愼懼堂 李侙의 國權回復을 위한 義兵活動

이향배(Lee HyangBae) 한국인물사연구소 2011 한국인물사연구 Vol.15 No.-

「Sin Gu Dang, Lee Sik」, was a high-spirited scholar and an activist in loyal troops for the national rights in the latter era of Choson Dynasty. He was born in Cheong Yang and started studying at home at the beginning. Then he began to act on 'Wee Jung Cheok Sa' in earnest after making a relationship with 「Myeon Am, Choi Ik Hyeon」. And Lee Sik developed his own point of view on studying based on the Neo-Confucianism by Joo Ja. At that time, there were many movements and protests to recover the national rights after 'Eul Sa Neuk Yak'. So, Lee Sik built '13 Yoo Yak So' around Cheong Yang and denounced Japan's brutality to foreign diplomatic offices systematically. Also, he sent letters to 37 villages in the province and announced the real state of the government to the people to rouse them to action. After that he was arrested for his plan but he kept his chin up in front of the Japanese investigator and never broke his spirit. Later, Lee Sik joined Hong Joo loyal troop as a staff again and was banished to Dae Ma Do after being arrested. when he finished his banishment, he came back home and did many things to recover the national rights constantly such as organizing volunteer troops and delivering Ko Jong's secret letter to Lim Byong Chan for establishing 'Dok Lib Eui Goon Boo'. These are all his strong will to put his theory into practice and to fulfill his social responsibility as a descendant of a patriotic family.

