결혼 상태에 따른 외래 의료이용의 차이 분석

박영용,최소영,이광수 사단법인 대한보건협회 2018 대한보건연구 Vol.44 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference of the outpatient service uses by marriage status. Methods: Data was provided from the Korea Health Panel(KHP) collected by the National Health Insurance Service(NHIS) and Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs(KIHASA) in 2013. The number of sample was 4,879 people. This study used Propensity Score Matching(PSM), Negative Binominal regression and Gamma regression analysis. Results: there were significant differences in outpatient visits and outpatient medical expenses by the marital status. The average number of outpatient visits was 13 days for married women and 7 days for unmarried women after propensity score matching. The average amount of outpatient medical expenses was 231,269 won for married women and 153,009 won for unmarried women. The subjective health and the number of chronic diseases had significant effects on the number of outpatient visits. When the perceived subjective health was poor and the number of chronic diseases was higher, the number of outpatient visits was higher. The type of medical insurance had a significant effect on outpatient medical expenses only. Compared to NHI, outpatient medical expenses were lower for those receiving medical aid. Conclusion: As the marriage rate decreases, it is necessary to cope with changes in medical care utilization. For this, it is important to understand the difference in the outpatient service uses between married and unmarried groups. as a result, There were significant differences in the number of outpatient visits and outpatient medical expenses by marital status even after controlling factors affecting medical use. In the Future, these findings of this study can be used as basic data for the diversity of research and the establishment of health policy. 연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 결혼 상태에 따라 외래이용횟수 및 외래의료비의 차이를 분석하는 것이다. 연구방법 : 국민건강보험공단과 한국보건사회연구원에서 공동으로 수집하는 한국의료패널 2013년 자료를 이용하였다. 분석 대상자는 4,879명이며, 분석방법은 성향점수매칭방법(Propensity Score Matching, PSM), 감마 회귀분석과 음이항 회귀분석을 이용하였다. 연구결과 : 결혼 상태에 따라 외래이용횟수와 외래의료비에 유의한 차이를 보였다. 성향점수 매칭 후 외래이용횟수는 기혼 여성이 평균 13일, 미혼 여성이 평균 7일이었으며, 외래의료비는 기혼 여성이 평균 231,269원, 미혼 여성이 평균 153,009원으로 나타났다. 주관적 건강상태와 만성질환 수는 외래이용횟수에만 유의한 영향이 있었다. 주관적 건강상태를 나쁨으로 인지하였을 때, 보유하고 있는 만성질환 수가 많을수록 외래이용횟수가 많았다. 의료보장형태는 외래의료비에만 유의한 영향이 있었다. 의료급여 대상자일 경우 외래의료비가 더 적었다. 결론 : 혼인율 감소에 따른 의료이용 변화에 대한 적절한 대처가 필요하며 이를 위해서는 기혼 집단과 미혼 집단 간 의료이용의 차이를 파악하는 것이 중요하다. 분석 결과, 의료이용에 영향을 미치는 요인을 통제한 후에도 결혼 상태에 따라 외래이용횟수 및 외래의료비에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 추후 연구의 다양성과 보건정책 수립을 위한 기초 자료로 활용될 것이다.

