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옥환석(Hwan Suck Ock),변종영(Jong Yeong Pyon) 韓國雜草學會 2011 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.31 No.1
유기농 재배에서 이용되고 있는 잡초방제 기술 및 연구 동향을 검토하고 앞으로 방향을 제시하기 위하여 화학적 방제를 배제하고 기계적 방제, 경종적 방제, 생물적 방제를 포함한 종합방제 기술에 대한 문헌을 정리하고 분석하여 유기농업에서의 새로운 잡초 관리방안을 전망하고자 하였다. 물리적 방법은 기계적 방법, 열, 광선, 전기충격, 압축공기, 로봇잡초방제 기술, 그리고 경종적 방법은 멀칭, 경운, 윤작, 피복식물, 경합을 이용한 방법이 포함된다. 생물적 방제는 미생물제초제, 대량증식 생물제제, 광역 생물제제, 상호대립억제물질 등이 개발되거나 또는 이용되고 있다. 유기농재배에서 성공적인 잡초방제를 위하여 물리적 방법과 경종적 방법은 제초제 사용이 제한된 조건에서 가장 중요한 잡초방제 수단이므로 기계적, 경종적 방법을 근간으로 하고 생물적 방법이 조화롭게 보완되는 종합잡초관리방법이 요구된다. 그리고 유기농 재배에서 수익을 창출하고 적합한 장기적 잡초관리 방안을 도출하기 위하여 잡초관리 결정에 도움이 되는 모델의 개발도 필요하다. Weeds are one of the major constraints to crop production in organic farming systems. This paper reviews major results and techniques achieved with physical, cultural, and biological weed control and their perspectives in organic agriculture. Physical methods includes mechanical, thermal, lighting, electrocution, pneumatic, autonomous robot weeding control techniques. Cultural weed control methods includes mulching, tillage, crop rotation, cover crops and crop competition. Physical and cultural weed control techniques are especially important in organic farming crops where other weed control options are limited or not available without use of herbicides. Biological weed control includes mycoherbicides, innundative biological control, broad-spectrum biological control and allelopathy. Successful weed management in organic farming requires well managed integrated systems of mechanical control using newly developed machines, cultural control and biological control methods. Weed management decision-aid models may also needed to develop to provide greater assurance of achieving profitability and appropriate long-term weed management in organic farming in the future.
충북지방 답토양(沓土壤)에 대한 PCP 흡착에 관한 연구
이재구,옥환석 한국농화학회 1972 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.15 No.3
Not only in order to determine reasonable application amounts of PCP in terms of soil texture, but also to get basic data for fish-toxicity-free treatment by estimating fish toxicity, some aspects of PCP adsorption were observed taking various paddy soils with different physico-chemical characteristics in the Choongbook Area as samples. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There was a positive correlation between PCP adsorption and clay contents, total nitrogen, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, exchangeable bases, and phosphorus absorption coefficients, respectively; whereas there was a negative one between PCP adsorption and pH. Although they were not significant, it was remarkable that there was a relatively large amount of correlation between PCP adsorption and clay contents, H^+, Mg^(++), and CEC, respectively. 2. PCP adsorption in terms of soil texture was in the order of Clay$gt;Loam$gt;Sandy loam. 3. Although PCP adsorption in the H₂O₂-treated soils decreased remarkably, it was not proportional to the humus contents. 4. The order of PCP adsorption in the exchangeable base-treated soils was H^+-exchanged soil$gt;K^+-soil$gt;Na^+-soil$gt;Ca^(++)-soil$gt;Mg^(++)-soil. 5. Langmuir's and Freundlich's adsorption isotherms were applicable to the PCP adsorption, and thereby were able to be calculated maximum adsortion amounts of PCP, bond energy, and the depths of adsorption layers. 6. Maximum adsorbed amounts of PCP were 212.14 ㎎/100gr in Clayey loam, 97.28 to 121.59㎎/100gr in Loam, and 32.92 to 91.74㎎/100gr in Sandy loam, respectively. 7. The depths of mixed layers of limiting application for fish-toxicity-free treatment were 0.88㎝ of the Jinchun soil, the shallowest and 4.29㎝ of the Naesan-ri Sandy loam, the deepest.
