아동학대처벌법과 피해아동의 보호

백승흠 ( Seung Heum Baek ) 한국경찰학회 2015 한국경찰학회보 Vol.17 No.1

아동학대범죄가 날로 증가하고 잔인해 져 가는 현대사회에서 아동에 대한 학대를 사전에 예방하거나 학대아동을 보호하고 치료하려는 노력이 없다면 이 사회의 미래는 암울해진다. 아동학대범죄는 2013년도에는 총 13,076건이 신고·접수되었는데 이는 2012년 대비 19.5% 증가한 수치이다. 또한, 아동보호전문기관에서 피해아동을 보호한 사례의 수는 2001년에 2,105건에서 2013년에는 6,796건으로 약 3배가량 증가하였다. 해당 기관에서는 그 원인을 단순히 우리나라에서 발생한 아동학대 사례의 증가로 보기보다 아동보호전문기관의 증설로 인해 피해아동에 대한 지리적 접근성이 높아짐에 따라 더욱 많은 아동을 발견 및 보호하게 된 것에서 찾고 있다. 아동학대는 무엇보다 그 예방이 중요하다. 그러나 작년에 입법된 아동학대처벌법은 아동학대범죄의 사후적 처리에 집중하고 있을 뿐 사전적 예방조치에는 다소 무관심한 상태이다. 그러한 가운데 경찰이 아동학대의 현장에 출동할 수 있는 법적 근거를 마련하였다는 점에서는 고무적인 입법태도라고 평가되며, 이를 근거로 아동학대의 사후적 조치뿐만 아니라 사전적 예방조치까지 경찰이 담당하여 우리 사회의 미래를 밝게 하는데 앞장 서야 할 것이다. 이 글에서는 아동학대처벌법의 내용을 개관하면서, 초동단계에서의 경찰의 역할과 문제점을 살펴보았다. 아동의 미래가 국가의 미래와 직결된다는 점을 감안하여 보다 충실한 물적·인적 지원과 행정·교육·의료 등 다양한 부문과의 연계가 필요하다는 점을 강조하였다. In Korea, many children is suffering by child abuse. In recent, child abuse has increased with the result of the worsening financial difficulties that have occurred in Korea. Child abuse is a important problem because it impedes the physical and mental development of children and is likely to be connected with a violent crime. And child abuse influences not only battered children but also on the society and nation. The government enacted 「Act on Special Cases concerning the Punishment, etc. of Child Abuse Crime : ASCPCAC」(Act No. 12341) and revised 「Child Welfare Act : CWA」(Act No. 12361) on Jan. 28, 2014 in order to strengthen criminal punishment of the child-batterer and protection of the abused child. In this paper, the author will examine about punishment of child abuse in the current law and suggest improvement of legal system as to punishment of, child-batterer. This article suggests the development of integrated support system for the sake of the prevention of child abuse, and emphasizes the importance of first step action of policeman.

혼외 부자관계에서 인지성립요건론의 재고

백승흠(Baek Seung-Heum) 忠北大學校 法科大學 法學硏究所 2010 法學硏究 Vol.21 No.3

'A child born out of wedlock' means a child who was born while his/her father and mother is not being married. Korean Civil Law(hereafter "Civil Law") Article 844 (Presumption as Husband's Child) prescribed the father-child relationship as follows ; (1) A child conceived by a wife during the marriage shall be presumed to be the child of the wife's husband. (2) A child born after two hundred days from the day when the marriage was formed or born within three hundred days from the day when the matrimonial relation was terminated, shall be presumed to have been conceived during the marriage. Article 844 has not applicate, however, to a child born out of wedlock. According to the legal attitude which made the child in wedlock superior to the child out of wedlock on the assumption that marriage, the legislature don't have to make any prescription on presumption as husband's child for a child out of wedlock. Furthermore, Civil Law Article 855 (Affiliation) prescribed a child out of wedlock as follows ; (1) A child born out of wedlock may be affiliated by its natural father or mother. When the marriage of the parent becomes null and void, the child born between them shall be deemed to be a child born out of wedlock. (2) A child born out of wedlock, when its father and mother marry, shall be deemed to be a child born during the marriage from the time of the marriage. And cases and the majority of scholars have recognized a principle that a delivery makes mother-child relationship except an abandoned child and a missing child. Therefore a child born out of wedlock has not a father until a father acknowledged him/her. Are these provisions adequate nowadays? Do they accord with the Best Interest of the Children Rule? Especially, we can easily confirm blood relationship through DNA testing, therefore the acknowledgement system in Civil Law has to be reviewed.

