통사구조에 따른 부산지역 대학생들의 영어 의문문의 억양

박재익(Park Jae-Ick) 한국음운론학회 2004 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.10 No.2

This study concerns the into national performances by Koreans in English interrogative sentences with special reference to the syntactic structures, in other words, the composition of the question. Some of the findings in this study are, first, most of the speakers did not have any problem in distinguishing ‘wh’-questions from ‘yes-no’ questions as long as they are in a simple structure. Second, doing correct intonation in longer questions is more difficult than in shorter ones. Third, sentences that end with agrammatical word do not have generally acceptable final rising or final falling intonation. Fourth, questions with an embedded structure may influence the contours. Fifth, producing final contours correctly in some negative questions is not easy. Sixth, questions with ‘either or’ structure reveals many errors. This study is significant in its focus on various syntactic structures in dealing with the intonation of English sentences.

두 성경 번역본을 통해 본 지난 40년간의 한국어 형태 변화의 경향

박재익(Jae-Ick Park),박광철(Kwang Chul Park) 한국중원언어학회 2013 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.28

This study aims to search for historical linguistic changes in the Korean language by comparing the Revised Korean Bible (1961) with the Newly Revised Korean Bible (1998). The analysis is limited to Genesis, the first book of the Bible. The comparison of the two Bible versions that were written with only a generation gap between them reveals diverse, diachronic, linguistic phenomena in contemporary Korean. The phenomena discussed in this article are (1) four types of semantic changes in words--semantic reduction, extension, regeneration and degeneration, (2) changes to paraphrastic structures by decomposing agglutinative elements, resulting in longer analytic expressions, and (3) re-enforcement of grammatical markers, conjunctive adverbs, articles and pronouns, which limit the diversity of expressions by reducing multiple or combined markers, endings and suffixes. The changes found in this comparison study provide insight into how significantly a contemporary language can change in just over one generation. This study will contribute to research in historical linguistics of Korean by expanding research data not only to several-decade-old documents but also to contemporary literature, magazine and journal articles, and mass media.

「호질(虎叱)」서두의 창귀의 등급과 기능

박재익 ( Jae Ick Park ) 東亞大學校附設 石堂傳統文化硏究院 2015 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.63