HS實施에 따른 韓國의 對應戰略

朴泳龍 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1988 商經硏究 Vol.13 No.1

Thanks for the favorable extension of international trade backed up by the long-term boom, since 1960's, of major advanced countries' economy and the free trade of the GATT system, the trade of Korea maintained the high expanding tendency of approximately 40% per annum throughout 1960's and 1970's and has played a leading role in the high growth of 8% annually. While, after World WarⅡ, all the countries of the world wanted to establish the common concepts in the classification of statistical data on commodities and have been felt to standardize and unify the system of commodity classification. On the other hand, although systematic, concise, and precise the existing CCCN system have been appraised good, it has several points as follows. First, CCCN system include the obscure provisions, so, it is not easy ti classify the new developing commodities owing to the advance of science and technology and diversification of international commodities. Second, there is yet room for improvement in the real application of CCCN system because of the difference of custom, culture, climate, and technology standard. Third, there is uppermost limit in the computerization. Under this circumstances, at the request of international body and machinery, CCC formulated the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) as the new commodity classification system and is going to carry into effect from Jan. 1, 1987, in all the wide world and all the nations including Korea is in progress the preparing works to introduce this system. The introduction of HS system will bring about many effects and merit such as the savings of time and waste in the international trade, the standardization and unification of the fixed forms on commodity classification system. The above sentence of Harmenized system is follow; The Contracting Parties to this Convention, established under the auspices of the Customs Co-operation Council, Desiring to facilitate international trade, Desiring to facilitate the collection, comparison and analysis of statistics, in particular those on international trade, Desiring to reduce the expense incurred by redescribing, reclassifying and recording goods as they move form one classification system to another in the course of international trade and to facilitate the standardization of trade documentation and the transmission of data, Considering that changes in technology and patterns of international trade require extensive modifications to the Convention on Nomenclature for the Classification of Goods in Customs Tariffs, done at Brussels on 15 December 1950. Considering also that degree of detail required for Customs and statistical purposes by Governments and trade interests has increased far beyond that provided by the Nomenclature annexed to the above-mentioned Convention. Considering the importance of accurate and comparable data for the purposes of international trade negotiations. Considering that the Harmonized System is intended to be used for the purposes of freight tariffs and transport statistics of the various modes of transport. Considering that the Harmonized System is intended to be incorporated into commercial commodity description and coding systems to the greatest extent possible. Considering that the Harmonized System is intended to promote and close a correlation as possible between import and export trade statistics and production statistics. Considering that a class correlation should be maintained between the Harmonized System and the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) of the United Nations, Considering the desirability of meeting the aforementioned needs through a combined tariff/statistical nomenclature, suitable for use by the various interests concerned with international trade, Considering the importance of ensuring that the Harmonized System is kept up-to-data in the light of changes in technology or in patterns of international trade. Having taken into consideration the work accomplished in this sphere by the Harmonized System Committee set up by the Customs Co-operation Council, Considering that while the above-mentioned Nomenclature Convention has proved an effective instrument in the attainment of some of these objectives, the best way to achieve the desired results in this respect is to conclude a new international Convention, On the other hand, general rules for the interpretation of the harmonized system is follow: Classification of goods in the Nomenclature shall be governed by the following principles: 1. The titles of Sections, Chapters and Sub-Chapters are provided for ease of reference only; for legal purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relative Section or Chapter Notes and, provided such headings or Noted do not otherwise require, according to the following provisions: 2. (a) Any reference in a heading to an article shall be taken to include a reference to article incomplete or unfinished, provided that, as presented, the incomplete or unfinished article has the essential character of the complete or finished article, It shall also be taken to include a reference to that article complete or finished (or falling to be classified as complete or finished by virture of this Rule), presented unassembled or disassembled. (b) Any reference in a heading to a material or substance shall be taken to include a reference with other materials or substances. Any reference to goods of a given material or substance shall be taken to include a reference to goods consisting wholly or partly of such material or substance. The classification of goods consisting of more than one material or substance shall be according to the principles of Rule 3. 3. When by application of Rule 2 (b) or for any other reason, goods are, prima facie, classifiable under two or more headings, classification shall be effected as follows: (a) The heading which provides the most specific description shall be preferred to headings providing a more general description, However, when two or more headings each refer to part only of the materials or substances contained in mixed or composite goods or to part only of the items in a set put up for retail sale, those headings are to be regarded as equally specific in relation to those goods, even if one of them given a more complete or precise description of the goods. (b) Mixtures, composite goods consiting of different materials or made up of different components, and goods put up in sets for retail sale, which cannot be classified by reference to 3 (a), shall be classified as if they consisted of the material or component which gives them their essential character, insofar as this criterion is applicable. (c) When goods cannot be classified by reference to 3 (a) or 3 (b), they shall be classified under the heading which occurs last in numerical order among those which equally merit consideration. 4. Goods which cannot be classified in accordance with the above Rules shall be classified under the heading appropriate to the goods to which they are most akin. 5. In addition to the foregoing provisions, the following Rules shall apply in respect of the goods referred to therin: (a) Camera cases, musical instrument cases, gun cases, drawing instrument cases, meklace cases and similar containers, specially shaped or fitted to contain a specific article or set of articles, suitable for long-term use and presented with the articles for which they are intended, shall be classified with such articles when of a kind normally sold therewith. The Rule does not, however, apply to containers which give the whole essential character; (b) Subject to the provisions of Rule 5 (a) above, packing materials and packing containers presented with the goods therin shall be classified with the goods if they are of a kind normally used for packing such goods. However, this provision does not apply when such packing materials or packing containers are clearly suitable for repetitive use. 6. For legal purposes, the classification of goods in the subheadings of a heading shall be determined according to the terms of those subheadings and any related subheading. Notes and, mutatis mutandis, to the above Rules, on the understanding that only subheadings at the same level are comparable. For the purposes of the Rule the relative Section and Chapter Notes also apply, unless the context otherwise requires.