成年後見의 監督에 관한 고찰 - 독일과 일본의 제도를 비교하여

백승흠(Seung-Heum Baek) 한국가족법학회 2006 가족법연구 Vol.20 No.2

  Generally, the adult guardian has huge discretion over the person and/or property of the ward. The guardian, however, shall consult with the ward and give due consideration to the preference of the ward in performing his or her duties.<BR>  Also, the guardian shall maintain the highest ethical, moral, and professional standards since the guardian-ward relationship is based on trust. To achieve these goals, there should be educational institutions dedicated to educating professional adult guardians. In fact, there are such institutions in most of the countries that adopted the adopted supervision systems of the care and control system, and the number is growing fast.<BR>  This paper will suggest the issues that should be considered in adopting supervision systems of the care and control system in Korea by focusing on the supervision systems of the care and control system in Germany and Japan.

동성간의 결합과 혼인으로의 동화

백승흠(Baek, Seung-Heum) 한국재산법학회 2013 재산법연구 Vol.30 No.4

세계적으로 덴마크를 위시한 프랑스, 스웨덴, 벨기에, 뉴질랜드 등 14개 국가가 동성 사이의 생활동반자관계를 법률로써 인정하고 있으며, 미국도 17개주가 동성혼을 허용하고 있다. 이제 동성혼에 관한 내용은 서구의 가족법 교과서에서도 하나의 장을 차지하고 있고, 그 내용도 점차 늘고 있는 추세이다. 이 글에서는 독일에서 동성간의 결합을 법률에 수용했을 당시 입법자가 혼인과 생활동반자관계를 차별적으로 생각하고 있었던 점과, 독일 연방헌법재판소의 판결에 힘입어 2004년 법개정에서 등록된 생활동반자관계를 혼인과 동화시키고자 했던 점을 살펴보고자 한다. 따라서 독일의 등록된 생활동반자관계법을 창설 및 권리ㆍ의무, 법적 효력, 등록된 생활동반자관계의 파탄으로 구분하여 살피면서 혼인과의 유사점 및 차이점과 입법 당시와 2004년 법개정시의 입법자의 의도가 변화한 것을 체크해 보고, 이러한 변화경향에 최근의 독일 연방헌법재판소 판결이 어떤 영향을 미쳤으며, 이 판례가 동성간의 결합인 등록된 생활동반자관계를 혼인으로 同化시켜 가는 경향을 살펴보고자 한다. 이미 독일 연방헌법재판소의 판례는 등록된 생활동반자관계와 혼인을 동등하게 대우하고 있다. 등록된 생활동반자관계법에서는 혼인에 관한 민법규정을 대부분 준용하고 있어, 비록 생활동반자관계에 관한 법이 특별법으로 존재하고는 있지만 거의 유사하다. 그러나 본문의 곳곳에서 지적하듯이 혼인과 법률상 차이점은 엄연히 존재하고 있으며, 특히 친권과 입양에서는 혼인법에서 인정되는 원칙상 등록된 생활동반자관계에서는 인정할 수 없는 부분이 존재한다. 이러한 경우에 어떠한 방법으로 해결하고 있는지도 이 글에서 확인하고자 한다. Since 2000, 14 countries (Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Uruguay) have legalized same-sex marriage, as have parts of Brazil and Mexico. On July 17, 2013, the United Kingdom legalized same-sex marriage in England and Wales; the law will take effect sometime in 2014. In the United States, same-sex marriage is legal in 18 states (California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Illinois*, Iowa, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont and Washington), and in the District of Columbia (*Illinois same-sex marriage law takes effect on June 1, 2014.). Since 1 August 2001, Germany has allowed registered partnerships (Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft) for same-sex couples by legislating the 'Lebespartnerschaftgesetz' (LPartG). These partnerships provide most but not all of the rights of marriage. Attempts to give equal rights to registered partners or to legalise marriage for same-sex couples have generally been blocked by the CDU/CSU. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has however issued various rulings in favour of equal rights for same-sex registered partners, requiring the governing coalition to change the law. There were many problems in recognizing the same-sex couples in Germany. But their social and legal endeavor for the same-sex couples have been able to give them the equal protection. In Korea, the status of marriage has changed recently not only in the social value but also in the functional perspective. As a matter of fact, there have been so many unions (or solidarity or couples) such as engaged couples, de facto marriage couples, multi-cultural families, single-parent families and so on. The author would like to do research in the 'marriage' by viewing from a different standpoint e.g. social solidarity. And the decisions of the Supreme Court of Germany enabled the author to suggesting some method to embrace the 'social solidarity'.

