bankruptcy law. It is necessary to make the credit counseling mandatory to prevent the abuse of bankruptcy but some adjustment should be made to be more appropriate to Korean society and legal system. For example, not only the nonprofit agency but also Korean Legal Aid Cooperation takes responsibility together in administering credit counseling so that the contents of the counseling would be more professional and unbiased. Furthermore, range of counseling of agency should be limited to drafting a plan for payment of debts and the rest of legal aid should be left to Korean Legal Aid Cooperation. Credit counseling is more practical and fundamental solution to a debtor"s financial crisis and national problem caused by the increased number of bankrupted individuals, therefore, it should be adopted.

영국법상 절차보조인에 관하여

이혜리(Lee Hye Ri) 한국가족법학회 2016 가족법연구 Vol.30 No.3

On 2016.2.3. the Korean Civil Procedure Act has been modified. According to modified Civil Procedure Act art. 55(1), a minor, a quasi-incompetent person, or an incompetent person may conduct procedural acts only through his/her legal representative: Provided, that the same shall not apply to cases where a minor or a quasi-incompetent person is able to independently conduct procedural acts. Although the act granted the ability to sue to a minor, a quasi-incompetent person, or an incompetent person, however, they may have a hard time to proceed the lawsuit since their physical and mental capacity is challenged. Therefore, the article 143-2 allows a person, who is mentally or physically challenged to state words necessary to carry on the legal case, to appoint an assistive personnel for appearing at the court. However, the act is silent on the rights, duties, and qualifications of the assistant. This paper has reviewed different types of assistive personnels in a law suits or matters related to law under United Kingdom law since it has recently passed the Mental Capacity Act 2005. There are assistive personnels in legal cases and matters such as a litigation friend, an intermediary, independent mental capacity advocate, and so forth. Among these, the intermediary seems similar to an assistive personnel under the article 143-2 of Civil Procedure Act because it is to help a witness in communication at the court. However, an intermediary under UK law is mainly for child victims for sexual crimes. So it seems that further study is necessary to make a regulation for the rights, duties, and qualifications of an assistive personnel under 143-2 of Civil Procedure Act.

