유산양 유즙으로부터 분리된 세균의 분포 및 항균제 감수성 검사

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim1 ),정지영 ( Ji Young Jung ),김선득 ( Seon Deuk Kim ),박준영 ( Jun Young Park ),조인영 ( In Young Cho ),신성식 ( Sung Shik Shin ),손창호 ( Chang Ho Son ),오기석 ( Ki Seok Ok ),허태영 ( Tai Young Hur ),정영훈 ( Y 한국동물위생학회 2012 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.35 No.4

The aim of this study was to isolate microorganisms from half milk samples of dairy goats by California mastitis test (CMT) during the lactation period and to further investigate the susceptibility of isolated organisms to antimicrobial drugs. From a total of 235 half milk samples with CMT scores of 2 or above from 366 dairy goats distributed throughout Jeonnam province, microorganisms were isolated from 198 (83.5%) samples either singly (99.0%) or in combination (1.0%). The most prevalent microorganism was the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., (44.4%, n=88) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24.2%, n=48), Escherichia coli (11.1%, n=22) and Streptococcus spp. (7.6%, n=15). Isolated bacteria also included Bacillus spp. (2.5%, n=5), Pseudomonas spp. (2.5%, n=5), Micrococcus spp. (1.5%, n=3), Corynebacterium spp. (1.5%, n=3), Enterococcus facium (1.0%, n=2), Morganella morganii (0.5%, n=1) and Streptococcus agalactiae (0.5%, n=1). During the summer season, a high prevalence of all micro-organisms were observed in which Staphylococcus spp. (30.8%), Escherichia coli (8.6%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.6%) were among the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Staphylococcus spp. was also shown to be high in the winter (21.7%). In most samples, the presence of bacterial pathogens in goat milk led to the increase in the total somatic cell count (SCC). Most of the half milk samples of dairy goats with bacterial contamination showed SCC of ≥1×10(6) cells/ml (90.4%). Minor pathogens (11.4%) were more detected from milk samples with SCC of <1×10(6) cells/ml than major pathogens (4.1%), while the major pathogens tended to be higher from samples with SCC of ≥3×10(6) cells/ml. Susceptibility of these bacteria to 12 antimicrobial agents was tested by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results indicated that more than 90% of bacteria isolated from CMT 2+ dairy goat half milk samples were susceptible to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic, enrofloxacin and cephalothin while they were resistant to tetracycline (44.7%).

임신기간 중 철 섭취가 모체와 제대 혈청의 미량 무기질 농도에 미치는 영향

김혜라(Kim Hye-Ra),임현숙(Lim Hyeon-Sook) 韓國營養學會 2008 Journal of Nutrition and Health Vol.41 No.3

It is a common clinical practice to recommend taking iron supplements for pregnant women during gestation. Although it is required to ensure adequate iron stores during pregnancy, there has been some debate over the interference effects of excessive iron load, because it is possible to compete in the transport in the intestine and placenta and in binding to serum proteins of other trace minerals. In this study, maternal and neonatal serum concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Cr, Mn, and Co were assessed along with maternal Fe intakes. A total of 124 pregnant women and their term neonates participated voluntarily in this research. The women were divided into one of the three groups {high Fe intake (HFJ), median Fe intake (MFJ), and low Fe intake (LFI)} by their total Fe intakes and one of the two groups (Anemic and Normal) by their Fe nutritional status. All the data were compared among the three groups and between the two groups also. Total Fe intakes of HFI, MFI, and LFI groups were 140.8±76.1, 68.0±11.2, and 30.2±8.6 ㎎/day, respectively. Those of Anemic and Normal groups were 90.1±74.8 and 86.6±46.8 ㎎/day, respectively. Maternal Hb concentration and Hct were not significantly different among HFI, MFI, and LFI groups but those were significantly different between Anemic and Normal groups. However, neonatal Hb concentration was not significantly different among HH, MFI, and LFI groups and between Anemic and Normal groups either. Maternal serum Fe concentrations of the three groups, HFl, MFI, and LFI, were similar but that of Anemic group was significantly lower compared to Normal group. However, there was no significant difference in neonatal serum Fe concentrations among the three groups and between the two groups either. Serum concentrations of the other trace minerals in both mothers and neonates were not significantly different among HFI, MFI, and LFI groups and between Anemic and Normal groups. In addition, in the maternal serum, Fe concentration was positively correlated to Zn and Se concentration, respectively. As for the neonatal serum, Fe concentration showed a positive correlation to Zn, Cu, Mn, Se, and Co concentration, respectively. No trace mineral concentration was found to correlate negatively to Fe concentration in both maternal and neonatal serum, The results in this study indicate that Fe intakes of pregnant women, even if it is considerably above the level of estimated average requirement (EAR), may not affect serum Fe concentration in both mothers and neonates. In addition it might not influence adversely on the availability of other trace minerals including Zn and Cu in both mothers and neonates. (Korean J Nutr 2008; 41 (3): 242~253)

