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裵庚秀 대구대학교 인문과학연구소 1983 人文科學硏究 Vol.2 No.-
This paper is to study the feature of Sinclair Lewis's novels. Sniclair Lewis is the first American novelist who won the Nobel prize in literature in 1930. His main novels are Main Street(1920), Babbitt(1922), Arrowsmith(1925), Elmer Gantry(1927) and Dodsworth(1929). Certainly no other of American Writers was so widely read in Europe in te 1920's as Sinclair Lewis. By the year 1930 eleven of his thirteen novels had been translated into either Russian, German, Swedish, or Polish, seven into Hungarian, Danish, German, Swedes, or Polish; seven into Hungarian, Polish, Norwegian, or Czech; six into French; four into Dutch; two into Spanish "and one, Babbitt, into Italian and Hebrew. Although his first novel, Our Mr. Wreen, had been published in 1914, Main Street(1920) was his really successful novel and his reputation was enhanced by Babbitt(1922). Among Sinclair Lewis' novels 759, 833 copies of Main Street and 1,278,081 copies of Babbitt had been sold as of June 30, 1959. Modern critics took p Babbitt as the primary text material to study genre picture drawn by Lewis to show us the middle class of American life in 1920's. We know that George F. Babbitt's life and thought are bound by all the platitdes dominated in te middle west of America during the 1920's in regard to politics, morality, religion, business, love, and the home, but we are marvelled at the wa the charcter was throughly grounded in realism. In the entire course of Lewis's Career from 1914 to 1951, by the year 1911 he had published sixty-six poems, articles, and stories and six novels, of these novels, despite a number of passages or social criticism and mild satire, only one. The Job(1917) could be called realism. His first novel "Hike and the Aeroplane", was published in 1920 under a pseudonm. Certainly no American novels of 1920's hae aroused more discussion than did Main Street, Babbitt and Elmer Gantly in their time. Themathically Babbitt is an extension and expansion of Main Street. Having described the force of conformity at work in a typical small town, it was foresoeable that Lewis is would now enlarge his canvas. Accordingly, he create an average mid-western state called Winnemac(Wisiconsin, Minesota, Micigan. Indeed, we may discern in Lewis's novels certain perception about American life which had been advanced by keen observes of American civilization. In fact, Elmer Gantry, more than any other of Lewis's books, approaches naturalism. In Elmer Gantry Lewis proves that the ministry is large enough to hahbor a scondrel, a it is large enough to harbor fools and hypocritics. If Lewis's foes permit him nothing else, they must at least concede his historical impartance, an importance fixed by the Nobel Prize in literature. Harlan Hatcher has called Lewis's work in te 1920's the most stimulating in American literature saying, "by the sheer energy fo his mind he helped the modern American novel into maturity and recognition". It is simply that when American ignore Sinclair Lewis, they forget Lewis's accomplishment in his great decade.
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Adverse Drug Reactions to CT Contrast Media in South Korea: Incidence and Risk Factors
배경수,이상민,하지영,전경녀,문진일,최보화,백혜진,조수범,최대섭,조재민,나재범 대한영상의학회 2016 대한영상의학회지 Vol.75 No.1
Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, severity, and risk factors of adverse drug reactions (ADR) to intravenous administration of nonionic iodinated contrast media in computed tomography (CT), and to determine the recurrence rate after premedication in patients with a previous history of ADR. Materials and Methods: We prospectively recorded all ADR to intravenous CT contrast media in 32313 consecutive outpatients (54572 cases) who underwent contrast enhanced CT examinations. Clinical report forms and electronic medical records were reviewed to search for the incidence of ADR, treatment, and clinical outcome of patients. The risk factors of ADR to CT contrast media (age, sex, history of previous ADR, season) were evaluated using statistical analysis. Results: Of the 54572 cases, a total of 191 (0.35%) had adverse reactions. Of the 191 cases, 157 (82%) were categorized as mild reactions, 29 (15%) were moderate, and 5 (3%) were severe. A total of 165 (86.4%) cases had acute adverse reactions (which occurred within 1 hour after administration), while 26 (13.6%) had delayed adverse reactions (occurred 1 hour after the administration). The rate of ADR was significantly higher in females [relative risk (RR) = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53–2.75], patients under the age of 60 years (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.07–1.98), patients with a history of previous ADR (RR = 6.51, 95% CI 3.13–13.57), and in the spring season (RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.07–1.95). The recurrence rate after premedication in patients with previous ADR to CT contrast media was 3.2% (8/247). No deaths occurred that were attributed to the contrast media. Conclusion: The incidence of ADR to nonionic CT contrast media was 0.35%; most of which were mild reactions. Risk factors for ADR included female gender, an age of under 60 years, a history of previous ADR, and spring season. 목적: 전산화단층촬영(computed tomography; 이하 CT) 검사에서 경정맥 비이온성 요오드화 조영제를 사용 후 발생한 이상반응의 빈도, 심한 정도, 위험인자를 평가하고, 전 처치 후 검사를 시행한 환자에서 이상반응의 재발률을 알아보기 위해이 연구를 시행하였다. 대상과 방법: 본원 외래를 방문하여 비이온성 요오드화 조영제를 주입하고 CT 검사를 받은 32313명, 54572예를 대상으로 하였다. CT 검사 후 발생한 이상반응의 종류와 정도, 처치, 경과를 증례 기록지와 의무 기록지를 통하여 파악하였다. 나이, 성별, 이전의 이상반응 병력, 계절 등 CT 조영제 이상반응의 위험인자를 통계적 검증을 통해 분석하였다. 결과: 총 191명(0.35%)의 환자에서 이상반응이 발생하였으며 그중 157명(82%)은 경증, 29명(15%)은 중등도, 5명(3%) 은 중증으로 분류되었다. 165명은 조영제 주입 후 한 시간 이내에 발생하여 급성(86.4%)으로 분류되었고, 26명은 지연성(13.6%)이었다. 조영제 이상반응은 여성[relative risk (이하 RR) = 2.05, 95% confidence interval (이하 CI) 1.53~2.75], 60세 미만(RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.07~1.98), 이전에 이상반응의 병력이 있는 경우(RR = 6.51, 95% CI 3.13~13.57), 계절적으로는 봄철(RR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.07~1.95)에 발생 빈도가 높았다. 이전에 조영제 이상반응이 있어 전 처치 후에 검사를 받은 환자의 3.2%(8/247)에서 재발하였다. 조영제 이상반응으로 인하여 사망한 예는 없었다. 결론: 비이온성 CT 조영제에 대한 이상반응은 약 0.35%의 환자에서 발생하였으며, 대부분 경증이다. 여성, 60세 미만, 이전에 이상반응 병력이 있는 경우, 계절적으로 봄에 발생 빈도가 높다. 전 처치를 시행한 환자의 3.2%에서 이상반응이 재발하였다.
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