연구논문(硏究論文) : 과실에 기한 잘못된 정보제공으로 인한 책임

이혜리 ( Hye Ri Lee ) 법조협회 2013 法曹 Vol.62 No.1

잘못된 정보의 제공으로 인한 불법행위책임에 관한 기존의 판례와 학설은 책임 성립을 위한 요소를 단순히 나열하는 것에 그치고 논리적 근거나 체계적 정합성이 부족한 면이 있었다. 이에 본고는 기존의 판례 및 학설과 함께 독일, 영국, 미국에서의 법리를 비교하고 논리적으로 분석함으로써 잘못된 정보제공으로 인한 책임의 요건을 우리 민법의 체계에 맞게 구체화하고자 하였다. 잘못된 정보제공으로 인한 책임 역시 불법행위책임이므로 민법 제750조에 따라 가해자의 고의 또는 과실, 책임능력, 가해행위의 위법성, 가해행위에 의한 손해 발생 등이 요건이 된다. 그 중 위법성이 가장 문제가 되는데, 매수자 위험부담주의(Ceveet Emptor)의 원칙상 잘못된 정보제공 그 자체만으로는 위법하다고 할 수 없고 별도의 위법성 표지가 필요하다. 위법성, 즉 의무위반은 법령이나 계약상의 의무가 있는 경우 외에도 정보수령자의 ``정당한 신뢰``가 있는 경우에도 인정될 수 있다. 정당한 신뢰가 있는지 여부는 영국의 Hedley 판결에서 제시된 내용처럼 정보수령자의 신뢰의 합리성과 정보제공자의 예견가능성을 기준으로 판단해야 한다. 신뢰의 합리성 여부를 판단할 때 이용될 수 있는 중요한 자료로는 정보제공자가 공신력과 전문성이 있는지 여부, 정보의 진실성에 대하여 보증 내지는 특별한 신뢰를 부여하였는지 여부, 정보제공을 통하여 금전적 이익을 얻게 되는지 여부, 제공된 정보가 중요한 사항에 관한 것인지 여부, 정보수령자가 정보를 직접 수령했는지 여부 등이 있다. 특히, 정보제공자의 책임이 인정되는 사례의 범위는 간접적 정보수령이라는 사정을 어떻게 평가할 것인지에 따라 큰 영향을 받는데, 정보제공자가 정보의 간접적 수령자에 대하여 의무를 부담하는지 여부는 정보의 목적 범위와 정보제공자의 예견가능성에 의하여 판단하는 것이 온당하다. 잘못된 정보제공이 위법하다고 평가되는 경우에도 고의나 과실 등 다른 불법행위의 요건들이 요구된다. 이 때 과실, 즉 주의의무 위반은 예견가능성과 회피가능성을 전제로 하는데, 여기서의 예견 및 회피의 대상은 잘못된 정보의 제공 그 자체에 관한 것이므로, 정보수령자의 신뢰 및 처분에 관한 예견가능성을 주된 내용으로 하는 위법성 요소로서의 예견가능성과는 주안점이 다르다. Ceses end studies ebout tort liebility on supplying felse informetions, which ere mede end done so fer, heve been merely listing the fectors for edmitting the liebility, end they cennot provide the logicel ground or the structurel consistency. Therefore, this peper enelyzes the Koreen ceses & theories end comperes them with the lews of Germeny, Englend, end the United Stetes, therefore, it eims to come up with the specific elements for edmitting liebility which fit to our Koreen civil lew system. Since liebility on supplying felse informetions is elso besed on tort liebility, eccording to Koreen Civil Cede erticle 750, the elements such es the tortfeesor`s intent, responsibility, unlewfulness of the hermful ect, end demege ceused by the hermful ect must be proven. Emong them, unlewfulness metters the most, end besed on principle of Ceveet Emptor, supplying felse informetion itself cennot be considered es unlewful. Therefore, it is necessery to heve the seperete elements to edmit its unlewfulness. Unlewfulness, in other words, breech of duty of cere cen be esteblished when there is not only stetutory or contrectuel duty to supply informetions, but elso ``reesoneble relience`` on e recipient of the informetion. In order to decide whether there is reesoneble relience or not, the court should consider reesonebleness of relience on e recipient of the informetion end predictebility on e supplier of the informetion es it is showed in Hedley cese in Englend. It is importent to consider the following things in order to decide reesonebleness of relience; whether the supplier hes the creditebility end professionelity, whether the supplier give the guerenty or speciel relience ebout the truthfulness of the informetion, whether the supplier hes pecuniery interest in supplying the informetion, whether the supplied informetion is on the importent metter, whether the recipient received the informetion directly or not. Especielly, the scope of the ceses in which the supplier`s liebility is edmitted, depends on how the court views the circumstence thet the informetion is received indirectly. Therefore, when the court decide whether the supplier is lieble for the recipient who receives informetions indirectly, it should consider the purpose of informetion, its intended renge end the supplier`s foreseeebility. Even when supplying felse informetion is considered es unlewful, other elements for torts such es intent or negligence is required. Here, negligence, in other words, breech of duty is premised on predictebility end evoidebility. Within-nemed predictebility end evoidebility is ebout the supplying felse informetions itself, so they ere different from the predictebility es en element for unlewfulness beceuse the letter focuses on the recipient`s predictebility on relience end the disposition.

초고층 건물의 양방향 풍응답 제어를 위한 액체댐퍼 실험

이혜리(Lee, Hye-Ri),민경원(Min, Kyung-Won) 한국소음진동공학회 2010 한국소음진동공학회 논문집 Vol.20 No.3

This study deals with the design of a bi-directional damper using a tuned liquid damper(TLD) and a tuned liquid column damper(TLCD) for a SDOF building. Two dampers are usually needed to reduce wind-induced responses of tall buildings since they are along and across wind ones. The proposed damper has the advantage of controlling both responses with a single damper. The damper used in this study behaves as both a TLCD in a specific translational direction and a TLD in the other orthogonal direction. This paper presents experimental verification to confirm its control performance. First, shaking table test is carried out to investigate reducing responses by the damper. Control performance of the damper is expressed by the transfer function from shaking table accelerations to SDOF building ones. Testing results show that the damper reduced bi-directional responses of a SDOF building. Also, it reduced torsion responses.