비대칭 순회외판원문제에 대한 해법

박영용,이헌수 木浦大學校 基礎科學硏究所 2003 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.21 No.-

The Traveling Salesman Problem(TSP) is very famous for classical optimum problem. In particular, TSP is so easy to describe and so difficult to solve. TSP is a typical problem which become unknown polynomial algorithm. We introduce some fundamental solving methods for asymmetric traveling salesman problem(ATSP).

학습 형식이 양면적 조직성과에 미치는 영향: 조직 지원 인식의 매개 및 관계 문화의 조절효과

박영용,권상집 한국콘텐츠학회 2019 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.19 No.9

본 연구는 학습 형식이 탐험과 활용이라는 양면적 조직성과에 미치는 프로세스에 관해 구성원들이 인지하고 있는 조직 지원과 관계 문화의 특성은 어떤 매개 또는 조절효과를 발휘하고 있는지 분석하였다. 본 연구는 고용노동부와 한국직업능력개발원에서 제공하는 인적 자본 기업 패널 조사를 활용, 설문에 응답한 548명의 데이터를 토대로 실증적으로 검증하였으며, 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 구성원들에게 제공되는 형식 학습과 무형식 학습은 기업의 성과인 탐험 성과와 활용 성과에 모두 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 구성원들이 느끼는 조직 지원 인식은 형식 학습과 무형식 학습이 양면적 조직성과에 미치는 방향에 대해 완전매개, 부분매개 효과를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 관계 문화는 무형식 학습이 조직의 활용 성과에 미치는 관계를 긍정적으로 조절해주는 중요한 영향을 미치고 있었다. This study analyzes the mediation or moderation effect of the characteristics of perceived organizational support (POS) and relational culture on the ambidextrous organizational performance such as exploration and exploitation. This study empirically verified using the human capital corporate panel 548 data provided by Korea research institute for vocational education & training. The empirical results of the present study are as follows. First, it is shown that formal learning and informal learning provided to the members have a positive effect on ambidextrous organizational performance. In addition, POS showed that full and partial mediation effects of the formal learning and informal learning on ambidextrous organizational performance. Finally, relational culture have an important influence on positively moderating the relationship between informal learning and exploitative performance.