이 연구는 박지원의 한문소설 호질 의 앞부분에 있는 여러 가지 신비한 짐승과 범과 사람과의 관계를 언급한 대목과 세 가지 창귀들이 저녁거리를 추천하는 과정에서 일어나는 일들에 대한 연구이다. 범에 대한 찬미와 범을 이기는 여러 가지 짐승들에 대한 소개가 왜 여기 있으며, 창귀 붙은 범들의 기술 수준이 어떻게 차이나며, 저녁거리 수준이 어떠하며, 창귀의 범의 대화의 길이와 문체와 수준이 어떻게 차이 나게 구현되어 있는지 분석한다. 첫째로, 탁월한 성품을 가진 범과 신비스런 짐승과 사람과의 삼각관계에서의 승패 소개는, 사람이 무서워하는 짐승은 신비스럽고 이상한 짐승이 아니라 범이라는 것이다. 이에 대한 증거는 이야기의 후반부에 있는 북곽선생 이야기이다. 둘째로, 사람을 한 명씩 더 잡아먹을수록 창귀가 하나씩 더 붙는데 그 붙은 위치에 따라 굴각, 이올, 육혼이라는 이름을 가지며, 그들의 사냥술, 말솜씨까지 수준이 달라서 3등급, 2등급, 1등급으로 차이나며, 이들이 추천하는 저녁 식단도 등급이 높아진다. 이들의 문장은 굴각은 초보적인 4언1구체로 된 문장만 쓰지만 이올, 육혼으로 높아질수록 그런 제약이 줄어드는 문장을 쓰며, 추천한 식단도 동자, 의원과 무당, 양반으로 등급이 높아지는 구조를 가진다. 셋째로, 범의 유자에 대한 평가에서 범의 자태나 식견이나 문장이 그 누구보다 탁월하다. 범의 눈에 속속들이 드러난 유자(인간)의 치부때문에 감히 범 앞에 얼굴을 들지 못하게 됨을 설명한다. 양반이거나 아니거나 모든 인간에게는 범이 제일 무서운 존재인 것은 인간이 감히 범의 성품을 닮아가지 못할 뿐만 아니라 갖가지 악독으로 생태까지 파괴하는 존재이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 박지원의 치밀한 글쓰기를 두고 볼 때, 느슨하게 보이던 「호질」의 서두부분의 범의 성품, 신비스런 짐승에게 사람이 이기는 이유, 창귀들의 이름과 등급, 저녁거리에 대한 범의 평가가 얼마나 체계적인지와 또 얼마나 밀접하게 뒤따라오는 북곽선생 이야기와 연결되어 있는지를 보여주는 연구라는 점에서 그 중요성이 있다. This study seeks to analyze the relationships between four different sections of Park Jiwon`s Hojil[虎叱] --the introduction on the triangular relationship between the three characters (mysterious animals, tigers and people), the hunting skills of the three types of ghosts, the menu recommendation by the ghosts, and the story of the scholar--as a whole narrative. It then deals with the structure of the discourse in the three-tiered menu recommendations made by the ghosts based on the hierarchy of the ghosts. This research seeks to answer such questions like: what is the use of the introduction of the mysterious animals, how are the three ghosts leveled differently, how is the dinner menu quality graded, and what are the differences between the discourse of the three ghosts and that of the tiger? The answers to these questions will show the integrity of the plot in the stories of the mysterious animals, the hunting skills of the three ghosts, the dinner menu argument by three ghosts and the tiger, and the story of Scholar Bukgwak. First, the triangular rivalries of the mysterious animals vs. tigers, tigers vs. people, and people vs. mysterious animals tell us that people fear tigers. Second, each of the three ghosts incarnated in tigers, Gulgwak, Iol and Yukhon, has meaningful names, use one-level upgraded sentence structures and discourse length as well as one-level upgraded intelligence, skills and menus. The lowest-level ghost uses the stereotypical four-syllable phrases and the length of its speech is very short, while mid- to upper-level ghosts use slightly more uncommon phrases and longer discourse. Their menus are also leveled up by one grade each according to the number of ghosts incarnated: from common people to doctors and shamans, and from doctors and shamans to yangban scholars. Third, the attitude, knowledge and critical appraisals reflected in the discourse of the tiger are superior to all. This is why Scholar Bukgwak, however many books he read or wrote, cannot raise his head in front of the tiger. Tigers are feared, not only by average citizens, but by yangban scholars as well, as shown in the triangular relationship in the onset of the story. The reason that Park Jiwon strategically allocated the tiger story to occupy more than one third of the whole of Hojil is because of its importance for the next anecdote in the same story. In previous studies we were not able to find any detailed and analytical research on the rhetorical devices used in Hojil . The importance of this research is that it shows how tightly the seemingly loose sections are actually intertwined to form a unified narrative.

한국어 기식음의 모음 앞 약화 현상에 대한 음운론적해석

박재익(Park, Jae-Ick) 한국음운론학회 2014 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.20 No.3

The purpose of this study is to provide the results of the survey on aspiration lenition phenomenon found in Korean speakers and to try to give a phonological theoretic explanation for the characteristics of the results. The results come from the speech data of 120 people from Cholla, Kyungsang and Seoul dialects, male and female, and in two generations. The findings of the survey were: (1) There is a meaningful difference among the aspirated consonants of four different places of articulation, (2) The combination of a noun and a case marker produces more lenition than the combination of a verb and an ending, (3) Lexically aspirated consonants are more likely to weaken to unaspirated than phonologically driven aspirated consonants by coalescence, (4) Verbs with complex coda tend to lose their aspiration more than verbs with the coda of a single consonant, (5) The older generation produces more aspiration lenition than the younger generation. The explanation for the findings is provided in terms of a possible engagement of VOT difference, analogy, the status or frequency of the morpheme boundary, generation difference and perspectives of the aspirated consonants. The implications of the aspiration lenition are also supported by synchronic and diachronic evidence such as emphatic forms with aspiration, spirantization, and spelling errors and hypercorrection. With regards to theoretical approach on the aspiration lenition, the serial derivational rules can derive most of the variants found in the survey, but they cannot account for the forms made by the revival of aspiration after neutralization at the morpheme boundary. Traditional optimality theory selects the most optimal form as an output, but since individuals and groups of people uttered various output forms from the same input, the theory should be adjusted to accommodate all acceptable candidates.

