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류병과 龍仁大學校 武道硏究所 1997 武道硏究所誌 Vol.8 No.2
Taekwondo, literally ˝the way of kicking and punching ˝is currently one of the most widely practiced martial arts sport in the world. Taekwondo became a famous sport as a olympic sport and it made change essential of it´s own displine. It creature the word ´compititior ´ in culture of Taekwondo which made new concept of sportic training. Lee(1995) defined Taekwondo as a one of sports and Kim(1997) defined Taekwondo as a dinamic martial art which can develop personality. The reson for these two different define can exist in a same time is current Taekwondo has contained these two different cartegori of charicter at same time. Kim un yong amphasized that ˝Taekwondo has to wholly changes as a sport and that´s the only way to survive˝. But the changes bring cultural differences in Taekwondo discipline. The purpose of this study is that to find out the structural charistristics of culture of Taekwondo discipline to rebuild educational essential of Taekwondo discipline. There are two conception exist in discipline of Taekwondo at same time. First one is traditional conception of discipline itself and second one is new concept of discipline fits on sport called as ´training ´. But training is currently widely using in stead of discipline in the Taekwondo. Sabum changed to coach or instructor. Dojang changed to gym(cheyeukwan) and Dobok changed to training uniform. And these kinds of changes lead the change in meaning and philosophy of Taekwondo discipline itself. Dan-ryen is the most important meaning of discipline but this is almost disappears in cullent concept of training. The main concept of training is skill which the main factor of competition. Training is focus on practice of skill and the superial goal of the training is winning the game. So the main concepts of discipline which like cleaning mind and body, respects sabum are changed and disappeared. For the furture development of Taekwondo, the meaning of discipline have to coming back to Taekwondo. Taekwondo discipline is important because discipline is Taekwondo itself.
柳炳瑞 成均館大學校 韓國産業硏究所 1983 韓國經濟 Vol.11 No.-
The dual-price policy for rice and barley was implemented to achieve the multiple objectives such as increase of foodgrain production and farm income, stabilization of general price level, and enhancement of urban household welfare. The negative differential between the government sale price and the cost of sale has been widening since implementation of the policy. The scale of government foodgrain operation also has been expanding rapidly since 1970. In order to stabilize market price, the government tried to increase the share of government foodgrain in the market. As a result, the government's market share of foodgrain increased to 40-50 percent and the seasonal fluctuation of rice price decreased considerably. Due to the foodgrain dual-price policy and the expanded scale of government operation, the fiscal deficits in Grain Management Special Accounts has been increasing steadily. The total deficits in Grain Management Special Accounts amounted to 1,248 billion Won in 1982. In order to improve present government foodgrain operation system and to reduce the deficits caused by the dual-price system, the government purchase prices of rice and barley should increase at a proper rate based on production costs while the government selling price should increase at a higher rate than purchase price. As a consequence, the government selling price and the cost of sale would be equal by 1986. The government purchase and sale price should be determined according to the market equlilibrium price. The government purchases grains during harvest time at market equlilibrium price or little higher than the price and releases at shortage periods at going market price or lower than the price. Through this government foodgrain market operations the price of foodgrains would be stabilized and seasonal price fluctuation would be minimized in the short run. Allowance of an appropriate rate of seasonal variation in market price would induce farmers to retain their rice for later sales as well as encourage middleman to invest in storage facilities. This is consistent with the government' long-run foodgrain policy which is to eliminate government intervention and stimulate market principles in the food market. Under the present foodgrain operation, the government purchases foodgrains from farmers during or after harvest time and releases them during shortage periods when grain prices are high. It would be called short-term stabilization scheme of supply and demand. The purpose of this is to minimize seasonal price fluctuations within the given stabilization range at all times throughout the year. In order to reduce the scale of government foodgrain operation substantially, government should allow seasonal fluctuations considerably. It will be hard to stabilize year-to-year supply with short-term adjustment scheme. Year-to-year unbalances of grain supply and demand are mostly due to unusual good or bad harvest. Therefore, it is recommended that long-term foodgrain security reserves program be introduced with supplement of the present short-term buffer stock program. The scales of government foodgrain operation should be enough to secure supply target of foodgrain and to achieve the goal of price stabilization. If stabilization target of foodgrain price is given in line with general price stabilization level, then a specific target band could be set up around the long-term trend of per capita consumption of foodgrains. There is no need to correct this situation by reserve transaction during the year when actual supply of foodgrain falls within this band. Only when supply of foodgrain exceeds or falls short of the target band government should intervene in the grain market. And by this gap between the target band and actual supply of food grain the scale of government foodgrain operation and the reserve capacities also could be determined. It will be more effective to establish regional foodgrain security reserves system rather than that in only single country.