전통시대(傳統時代) 조석(潮汐)에 대한 변증 연구

이향배 ( Lee Hyang Bae ) 한국동양예술학회 2020 동양예술 Vol.49 No.-

본고는 전통시대에 제기된 조석에 대한 변증 자료를 정리한 다음 조석설에 대한 논리를 유형별로 나누어 분석하였다. 이를 통해 전통시대 자연현상에 대한 논의방식을 살펴보고 어떤 과정을 통해 과학적 사고가 형성되어 갔는지 살펴보았다. 그 결과 큰 범위에서 보면 전통시대 조석설은 대체적으로 세 가지로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 첫째는 땅호흡설을 중심으로 펼쳐진 우리나라 제가의 조석설을 검토하였다. 우리나라 조석에 대한 논의는 고려중기 이규보에서 시작되었다. 그는 《水經》, 盧肇의 <海潮賦>, 《佛經》등 이전의 설을 검토한 다음 노흡주의 ‘潮汐日月起因說’을 《주역》이나 渾天儀의 원리와 비교 검토하였다. 이와는 달리 김안로를 비롯하여 김득신, 한원진, 위백규 등 조선시대 지식인들은 조석이 땅의 호흡이라는 소옹의 설과 음양과 기의 작용이라는 정자의 논리, 해와는 무관하고 달과 관련지어 설명한 주자설에 기반하여 조석의 원리를 설명하였다. 둘째는 동해에 조석이 없다는 설에 대한 변증이다. 동해에 조석이 없다는 설에 대해 학자들은 그 이유를 설명하기 위해 많은 설을 제기하였다. 이항복은 물이 동쪽에 다하면 氣가 다한다고 설명하였고, 한백겸은 남북으로 통하는 氣가 좌우에 영향을 줄 수 없다는 설을 제시했다. 장유는 동해가 북해에 가깝기 때문이라는 北海說을 제시했으며, 조익은 바다에 內海와 外海가 있다는 설을 내세워 동해가 외해에 속하기 때문에 조석이 없다고 주장했다. 송규렴과 권헌은 地勢 때문이라고 해석했으며 송병선은 북해설에 동조하였다. 이처럼 동해에 조석이 없는 이유를 다양한 상상에 기반하여 논리적으로 추론하였다. 이러한 논의는 구한말까지 전통지식인들의 대부분은 과학적 지식체계가 전혀 없었음을 확인시켜준다. 셋째는 과학적 변증에 의한 설명이다. 이는 주로 星湖 李瀷과 惠岡 崔漢綺의 조석설에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 이들은 서구의 과학에 대한 해박한 지식을 갖추고 있었으며 지동설에 입각하여 지구와 달과 태양의 관계를 정확하게 이해하고 있었다. 이와 같이 서구의 과학적 지식체계로 조석에 대한 설명을 체계적이고 상세하게 기술하고 있다. 이는 바다에 일어나는 자연현상을 근대과학으로 해석하는 최초의 사례라고 볼 수 있다. 이처럼 조석설은 전통지식인들의 자연과학 지식체계와 바다에서 일어나는 자연 현상에 대해 이해 방식을 잘 보여주고 있다. In this paper, I analyzed the logic of the theory of tide by categories after compiling dialectical data which were raised in the traditional era. In this process, I looked into the discussion method of natural phenomenon in traditional times and into how scientific thoughts have been formed. This results in three categories of the traditional theory of tide in general. First, I reviewed the theory of tide by several virtuous scholars in our country focused on the theory of earth-breath. Discussion of the theory of tide was begun by Lee Gyu-bo in the middle period of Gyoryeo dynasty. He compared 'the theory in which tide is caused by the moon and the sun' by Nho Heup-ju with 《Juyeok周易》or the principle of < Honcheoneo 渾天儀 > after reviewing previous theories in 《Sugyeong水經》, < Haehobu海潮賦 > and 《Bulgeong佛經》etc. On the other hand, the intellectuals in the Joseon Dynasty like Kim Deuk-sin, Han Won-jin, and Wi Baek-gyu including Kim An-ro explained that the principles of the ebb and flood are based on the theory of earth-breath by So-ong, on the logic of working of yin-yang and Ghi氣 by Jeongja, and on the theory by Chu Hsi which related it to the moon, not to the sun. Second, there is a dialectics about the theory in which Dong-Hae, the East Sea is not affected by the tide. Scholars have raised lots of theories to explain the reasons for this phenomenon. Lee Hang-bok explained that Ghi氣 would be exhausted when the seawater reached to the east. Han Baek-gyeom suggested the theory that Ghi氣 passing through south and north cannot affect the right and left sides. Jang Yu suggested the theory of the North Sea 北海說 which explained that it was because the East Sea was close to the North Sea. Jo ik argued that there was no tide because the East Sea belonged to the part of the open sea while asserting the ocean had the inland sea and the open sea. Song Gyu-ryeom and Guoen Heon interpreted that it was due to the earthen energy地勢 and Song Byeon-seon agreed with the theory of North Sea. In this way, the reasons why there was no tide in the East Sea were logically inferred based on a variety of imagination. These discussions let us be confirmed that there was none of scientific system of information at all for most of traditional intellectuals until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. Third, there is an explanation according to scientific dialectics. This theory can be found mainly in the theory of tide by Seongho Lee Ik and Hyegang Choi Han-gi. They had extensive knowledge of Western science and accurate understanding of the relationship between the Earth, and the moon and the sun based upon heliocentric theory. In this way, they described the ebb and flood phenomenon in terms of scientific knowledge system in the organized and detailed manner. This seems to be the first case of interpreting natural phenomenon of the sea in a modern scientific way.

소설 되짚어 읽기의 묘미 - 존 스타인벡의 『에덴의 동쪽』과 영화

이향만(Hyang Mann Lee) 한국외국어대학교 영미연구소 2006 영미연구 Vol.15 No.-

  The situation of family is an important theme in the American East of Eden, though it has been criticized as a weak novel on account of its diffuse structure, contains one of Steinbeck"s important themes concerning ethics and human nature. And its adapted movie of Elia Kazan, as a superb film of auteurism, offers the cinematic vision to contrast the different worlds from the novel to the movie, and to reevaluate the author"s main theme, especially concentrating on the omission and traces of an oriental philosopher Lee.<BR>  It is not overstating to say that the hero of the novel is Lee who integrates all the conflicted worlds of the characters in the novel. With the philosophical Chinese servant missing, the director Kazan risks omitting the discussion of timshel . Lee may be regarded as a secondary character as an onlooker, but he represents the voice of wisdom and reason at the crucial time of the events of the story, and often articulates some of the novel’s most important themes.<BR>  The oriental philosopher has disappeared physically in the process of transference from one medium to another, but the traces of his philosophical idea and attitude toward life can be found in the transformed characters. So it can be said that the concept of Lee"s timshel in the movie is revealed not through his direct speeches but in the transformed acts of characters, especially through the changed images of Abra and Kate.