‘복지분권을 위한 재정분권의 방향과 과제’에 대한 토론

박영용 한국사회복지행정학회 2021 한국사회복지행정학회 학술대회 자료집 Vol.2021 No.5

先進國의 新保護貿易主義와 對韓輸入規制現況에 관한 硏究

朴泳龍 建國大學校 經濟經營硏究所 1985 商經硏究 Vol.10 No.1

Thanks to the favorable extension of international trades backed up by the long-term boom, since 1960's, of major advanced countries' economy and the free trade of the IMF-GATT system, the export of Korea maintained the high expanding tendency of approximately 33% per annum throughout 1960's and 1970's and has played a leading role in the high growth of 8% annually. The developed countries, however, which have taken the flat measures of trade restriction under the pretext of the two oil shocks and the deterioration of international payments together with the abrupt change of international trade environment since early 1970's, not only have given severe ordeals to the developing countries including Korea, but have checked the development of international economy as well. These measures of import restriction mostly consist of such non-tariff barriers as the intensification of import quota, the introduction of import minimum price system, and the coercion of self-imposed control on the exporting countries; in the past, the target items were mainly limited to the light industry products including consumer goods, but now that the export of capital-and technique-intensified heavy industry products has widely increased, the import regulation has been recently extended to these heavy industry goods and some ultramodern industry ones. It has caused a considerable obstacle to the strategy of firmly tamp the export basis of heavy industry products and to highly advance the structure of export merchandise. Accordingly, Korea was as of the end of June 1984 restricted by the 19 advanced countries headded by U.S.A. to the export of 165 substaintal export items including textile goods, footewar, steel and electronic manufactures. At this point of time that the import regulation barrier of advanced countries has been thus intensified, it is regarded as an urgent task how to effectively overcome this wall of import regulation imposed on Korea which has an outside-directed economic structure dependent on the exportation for more than 30% of its national gross product and has exploited its export markets exclusively in U.S.A. and Japan. This essay, therefore, is aimed at inquiring into the properties and characteristics of New Protectionism in general, and the background of its intensification. To be this, this writer tried to generalize its concrete phenotypes, with an emphasis on non-tariff barriers, together with an emphasis on non-tariff barriers, together with its recent tendency and then to investigate the present situation of import regulation per item imposed by advanced countries on Korea, and lastly to provide the Korean industry with its countermeasures as a conclusion of this essay, which are summarized as follows. 1. To strengthen the trade diplomacy with importing countries more than ever 2. To endeavor at the diversification of importing countries to the utmost 3. To convert the export of technique-intensified merchandise having high value added 4. To establish the diversification of export merchandise 5. To build up a system of cooperative-work specialization between large-and mediumsize enterprises from the aspect of industrial strategy 6. To build up a marketing strategy polished and mature 7. To establish the anti-dumping and offset tariff suit recently arising from time to time in the advanced countries headed by U.S.A. 8. To get rid of the excessive competition among domestic enterprises in the foreign markets by establishing a sound export order 9. To promote the positive economic policy of the open door

製品壽命週期의 段階別 國際마아케팅 戰略에 관한 小考

朴泳龍 건국대학교 1984 商經論叢 Vol.- No.19

지리정보시스템을 이용한 국가 위암검진서비스 제공 의료기관에 대한 공간적 접근성 평가 - 강원도 지역을 중심으로 -

박영용,박주현,박유현,이광수 보건의료산업학회 2019 보건의료산업학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze people’s accessibility to medical institutions providing national gastric cancer screening services in Gangwon-do using a geographic information system(GIS). Methods: To assess the spatial accessibility, network analysis was applied. Two types of network analysis-Service area analysis and origin-destination cost matrix(OD-cost matrix)-were applied to create network dataset. Results: The results of the analysis of the service area revealed that it took more than 60 minutes each to reach tertiary hospitals and general hospitals from 74.4% and 9.6% of Gangwon-do areas, respectively. Similarly, it took more than 60 minutes each to reach hospitals and clinics from 4.2% and 3.4% of Gangwon-do areas, respectively. The results of the OD-cost revealed that there were large regional variations in distance and time taken to reach the medical institutions. Conclusions: there were regional variations of spatial accessibility between Si and Gun in Gangwon-do.