現行 成年者保護를 위한 制度의 問題點과 代案으로서의 成年後見制度

백승흠(Baek, Seung-Heum) 한국민사법학회 2003 民事法學 Vol.24 No.-

There are human beings who have mental ability but can not do everyday affairs because of their physical defects and who have incomplete mental ability. How can we help them? Our ability system has regarded them as incapacity. But, that is extremely uniform and as we know It has origin in Code Civil enacted in 1800. This study is designed to meet the needs of growing human beings who have mental ability but can not do everyday affairs because of their physical defects and who have incomplete mental ability, especially Elderly People, for legal advice and assistance on a range of personal, social and financial issues, It brings together a number of topics which have importance in the lives of older people. This paper seeks to take a developmental view of old age and incomplete mental ability, and tries to avoid a stereotypical view of the older person. Old age itself may cever a span of 30 years or more and includes a wide range of interests, abilities and needs. In researching the Care and Control system, the major obstacle is that there is no(or few) discrete body of law relating to elderly people as there is no distinct legal status of old age. This means that there are bound to be gaps in provision which leave some vulnerable people unprotected. At the same time, there is an increasing emphasis on elderly people as actors rather than passive recipients of legal acts. The protective and enabling functions of the law are thus both relevant to the needs of elderly people. The author scrutinized three kinds of proposals and every proposal has its own merit. Because the important thing is, however, the idea of the system, the author proposed a German-type system.

성년후견제도의 시행과 과제

백승흠(Baek, Seung-Heum) 충북대학교 법학연구소 2013 法學硏究 Vol.24 No.2

2013년 7월 1일, 성년후견제도가 대한민국에서 시행되었다. 정치적으로나 시기적인 면에서 호기를 만나 입법에 성공하였지만, 아직까지도 그 제도의 시행을 위한 국내적인 상황은 호전되고 있지는 않다. 민법의 개정으로 다수의 사람들이 그 적용대상이 되었지만, 정작 세간에는 이 제도가 홍보되어 있지 않아 어느 정도의 사람들이 이용하게 될지는 미지수이다. 새로운 능력개념의 도입과 자기결정권의 존중, 보편화(normalization)이념을 도입하였지만, 이러한 이념이 법조실무계에 얼마만큼 잘 이해되고 실현될 수 있을지도 의문이고, 제도의 이용자들도 이러한 내용을 얼마나 이해를 하고 있을지 미지수다. 현재까지 나타나고 있는 현상 중에 가장 우려되는 것은 행위무능력제도의 연장선상에서 성년후견제도를 이해하는 것이다. 그 위에 더욱 검토가 요망되는 부분은 유엔장애인권리협약과의 정합성 문제, 성년후견인 등의 선임신청에서 결정까지 ‘절차감호인’의 선임 가능성에 관한 문제, 선임된 성년후견인 등에 대한 이의제기가능 여부의 문제, 후견인 임기의 부재로 인한 문제, 성년후견인 등의 양성과 법인 후견에 관한 문제, 후견인의 직무범위에 관한 문제, 후견비용의 충당에 관한 문제, 성년후견전담기관의 창설 문제, 그리고 다른 법률들과의 조율문제이다. 이 글에서는 성년후견제도를 개관하고, 이러한 문제점을 제시하였다. 아직 시기상조일지 모르지만 향후 개정을 논하는 경우에는 반드시 해결하고 가야 할 문제라고 생각한다. July 1st, 2013, Adult Guardianship System was enforced in Korea. The old Incompetence System had several problems as we may know. The New System has two types of Adult Guardianship. One is a legal representative system, the other is authorized agent system. The legal representative system is divided three types, such as comprehensive-guardian, limited-guardian, special orders. The authorized agent system is based on contracts between would-be-ward and would-be-guardian. This contracts have to write out a notarial deed. If a would-be-ward lose his/her mental capacity, a court appoint a supervisor of guardian, and then performance of guardian's duties begins finally. If a person lacks ‘consistently’ (functional) capacity to conduct his/her business by a mental restriction which stems from diseases, disorders, old age, and so forth, the comprehensive-guardian type is started by an application. The limited-guardian type demands ‘insufficient’ lack of (functional) capacity. However, the special order type starts when a person just needs ‘aid relevant to temporary or certain business’. However, although the Civil Law Amendment Commission(Ministry of Justice) and the person concerned have tried to make a bill perfect, there are some problems or tasks in the adult guardianship system of Korean Civil Law. First of all, matching to the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), especially CPRD Art. 12. CPRD regards representing a person or demanding guardian’s agreement in legal act as the infringement of human rights. Second, appointing guardian ad litem who protect a ward from a application to a decision. In process, the party(would-be-ward) needs his/her safeguard. Third, the way protesting against a decision. Because the court decide to appoint a guardian by official authority, a ward can not protest against a decision. Fourth, the term of a guardian. In Civil Law, there is no rules on terms of guardian. Fifth, no rules for a corporate guardian and educating guardians. Sixth, whether ‘fact of an act’ can be registrated or not. Because only the legal act can be registered in Regulations. Seventh, expenses for a guardianship. A ward has to pay the expenses for guardianship for his own account, but in fact, public assistance is inevitable. Furthermore, there are some problems on establishing an exclusive organization under direct governmental supervision or anything else, and revising a relevant law.