峿堂 李象秀의 散文批評論 硏究

이향배(Hyang-Bae Lee) 어문연구학회 2008 어문연구 Vol.56 No.-

  This study examines the prose criticism by Sangsoo Lee. He was concerned about the deterioration of customs that respect scholars and letters caused by the unfair practice of the Goageo (State Examination). He criticized scholars who bribed sons of influential families to buy their governmental positions, and emphasized the attitude of scholars who depend on heaven"s will to enter into governmental positions after making themselves proficient.<BR>  Sangsoo Lee considered close and analytic reading important to write well. In those times, most scholars devoted themselves to studying poetry and prose to pass the Goageo so they memorized some phrases without closely reading the entire work. Thus, he presented a reading method to understand the deeper meaning of the passages because he thought it was an urgent goal to raise the level of reading. For good reading, readers must find the main purport first and then the conclusion. To find the conclusion is possible by analyses of arrangement, order, contextual connection, and organization into paragraphs. He believed that these analyses help readers to understand what meanings the authors wanted to deliver. He also thought that analytical reading was prerequisite to become a good writer.<BR>  Songsoo Lee was interested in the ancient texts as well. He classified the existing letters by "mun" and "pil" of Gogonggi, He considered Sigi of Samacheon and the ancient text of Hanyu as "pil". He argued that the scope of the ancient texts must be expanded to Byunryomun because "mun" means Daewomun. He thought he could acheive the truth through "mun." For bimun, he laid stress on "ganum" but he did not follow the old law unconditionally and pursued "bimun" that could fit to the time.<BR>  He found out the main purport, the conclusion, and descriptive techniques through the analytical examination of Hokrijon and Hoasikjon. He mostly analyzed the style and structure of the writing rather than its content to grasp what Samacheon"s intention was and what style he was using. This task needs critical perspectives towards writing and insights as a writer.

역설 의미론의 기초

이향천(Hyang-Cheon Lee) 사단법인 한국언어학회 2015 언어학 Vol.0 No.71

Semantics of paradox is a theory on the meaning of paradoxical expressions like “That is a nonsense!”, “It is absurd!”. As a working definition, ‘paradox’ is defined as a specific type of situation which causes people to respond to it with such utterances like above. The semantics of paradox will not look like a semantics of words, phrases, sentences, or compound sentences. It has to do with the aspects of situations which are of a higher level category than that of things, states, events, or simple conjunction of events. To construct a theory of paradox, it is essential to find specific patterns in the situations which bring about the socalled paradoxical responses. These patterns which constitute the situations are the core that has paradoxical efficacy. The patterns I present are: Infinity, Totality, Self-reflexivity, Duplexity (manifested through Confusion through Representation or Taking-as), and the singular domain - the First Person-Singular-Present. I discuss these patterns independently or in association with the philosophers’ treatments of their paradoxes. The ‘vagueness’ found in the talk on Sorites Paradox is repudiated. The philosophers felt it paradox not because it was vague but because they have seen the Law of Mathematical Induction violated. And the self-reflexivity found in the Liar’s Paradox is not the genuine cause of the paradox, but rather it is the confusion between the object language and the meta language. Why do paradoxes occur? Is it because the world goes like that? Is it because we see, think and act in a specific way? I think the both are to be taken into consideration, and always at the same time. Why do we respond in such a way to the paradoxes? Well, first because of the feeling of total helplessness, or uncontrollability we feel when the world is vast and have infinity which our finite reason cannot measure or cope with. And when we see things broken or violated, the things that we keep preserving and want to preserve, and that preserve us: the laws or the principles, the dearest things, the norms, the conscious or unconscious practices, or habits. When they are broken or violated it is hard for us to tolerate the situation. So the paradoxes teach us what they are that we preserve and keep. They inform us how we conduct our behaviors, how we choose, and how we react. They raise us our understanding, knowledge, emotion or perception to higher levels when we have understood what paradoxes are and how paradoxes work upon us.