현미 중 Metazosulfuron의 잔류 분석법 확립

이혜리 ( Hye Ri Lee ),김은혜 ( Eun Hye Kim ),도정아 ( Jung Ah Do ),오재호 ( Jae Ho Oh ),김정한 ( Jeong Han Kim ) 한국환경농학회 2012 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2012 No.-

미국법상 부자관계에 있어서 친생추정의 법리

이혜리(Hye Ri Lee),이상용(Sang Yong Lee) 충남대학교 법학연구소 2018 法學硏究 Vol.29 No.4

캘리포니아법상 친생자 추정 제도는 확정적 추정과 번복 가능한 추정의 둘로 나뉘어 있다. 확정적 추정의 경우는 요건이 보다 까다롭지만 번복도 그만큼 어렵다. 번복 가능한 추정의 경우는 요건이 보다 완화되어 있지만 번복이 비교적 용이하다. 부성 추정을 위한 경로가 복수이므로 부성 추정의 경합과 그 우선순위에 관한 기준도 마련되어 있다. 캘리포니아법상 친생자 추정 제도는 단순히 자 개인의 보호에 그치는 것이 아니라 사회적으로 보호가치 있는 친자관계 자체를 보호하려는 태도를 취한다. 그리고 그러한 보호가 해체된 가정에도 미친다는 점은 혼인 중심의 규율을 벗어난 친자관계의 규율이 가능하고 또 바람직한 것일 수 있음을 보여준다. 한국의 친생자 추정 제도는 획일적 친생 추정에 관한 법규정과 이를 제한하여 일정한 경우에 추정의 번복을 허용하기 위한 이론으로 구성되어 있다. 대법원 판례는 전통적으로 외관설을 취해 왔지만 하급심 판례 가운데에는 혈연설을 취하는 것도 적지 않다. 일부 학설은 이혼 등 가정파탄이 인정되는 경우에 한해 혈연주의를 적용하여 친생 추정을 번복할 수 있게 한 절충적 입장을 취하기도 한다. 절충설이 비교적 합리적이기는 하나 관점과 판단기준에 있어서 오늘날의 사회적 요구에 부합하지 않는다. 즉, 종래의 절충설은 혈연관계의 존부에 과도하게 의존하고 있고, 부분적으로 혈연주의를 제한하기 위한 요소로서 실질적 부자관계의 존재 여부보다는 부부간 혼인관계의 존속여부를 중시하고 있다는 점에서 문제가 있다. 친생 추정의 번복에 관한 법리는 자의 복리 및 사회적 부자관계의 보호라는 관점에서 다시 설계될 필요가 있다. 이런 점에서 캘리포니아 법의 친생자 추정제도는 많은 시사점을 던져준다. The rule on presumption of legitimacy under California law is divided into conclusive presumption and rebuttable presumption. Under conclusive presumption, its elements are harder to satisfy and accordingly it is harder to rebut than the latter. Since there are more than one way to establish paternity, California law has the rule to identify which presumtion rule should apply. The rule on presumption of legitimacy under California law concerns not only the protection of the child as an individual but also the relationship between child and father if it is worthy to protect socially. Furthermore, such protection extends to dissolved family. So it is possible and desirable to regulate paternity by focusing on not marriage itself but paternal relationship. On the other hand, Korean law has a strong presumption rule and there are some theories to limit it. Supreme Court of Korea traditionally has followed the theory considering externals(which is similar to Lord Mansfield’s Rule to rebut the presumption only where married couple lived physically apart). On the other hand, some lower courts ruled to admit the blood-test based theory which is to admit the rebuttal of the presumption by blood-test. Some theory follows a compromise on conflicting views by arguing that if there is dismantle of family, then the court can rebut the presumption by applying the blood-test based theory. Although a compromise on conflicting views seems relatively reasonable but it does not accord with the preensocial need of the present time. In other words, the compromising theory is problematic, since it relies excessively on whether there is blood-oriented relationship and weights too much on the marital relationship than the practical paternal relationship as a factor to limit the blood-oriented relationship. It is necessary to reconstruct the presumption of legitimacy and its rebuttal from the viewpoint of the child’s interests and protection of social relationship between child and father. Study on California law on the presumption of legitimacy could be helpful to this endeavor.