독일법상 피성년후견인의 收容에 관한 고찰

백승흠(Baek Seung-Heum) 한국가족법학회 2007 가족법연구 Vol.21 No.2

Care and Control system(Betreuungsrecht) has been come into force since 1992 in Germany. There is a clause for confinement of the person under care by protector, which involves deprivation of his freedom, in that law(§1906). Confinement in German Law is to confine the person in restrictive hospitals or facilities with deprivation or restriction of one’s freedom, and measures like confinement is to let the person under care live in institution, a home or other facility, without being confined and his freedom is for a longer period or regularly restricted by mechanical means, medication or in some other manner. It may be included in the Confinement to enclose a house with a wall or to keep an eye on a person’s movements and doors. It is the key points that the meaning of confinement says all the measures to restrict or deprive the person of freedom. And it is more important to keep the balance in protecting the person himself/herself under care and protecting his/her human rights. In Germany, the confinement procedures are prescribed below the FGG §70. There are so detailed provisions on the confinement procedures in FGG for the purpose of the protection of his/her human rights. In comparison with the Mental Health Act of Korea, the author thinks, the confinement procedures in German Law are more good for the person under care. Therefore to describe the confinement procedures in FGG is meaningful and very suggestive.

정신보건법상 보호자제도와 민법상 감독자책임에 관한 검토

백승흠(Baek Seung heum) 한국재산법학회 2015 재산법연구 Vol.31 No.4

한국 「정신보건법」은 1995년 제정되어 오늘에 이르고 있다. 정신보건법은 "정신질환의 예방과 정신질환자의 의료 및 사회복귀에 관하여 필요한 사항을 규정함으로써 국민의 정신건강증진에 이바지함을 목적"으로 한다(제1조). 또한 제21조에서는 보호의무자를 규정하고 있는데, 정신질환자의 민법상의 부양의무자 또는 후견인은 정신질환자의 보호의무자가 된다(제1항)고 하며, 부양의무자와 후견인이 동시에 있는 경우에는 부양의무자가 우선한다(제2항)고 규정한다. 나아가 이 보호의무자는 보호하고 있는 정신질환자가 자신 또는 타인을 해치지 아니하도록 유의하여야 할 의무를 지는데(제22조 제2항), 이를 自傷他害防止監督義務라 한다. 또한 제24조는 정신의료기관등의 장은 정신질환자의 보호의무자 2인의 동의(보호의무자가 1인인 경우에는 1인의 동의로 한다)가 있고 정신건강의학과전문의가 입원 등이 필요하다고 판단한 경우에 한하여 당해 정신질환자를 입원 등을 시킬 수 있다고 규정하여 본인의 의사와 무관하게 강제입원을 시킬 수 있도록 하고 있다(보호의무자에 의한 입원 또는 措置入院, 제1항). 이 경우에는 확자가 자신의 건강 또는 안전이나 타인의 안전을 위하여 입원 등을 할 필요가 있는 경우에 해당된다는 의견을 기재한 입원 등의 권고서를 첨부하여야 한다(제2항). 한편 일본의 '정신보건복지법'도 우리의 정신보건법과 동일한 규정을 두고 있었다. 그래서 이 글에서는 일본 정신보건복지법상 보호자제도의 변천과정을 개관하고자 한다. 이미 폐지된 보호자제도를 개관하려는 것은 우리나라의 정신보건법에서는 아직도 보호자제도와 보호의무자에 의한 입원제도가 존재하기 때문이다. 이 제도들이 폐지되기 전까지의 논의를 살펴봄으로써 우리법의 해석을 넘어서 정신보건법의 개정 및 폐지의 근거로 삼을 수 있기 때문이다. 그리고 이 보호자제도는 우리 민법(제755조)에서와 마찬가지로 일본민법(제714조)에서도 감독자책임과 관련되어 있다. 따라서 일본의 구 보호자제도의 연원과 해석상의 의미에 터잡아서 민법상의 감독자책임과의 관계에 관한 논의를 살펴본다. 제도의 내용은 다소 다르지만 두 나라 모두 성년후견제도를 도입하고 있고, 성년후견인 등은 우리 정신보건법상 보호자가 되므로 자상타해방지감독의무자로서 불법행위법상의 손해배상책임을 부담해야 하는지에 관해서 이를 부정하는 시각을 전제로 살펴보고자 한다. 