Calcium Silicate Cement의 이산화탄소 배출량 저감 분석

이향선(Lee, Hyang Sun),송훈(Song, Hun) 한국콘크리트학회 2022 한국콘크리트학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.34 No.2

언어 변화의 양상과 원인

이향천 ( Hyang Cheon Lee ) 배달말학회 2015 배달말 Vol.57 No.-

언어의 변화의 연구는 언어를 변화하는 것으로 바라보는 것이다. 언어는 역사 속에, 사회 속에 존재한다. 한 세기를 주도한 구조주의적 언어관은 역사, 사회 등을 추상시켜 버리고 언어의 구조를 논하면서 간결한 기술이나 설명을 얻을 수 있었을지는 모르지만, 언어 현실에 대한 근본적 시각의 한계가 있고, 손대지도 못한 영역들이 많다. 1960년대에 들어 Labov는 사회 속에서 변화하는 언어를 언어의 실상으로 제시하고, 사회적, 심리적, 문화적 요소들과 상관을 보이는 언어의 변이나 변화를 추적했다. 우리는 언어에 대한 정적이고 추상적인 시각을 떨치고 역사와 사회 속에서 변화해가는 모습으로서의 언어관을 지향한다. 언어가 변화하는 양상들의 문제는 무엇이 변하는 가의 문제와 밀접하다. 변하는 것들에는 개체 항목만 있는 것이 아니라, 그 개체가 속하는 체계가 있고, 언중들의 사회적 위치, 심리, 인식, 행위들도 있다. 체계의 변화는 크게 체계 유지와 파괴가 있고, 체계 유지 안에서는 가감과 조율의 방식이 있다. 이 중 조율 현상은 크게 새로운 시각으로 접근할 필요가 있다. 언어 변화의 원인을 설명함에 많은 학자들이 아직 인과적 설명이나 해석학적 설명에 대한 뚜렷한 개념을 갖고 있지 않은 것으로 보인다. 필자는 언어가 표류한다고 보며, 그 표류에는 구조적이고 결정적인 요인이 있다고 본다. 언어가 표류로 비치는 까닭은 우리들이 그 원인이 되는 변수나 매개 변수를 아직 까마득히 모르기 때문이다. 그리고 언어 변화는 단독으로 그치는 것이 아니라 그 변화가 다른 체계 내의 변화를 가져오고, 또 역으로 계속 상호작용을 하는 것으로 본다. 그리고 이러한 상호 작용적 변화 현상을 기술하기 위해서는 적응적 표상 체계가 필요하다. The realistic study of language focuses on the changing aspect of language. It is based on the fact that language changes over time and varies within a society, and that language is not an abstract form which has constant states or properties, but is a continuous flow, a natural drift. The traditional study of linguistic change has shortcomings such as the paucity of evidence, the limits and unauthenticity of written documents and the methodological weaknesses in comparing and internal reconstruction. When looking at the modes of language change it is important to know what it is that changes. It may be a linguistic item(a word, or a phoneme) or the system which comprises the items. The system may cease to be, or continue to maintain itself. And there are two kinds of changing modes within the maintaining system: the modification and the modulation. The modulational aspect has not been the focused area of linguistic research or study, but it is gaining more and more attention in the other areas. It is not just a suprasegmental phenomenon, but a deep, basic psychological phenomenon. What changes may be the communicator, the activity, the mind, the emotion, the belief, and others. The causes of language change may be diverse according to what it is that changes. And there are two kinds of explanations of language change: a causal and a hermeneutic(functional, motivational). Lass considers the causal explanation as the only authentic scientific explanation and criticizes the other. The language change, for him, is a historical evolution and the change is determined structurally just as with the organisms, not by the intentions or the plans of the communicators, for they cannot be aware of their intentions or plans deployed over time. But, it cannot be denied that language is a medium, it represents the speaker``s action, intention, knowledge, and if what changes is an intention or an action, the physical explanation will not be satisfactory. The psychological factors might matter in some causal way, only that we do not have yet the science of mind, action, or emotion. In conclusion, we need a representing system of the change in general. The changes may not be represented in terms of states or non dynamic terms. A thermometer is a kind representing system of dynamics, a trajectory. And a thermostat is a model of adaptive representing system in the sense that it adapts to the external environmental change(of the water tank) while controlling and regulating the system(the heater). If an adaptive representing system is to be envisaged with respect to language change, there must be, in response to the language change, the adaptive system that can represent a change in behavioral pattern, or psychological terms, or social norms, etc.