기업 리더십교육 프로그램 참여자의 학습전이와 영향요인

박영용,김진모 한국농업교육학회 2006 농업교육과 인적자원개발 Vol.38 No.4

이 연구는 글로벌 비즈니스 환경에서 기업이 생존하기 위해 필수적인 요소인 조직 구성원의 리더십 역량 향상을 위해 기업이 많은 교육훈련 투자를 하고 있는 리더십교육 프로그램 참여자의 학습전이 수준을 측정하고, 학습전이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 이 연구의 대상은 국내 P사의 중간계층 리더들의 리더십 역량을 향상시키고자 자체적으로 개발한 리더십교육 프로그램 참여자로 하였다. 조사도구는 종속변인인 학습전이 수준을 측정하기 위하여 리더십교육 프로그램의 학습목표와 학습내용을 중심으로 총 21개의 전이행동 측정지표를 개발하였다. 독립변인인 학습전이 영향요인은 자기효능감, 학습동기, 전이동기, 교육내용, 전이설계, 강사능력, 상사지원, 동료지원 및 변화가능성의 9개 요인에 대해 50개의 문항을 개발하였다. 자료의 수집은 프로그램을 이수한 지 3개월이 경과한 150명을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 이 연구를 통하여 얻어진 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 리더십교육 프로그램 참여자들의 학습전이 수준은 학습전이 행동 측정지표에 대한 총점 평균을 5점으로 환산한 결과, 평균 4.25점으로 학습자들의 학습전이 수준이 높은 편이었다. 둘째, 본 연구대상 프로그램의 경우 학습전이 영향요인에 관한 인식수준에 있어서 학습동기, 자기효능감, 상사지원에 대해 높은 인식수준을 보이는 것은 학습자의 특성에 따라 영향요인에 대한 인식수준이 다르다는 것을 나타낸다고 볼 수 있다. 셋째, 학습전이와 영향요인인의 상관관계 및 영향요인의 설명력을 분석한 결과, 자기효능감과 상사지원이 학습전이에 매우 높은 상관과 설명력을 보이는 것으로 나타난 반면, 교육훈련 내용, 강사능력이 개인적 특성요인과 작업환경 특성요인 보다 낮은 상관과 설명력을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 학습과목 별로 학습전이에 영향을 주는 요인은 일부 차이가 있었다. 따라서 본 연구의 결과 학습전이에 미치는 영향요인이 고정적으로 정형화 된 것이 프로그램의 유형에 따라 다양해질 수 있음을 시사하는 것으로 HRD 전문가들은 학습자들의 학습전이에 영향을 주는 것으로 생각하는 요인들에 대해 전략적으로 확인하고 학습전이 측정시스템을 사전에 점검해야 할 필요가 있음을 의미한다. This research has been conducted in order to investigate the factors affecting the learning transfer, and to measure the level of learning transfer in the participants of the leadership training program. The survey questionnaire was made in order to measure the level of learning transfer, a dependent variable, focusing on the program's learning materials and goals. These are independent variables and they are listed as follows: self-efficacy, motivation to learn, motivation to transfer. content validity, transfer design, trainer's competency, supervisor support, peer support, and openness to change. The results of this research are summarized below. 1) the total average of the learning transfer action measurement index was converted to 5 points. the program's participants' level of awareness of the variable factors influencing learning transfer was above normal in self-efficacy, motivation to learn, motivation to transfer, content validity, transfer design, trainer's competency, supervisor support, peer support, and openness to change. 2) the correlation between influencing factors and learning transfer of all the programs' participants showed a significant relationship in all nine factors. 3) the factors of self efficacy, supervisor support, motivation to learn and trainer's competency showed a direct effect on the learning transfer of the entire participants. 4) according to the learning transfer in each subject and the direct effect of influencing factors, supervisor support displayed the strongest effect only in Understanding Business Environment class and self efficacy showed the most vivid effect in other classes, the influencing factor of self efficacy displayed the highest effect on the learning transfer in the classes of Innovative Mind, Organizational Behavior, Business Ethics, and Fair Evaluation for the team leader group. However, the supervisor support factor showed the strongest effect in Understanding Business Environment and Information Security class.

대학수학능력시험이 고등학교 수학 학습 내용에 미치는 영향 - 문과계열 수학 성적 상위권 학생들을 중심으로 -

박영용,박윤정,이헌수 한국학교수학회 2016 韓國學校數學會論文集 Vol.19 No.2

본 연구에서는 수능의 수학영역의 출제 유형이나 난이도 등이 고등학교 문과계열 수학 교수ㆍ학습과정에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 최근 5년간(2012~2016학년도) 수능 수학 A형(나형)의 출제유형과 난이도를 살펴보고, 출제유형과 난이도가 고등학교 문과계 열 수학 내신 상위권 학생들의 수학 학습 내용에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 대해 연구하였 다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 고등학교 수학 내신이 상위권인 학생들의 수 능등급을 결정하는 오답률 90% 이상인 문항은 지수함수와 로그함수 단원에 편중되어 출제 되었다. 둘째, 수능 상위권 학생들은 수능 등급 향상을 위하여 지수함수와 로그함수 단원을 중점적으로 학습해야 할 단원으로 인식하고 있었다. In this paper, we analyze the influence of mathematics teaching-learning for h igh level math problems of A-type of mathematics section on the College Schol astic Ability Test(CSAT). To analyze the influence, we compare and analyze un its and field of questions set at examinations based on the rate of wrong answe rs in A-type mathematics test of the CSAT from 2012 to 2016. Also, we study the recognition of academic high school students and teachers about units and fi elds on math which need to allow more time to improve grade for A-type of m athematics section on the CSAT. We found following facts. First, high level ma th problems determining rank of high rank students on the CSAT was taken m ostly from the unit related a exponential function and a logarithmic function. Se cond, these problems need more time for a calculation rather than an ability for students to deepen their understanding of the concept and quality of education. Third, high rank students spend a lot of time to study more important units an d fields of mathematics on the CSAT such as a exponential function and a loga rithmic function, and teachers spend a lot of time to teach them.