전통적 방법에 의한 부각의 제조 및 저장성 향상에 관한 연구

박재익(Jae-Ick Park),정계환(Gye-Hwan Chung),김봉섭(Bong-Sub Kim),허종화(Jong-Hwa Hur) 한국식품영양과학회 1994 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.23 No.6

전통식품 개발의 일환으로 쑥 부각, 김 부각을 대두유(대조구)와 대두유+0.01% BHA, 대두유+0.01% tocopherol 등에서 튀겨 OPP비닐 포장하여 4℃(RH 40±5%)의 저온 저장, 25℃(RH 80±5%)의 실온 저장을 하면서 부각에 함유되어 있는 유지를 추출하여 품질 특성과 전통적인 제품 합리화 공정을 보며, 부각식품의 제조는 원료를 물로 세척한 다음, 그늘에서 물빠짐을 한다. 여기에 찹쌀풀을 바르거나 버무려서 건조대에서 80% 정도 2~3일 건조한 다음 열풍건조기로 수분이 13% 이하가 될 때까지 건조한다. 이렇게 제조된 부각을 건조상태로 포장하여 제품화하거나, 160℃의 기름에서 10초간 튀겨 제품화 할 수 있었다. 4℃의 저온저장과 25℃의 실온에서 저장할 때 부각제품 추출유지의 산가, 과산화물가, TBA가는 대체적으로 4℃의 저온 저장에서는 낮게 나타났으며, 품질 변화량도 적었고, 25℃의 실온 저장에서는 저장시간이 경과할수록 높게 나타났으며, 수분이 많이 증가하고 품질변화량이 컸다. 부각을 대두유(대조구)와 항산화제[BHA(0.01 %), tocopherol(0.01%)]을 첨가한 대두유에서 튀겼을 때, 항산화제를 첨가하였을 경우 저장에 따른 산가, 과산화물가, TBA가는 비교적 낮게 나타났으며, 저장 중 산화방지효과가 BHA가 가장 컸고 tocopherol도 다소 안정되었다. 저장기간에 따른 부각의 질감(texture)을 주관적인 관능검사와 객관적 방법인 texturometer를 사용하여 측정하였을 때 저온저장의 경우가 실온 저장의 경우 보다 품질이 양호하게 나타났고, 견고성(hardness)도 컸다. As a part of development of traditional foods, mugwort boogag and dry laver boogag were fried in soybean oil, and BHA or tocopherol-added soybean oil. They were wrapped up in opp vinyl film, and preserved at 4℃ (RH 40±5%) and 25℃ (RH 80±5%). During the storage of boogags, acid value, peroxide value, and TBA value were investigated. Changes of sensory evaluation and texture profile were also examined. Boogags were manufactured by washing the raw materials, drying in the shade, mixing them with glutinous rice flour, and hot-air drying up it to 13% of moisture contents after dryed it up to 80% of moisture contents on dry table for 2~3 days, in order. These boogags were packaged to manufacture goods with dryed state or fried at 160℃ for 10 sec. Acid value, peroxide value, and TBA value of boogags which preserved at 4℃ generally appeared lower than at 25℃. As storage time goes by, moisture contents of boogags preserved at 25℃ increased and its quality were gradually deteriorated. When the boogags were fried in BHA (0.01%) and tocopherol(0.01%) added soybean oil, changes of acid value, peroxide value, and TBA value were generally low. During the storage of boogags, antioxidant effect of BHA was higher than that of tocopherol. Texture was inclined to decrease as storage time goes by, but that of boogags preserved at 4℃ was a little more satisfactory. Hardness was also high.

다문화가정 자녀의 한국어, 계승어, 영어 학습 상황에서의 계승어 교육의 필요성과 지원 방안

박재익(Jae-Ick Park) 한국중원언어학회 2017 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.42

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to answer questions concerning what languages multi-cultural children learn at home or school; why or why not they learn their heritage languages; whether or not they learn English at home or from other sources; and (2) to support the idea of promoting the necessities of teaching multi-cultural children their heritage languages. For data collection, this study conducted a survey and an oral interview among mothers of multi-cultural families in two cities in Korea. Findings from the data analysis seemed to support the urgent necessity of teaching multi-cultural children their heritage languages, especially those children from Vietnamese background in comparison to those from other language backgrounds: Reasons were explained in details. It is found that more emphasis should be given on the merits of learning heritage languages in parent-teacher associations and family consultations. Multi-cultural families commonly lack authentic materials from their heritage countries, such as story books, bibles, magazines, catalogs, newspapers, and so on. This study will draw social and political attention to the importance of teaching heritage languages to multi-cultural children.

Language Change : Nature, Causes, and Sociolinguistic Motivations

Park, Jae-Ick 高神大學校 2000 論文集 Vol.25 No.-