지중관로에서의 실제 허용전류 산출을 위한 도체온도 계산 알고리즘 개선에 관한 연구

이향범(Hyang-Beom Lee),이병철(Byung-Chul Lee),김정훈(Jung-Hoon Kim),남용현(Yong-Hyun Nam),강지원(Ji-Won Kang) 대한전기학회 2018 전기학회논문지 Vol.67 No.3

In this paper, the improvement of the conductor temperature calculation algorithm is studied. The allowable current of the underground transmission line is determined by the conductor temperature limit. Usually to calculate the allowable current limit, the conductor temperature is assumed in the most worst environment condition. It is possible to increase the transmission capacity if the actual burial environment is considered. Therefore, in this paper an algorithm is proposed to calculate the conductor temperature by distinguishing two area of a underground transmission line condition - the manhole where the temperature sensor can be installed and the underground transmission line in which the temperature sensor can not be installed easily. When calculating the conductor temperature by the underground line in the pipeline, the existing standard describes each environment as a single soil heat resistance and one ambient temperature. In order to compensate this situation, thermal resistance model that can take into consideration the ground surface temperature and under ground temperature is proposed. It is shown that the accuracy of the proposed model is increased compared with the existing standard calculation result.

양상의 통합적 고찰

이향천 ( Lee Hyang-cheon ) 배달말학회 2021 배달말 Vol.68 No.-

양상의 문제는 고대로부터 지금까지도 수많은 혼란과 모호함을 빚고 있다. 이는 피상적, 단면적, 표면적 시각들 때문이다. 동사의 형태론적 굴절로 바라보는 시각이 피상적이고, 말하는 방법(mode of speaking)으로만 바라본 시각이 단면적이고, 작용을 무시하고 결과적 현상만을 바라본 것이 표면적이다. 따라서 우리는 양상을 전면적이고, 일반적이고, 심층적으로 바라볼 수 있어야 한다. 그러기 위해서 우리는 세계와 인식과 언어의 삼계를 연결하고, 사물의 층위와 사태의 층위와 초사태의 층위를 통합하고, 현상과 작용을 통합할 필요가 있다. 그리고, 여러 시각들을 아우를 수 있어야 하며 비치는 것이 그대로 존재한다고 믿는 표상주의의 영향으로부터 벗어날 수 있어야 한다. 그리고 근본적으로 언어는 단어나 문장으로 나타나는 독립된 기호들의 체계가 아니라 우리들의 삶과 세계 속에서 쓰이는 것으로 맥락과 틀을 갖고 상호작용 속에 나타난다는 것을 볼 수 있어야 한다. 그리하여 막연히 관찰의 대상으로서만 언어를 바라보지 말고 행위를 중심으로 세계를 구성하는 일이 긴요하다. 행위를 중심으로, 행위를 기반으로 양상들을 연역해낼 수 있어야 양상에 대한 통합된, 그리고 적절한 시각을 얻을 수 있다. From the ancient grammarians to the current linguists the views on the mode have been vague, superficial, fragmentary, one-sided, and confusing. We need to develop the appropriate, integral views on the modal phenomena. First, I propose we describe the modal phenomena integrating the three worlds: the world, the thought world, and the linguistic world. The three worlds are connected through representation: the thought world represents the world, and the linguistic world represents the world that is represented by the thought world. The three worlds can be equivalent through representation, for the representation makes the representer and the represented equivalent. Second, we must integrate the levels of analysis: the level of the things, the level of the state of affairs, and the upper levels. Thus we can achieve the generality of the term ‘mode’. The property of a thing, and the mode of a state of affairs and the system property of a system can be dealt univocally. Third, we must use all the available resources. We must take into consideration not only the observed things, but also the observer, the scope, the context and so on. Only with integrating these things we can achieve a deeper level analysis of the phenomena. And I propose that we treat the mode in the way as how the state appears to the observer as well as the way how the state works upon the experiencer. Fourth, we must put the action at the center of all the things, or let the action define all the others surrounding it, including, of course, the mode. The action sets the goal, the process, the available sources, what it needs, what it views, and judges, and evaluates. The mode has its position in what it views, judges, or evaluates. My current article “The Preliminary Discussions for Constructing a New Category Theory”(Lee, H. C. 2020) argues that we can view the world most appropriately when we put action at the center, or the basis of all the things. Thus the mode is defined: it is the way how the world appears to the observer or how the world works upon the experiencer. And the world changes as the actor acts upon it, and the mode changes itself accordingly.