이러한 일본법의 변화를 고찰함으로써 우리의 현행 정신보건법의 해석, 폐지 내지는 개정에 참고하기 위한 시사점을 얻고자 한다. This study focuses on historical changes in Japanese law regarding people with mental disorders (Mental Health and Welfare Act) and clarifies how these changes have effected their treatment. As a result of the provision on 'Protector', his/her family or adult guardian took too heavy liability such as the Supervisor's Liability(§714) in Japanese Civil Law. There are same institutions in Korean Mental Health Act, too. Therefore, this study described the historical changes of the Japanese Mental Health and Welfare Act in Chapter Ⅱ. The changes in the Mental Health and Welfare Act for the Persons with Mental Disorders have reflected the history of the treatment of people with mental disorders. And Japanese legislature did away with the institution of Protector in 2014. The processes and suggestions of abrogation gave us much tip for the revision or abolition of the Korean Mental Health Act. And then checked several debates on the Supervisor's Liability for the People with Mental Disorder in Civil Law in Chapter Ⅲ. The author is holding a view that an adult guardian don't have to take a responsibility for injury which is caused by people with mental disorder. In this study, the author revealed the background of the Japanese amendments of the Mental Health and Welfare Act, and viewed broadly the debates on § 714 of Japanese Civil Law. And the author heartily would like to abrogate the Korean Mental Health Act.

개정민법의 후견계약제도와 과제

백승흠(Baek, Seung-Heum) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2012 圓光法學 Vol.28 No.4

There is not a guardianship system made by contracts in existing Civil Law, but we will be able to make a contract to appoint a guardian for the purpose of preparing for the forthcoming emergencies on the basis of autonomy by establishing ‘the guardianship system’ in July 1, 2007. The revised Civil Law provide that a person who has a mental handicap caused by disease, disability, old age and so on, can make a contract to entrust another person with managing his/her assets and caring for his/her affairs and to give a power of attorney for the purpose of preparing for the forthcoming emergencies(Art. 959-14). However there are lots of problems and assignment to solve in the adult-guardianship system, e.g. the parties concerned, the three types of system, the right to consent to medical treatment, entrusting business after death with a guardian, writing a notarial deed, and so forth. For making Guardianship Contract System useful, easy and convenient for use, it is necessary to revise and make a lot of laws relevant to the system such as the Guardianship Registration Law, the Notary (Public) Act, etc.

가정폭력 관련법률에 관한 고찰 : 경찰의 긴급조치 등 보호명령제도를 중심으로

백승흠 ( Seung Heum Baek ) 한국경찰학회 2008 한국경찰학회보 Vol.10 No.1