제초성 N-치환 phenyl-3,4-dimethylmaleimide 유도체의 정량적인 구조-활성관계와 분자 유사성
성낙도,옥환석,정헌준,송종환 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2004 논문집 Vol. No.8
일련의 새로운 N-치환-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide 유도체를 합성하여 R₂=Sub.X 치환기들의 변화에 따르는 발아 전, 벼(Oryza sativa L.)와 논피(Echinochloa crus-galli)의 줄기와 뿌리에 대한 생장 저해활성 (pl_50)과의 관계(QSAR)는 물론, 기질 유도체와 protox의 기질인 protogen 분자 사이의 구조적인 분자 유사성을 연구하였다. 두 초종간 및 부위 별, 생장 저해활성은 비례관계를 보였으며 벼 보다는 논피에 대하여 약간 강한 저해활성을 나타내었다. QSAR식으로부터 논피의 생장 저해활성은 기질 분자중 음으로 하전된 원자들의 표면적이 클수록 증가하므로 R₂=Sub.X 치환기로서 전자 밀게가 치환되어야 할 것으로 추측되었다. 또한, 기질 유도체와 protogen 분자 사이의 유사성을 검토한 결과, 기질 유도체들의 유사성 지수(S)는 대략 0.8 이상으로 비교적 큰 유사성을 나타내었으나 두 초종의 생장 저해활성과의 상관성은 낮은 편이었다. To improve the growth inhibitory activity against the shoot and root of rice plant (Oryza sativa L) and barnyard grass (EchinochIoa crus-galli), a series of N-substituted pheny1-3,4-dimethylmaleimdes derivatives as substrates were synthesized and then their the inhibitory activities of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (1.3.3.4), Protox were measured. The quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) between structures and the inhibitory activities were studied quantitatively using the 2D-QSAR method. And also, molecular sharp similarity between The substrate derivatives and protogen, substrare of protox enzyme were studied. The activities of the two plants indicated that barnyard grass had a higher activity than the rice plant and their correlation relationships have shown m proportion for each. Accordingly, the results of SARs suggest that the electron donating groups as R₂=Sub.X group will bind to phenyl ring because the bigger surface area of negative charged atoms in the substrate molecule derivatives may increase to the higher the activity against barnyard grass. Based on the molecular shape similarity, when the derivatives and protogen, substrate of protox enzyme were superimposed by atom fitting, the similarity indices (S) were above 0.8 level but the correlation coefficients (r) between S values and the activities showed not good.
성낙도,옥환석,송종환,이용구 충남대학교 형질전환복제돼지연구센터 2004 논문집 Vol. No.8
일련의 새로운 N-치환 phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimides(A)와 N-치환 phenyl-3,4-dimethylmaleimide(B) 유도체들의 치환-aryloxy(또는 alkoxy)기의 변화에 따르는 벼(Oryza sativa L.)와 강피(Echinochloa crusgalli)의 줄기 및 뿌리 등, 부위 별 생장저해 활성에 대한 비교 분자장 분석(CoMFA) 결과를 검토하였다. 부위별 Pearson 상관성, r² 값과 교차 확인방법으로 얻은 예측값, q²은 각각 다음과 같다. 즉, 벼 줄기는 r²=0.987, q²=0.387, 강피 줄기는 r²=0.902, q²=0.535 그리고 벼 뿌리는 r²=0.923, q²=0.307, 강피 뿌리에 대하여는 r²=0.900, q²=0.450 이었다. 또한, (A)분자에 대한 등고도로부터 강피만을 제거할 수 있는 선택성 요소로서 benzylic 탄소원자(C27)에는 양 하전을, meta 탄소원자(C29)에는 음하전 그리고 cyclic imino 고리상 (C7-C8)에는 입체적으로 큰 작용기가 도입되는 경우이었으며 CoMFA 방법으로 알려져 있지 않은 화합물들에 대하여 활성값을 예측하였다. We discuss that the growth inhibition activities against root and shoot of rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) and barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) by N-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (A) and N-phenyl-3,4-dimethylmaleimide (B) derivatives with changing substituents can be explained and predicted using comparative molecular field analyses (CoMFA) method. And the results show that the cross-validation value, q²at three components and Pearson correlation coefficient, r²were rice plant: shoot; r²=0.987, q²=0.387 & root; r²=0.923, q²=0.307 and barnyard grass: shoot; r²=0.902, q²=0.535 & root; r²=0.900, q2=0.450, respectively. In addition, The activities of unknown compounds were predicted by CoMFA method. From the contour map of (A) derivatives, the selective factors to remove barnyard grass takes positive charge on the benzylic carbon atom (C27), negative charged carbon atom (C29) of meta position and steric bulky groups on the cyclic imino ring (C7-C8).