브랜드 구축과 웹 아이덴티티에 관한 연구 -통합 프로세스를 중심으로-

이향재 ( Hyang Jai Lee ) 한국정보디자인학회 2010 정보디자인학연구 Vol.15 No.-

인터넷이라는 매체는 이제 일상이며 문화가 되었다. 이러한 시대적 변이와 더불어 기업은 다양한 매체를 통해 자사의 광고와 브랜드를 인식시키고자 노력하고 있다. 그리고 다양한 광고물들은 통해 경쟁사 보다 더 고객에게 접근하기 위해 다양하고 창의적인 아이디어를 바탕으로 무장한 마케팅 전략을 보여주고 있다. 그러나 문제는 과연 고객이 물건을 구입하기 직전에 이러한 광고들을 인지하는 것인가이다. 기업의 입장에서는 모든 기업 활동을 위해 분산된 비용을 지출하고 있지만, 고객 역시 분산된 다양한 커뮤니케이션 형식으로 인지하기 때문에 기업이 원하는 브랜드로 통합되어 구매를 유도하기는 어렵다. 그러나 온라인을 통한 브랜딩 구축이라면 상황이 전혀 달라진다. 고객은 웹페이지를 통해서 기업의 모든 정보를 동시에 볼 수 있으며, 기업은 인터넷을 통해서 모든 기업 활동을 통합할 수 있다. 기업의 모든 활동은 웹사이트를 통해 고객과 일대일 쌍방향으로 커뮤니케이션 할 수 있게 되는 것이다. 이에 인터넷이라고 불리는 사이버 세계에서 이슈가 되고 있는 웹 아이덴티티 역시 같은 맥락에서 효과적인 브랜드 마케팅의 일환으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 이 웹 아이덴티티의 이론적 배경을 살펴보고 온라인상의 구축사례를 분석함으로서 바람직한 웹 아이덴티티의 발전방향을 제시하는 데에 그 목적을 가지고 있다. Now is the culture medium of the Internet has become routine. Variation of these times, with various media companies through its advertising and brand awareness has struggling with. And through a variety of advertising than its competitors and customers to access diverse and creative marketing strategies, armed with ideas is shown. But the problem is really on the verge of customers buying things to know is whether these ads. From the perspective of business distributed to all business activity and expense, but well-balanced variety of customers in the form of communication because it is a company incorporated under the brand wants to buy it is difficult to induce. If you`re building through online branding, but the situation is very different. Corporate customers through the web page you can view all the information at the same time, the company through the Internet, you can integrate all business activities. All the activities of companies through the web-site as interactive clients and one by one will be able to communicate. This is called the Internet in the cyber world is an issue in the context of a web identity is the same as part of brand marketing was effective. This study examines the theoretical background of the web online identity, building on good practices by analyzing the evolution of web identity and to present some direction has its purpose.