UNCITRAL의 담보거래제도 모델법에 관한 연구

이혜리(Lee Hye Ri) 성균관대학교 법학연구소 2016 성균관법학 Vol.28 No.2

한국에서는 2010. 6. 10. “동산·채권 등의 담보에 관한 법률”(이하 동산·채권 담보법)이 제정되어 2012. 6. 11. 부터 시행되고 있다. 입법 과정에서 미국통일상법전(Uniform Commercial Code) 9편의 많은 영향을 받은 UNCITRAL 입법지침의 내용이 고려되었으나, 모두 채택되지는 않았다. 본 논문은 UNCITRAL 담보거래 모델법상 주요한 제도임에도 불구하고 한국법에 도입되지 않은 제도들의 내용을 자세히 살펴보고, 위 제도들에 관한 국내·외 학자들의 평가도 충분히 고려하여 위 법 개정 과정에 반영함이 타당한지 여부를 고찰하고자 한다. UNCITRAL 담보거래 모델법과 동산·채권 담보법을 비교해보면, ① 동산·채권 담보법은 UNCITRAL 담보거래 모델법과 달리 단일한 “담보권”의 개념이 없다는 점, ② 양자는 담보권설정자, 담보물에 대한 범위에 있어서도 차이가 있다는 점, ③ 동산·채권 담보법에서는 동산담보권의 등기를 성립요건으로 규정한 반면, UNCITRAL 담보거래 모델법은 동산담보약정으로 동산담보권이 성립하고 등기는 대항요건으로 삼고 있다는 점, ④ 등기방식에 있어서도 두 제도는 각기 다른 제도를 취한다는 점 등의 차이점을 갖는다. 담보권은 채권적 거래에 수반하는 것으로서 국제적 통일성을 추구할 수 있는 분야처럼 보인다. 그러나 담보권은 물권으로서 한 국가의 전통과 문화를 고려하여 제정국가가 제정한 강행규범에 의해 규율되는 분야이기도 한 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 볼 때 통일된 담보권의 개념을 섣불리 도입하여 기존제도에 대대적인 수정을 가하는 것을 회피한 동산·채권 담보법의 태도는 바람직해 보인다. 또한 민법과의 전체적인 조화를 고려하여 담보권의 효력에 있어서 동산과 채권을 달리 정한 것도 바람직하다. 다만, 현재 동산·채권 담보법이 정하고 있는 인적 제한은 점차적으로 자연인으로 범위를 확장하되 개인정보보호나 소비자의 보호를 위한 대책도 함께 고려되어야 할 것이다. 그 밖에 전자산담보제도나 통지등기제도는 일부 조건들이 성취되는 것을 전제로 추후에 도입하는 것을 적극적으로 고려하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다. On June, 10th. 2011, Act on Security over Movable Property, Receivables, etc(hereinafter the Act ) was legislated and came into effect on June 11th, 2012 in Korea. In making the Act, there was a lot of discussion on UNCITRAL Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions(hereinafter UNCITRAL Legislative Guide ) which was greatly influenced by the Uniform Commercial Code Article 9 of United States. Some features were adopted by the Act but the others were not, although they were the significant features of UNCITRAL Legislative Guide. This paper reviews those major policies of UNCITRAL Legislative Guide which the Act failed to adopt, and tries to evaluate whether the Act should be amended to incorporate them. Major difference between UNCITRAL Legislative Guide and the Act are as follows : ① There is no single and uniform concept of security rights under the Act. ② The definition of person who has created a security interest and collateral are different(the meaning under the Act is narrower in scope than UNCITRAL Legislative Guide). ③ Unlike under the Act, registration is not required for creating movable security rights but merely required for claiming against the third party under UNCITRAL Legislative Guide. ④ The way to register the security rights are different. Security rights are created by contractual transactions and seems to fall on the category of law which can be governed by international uniform law. However, a law on security rights is a part of property laws which are mainly made up of mandatory rules reflecting the traditions and cultures of a society. The Act averted from instituting the uniform concept of security rights and incurring massive amendment of existing rules, which deserves credit. It is also desirable to make a difference between movables and recievables in legal effect, considering harmony with Civil Code, under which delivery is required for transferring rights in movables. However, the restriction on eligibility under the Act should be discarded so that more people can create and utilize security rights. Adopting notice registration would contribute to enhancing convenience. With certain conditions, adopting all-asset-security scheme could also ensure enlarged availability of funds to the small and medium-sized enterprises in Korea.