서울지역 교육시설 및 공원 내 토양 중 분원성대장균군 오염실태

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ),김능희 ( Neung Hee Kim ),박형숙 ( Hyong Suk Park ),김두환 ( Doo Hwan Kim ),이주형 ( Ju Hyung Lee ) 한국동물위생학회 2014 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.37 No.4

Fecal coliform bacteria are indicators of fecal contamination and of the potential presence of pathogens associated with animal excreta, wastewater, sludge. This study examined the distribution of fecal coliform in sand of the playground at educational facilities and parks in Seoul. Fecal coliform were detected from 61 (22.1%) places out of 276 playgrounds. Escherichia (E) coli (75.4%) was found most frequently, followed by Cronobacter (Cro) sakazakii (8.7%), Klebsiella (K) pneumoniae (7.2%) and Actinobacter baumannii (4.3%). We also tested the bacteria for their susceptibility to 16 antibiotics using disk diffusion method. All the isolates were highly susceptible to cefepime, gentamicin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, but resistant to apramycin and cephalothin. E. coli and Cro. sakazakii were highly resistant to apramycin (100% and 83.3%), followed by cephalothin (51.9% and 50%) and ampicillin (19.2% and 16.7%). K. pneumoniae was highly resistant to ampicillin and apramycin (100%, respectively) but the remaining antibiotics were susceptible.

우리나라 유산양 알코올 양성유의 특징에 관한 연구

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ),정지영 ( Ji Young Jung ),조인영 ( In Young Cho ),유도현 ( Do Hyeon Yu ),신성식 ( Sung Shik Shin ),손창호 ( Chang Ho Son ),오기석 ( Ki Seok Ok ),허태영 ( Tai Young Hur ),정영훈 ( Young Hun Jung ),최창용 ( Chan 한국동물위생학회 2013 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.36 No.4

The objective of the present study was to determine the minimum alcohol (ethanol) concentration that gives rise to the coagulation of goat milk for the alcohol precipitation test, and to evaluate the physical parameters of goat milk which include alcohol and heat stability. A total of 1,295 udder-half milk samples from 648 lactating dairy goats were collected from seven farms in Jeonnam province, Republic of Korea, to determine the alcohol and heat stability. The majority (99.6%) of the samples were coagulated when 70% ethanol was added to the milk, while only 11.0% of the samples were precipitated by the addition of an equal volume of 45% ethanol. With the concentration of 65%, 60%, 55% and 50% aqueous ethanol, 99.2%, 96.8%, 81.0% and 52.8% of the milk samples were coagulated, respectively. Of 1,295 dairy goat milk samples tested for heat stability, 127 (9.8%) were coagulated by boiling. Among the 143 alcohol test-positive udder-half milk samples, 52 (4.0%) were unstable by heat test, while 1,032 (79.7%) of the 1,152 alcohol test-negative milk samples were stable by heat test. According to the results of boiling test, sensitivity and specificity of 45% alcohol precipitation test were 0.3023 (95% CI: 0.2346∼0.3772) and 0.9190 (95% CI: 0.9017∼0.9344), respectively. The contents of protein and the specific gravity were higher in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive than in those of 45% alcohol test-negative. However, lower levels of lactose and milk urea nitrogen were observed in the milk samples of 45% alcohol test-positive compared to the alcohol test-negative milk samples. The lowest pH values (6.73±0.20) were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-unstable milk samples, while the lowest values of somatic cell counts and bacterial counts were shown in the 45% alcohol test-negative and heat-stable milk samples. Results of this study suggest that the alcohol precipitation for dairy goat milk may have to be tested with ethanol concentration less than 45% for the determination of freshness and heat-stability.

전남지방 산양유의 성분 및 체세포수의 계절적 변화

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ),정지영 ( Ji Young Jung ),조인영 ( In Young Cho ),유도현 ( Do Hyeon Yu ),신성식 ( Sung Shik Shin ),손창호 ( Chang Ho Son ),오기석 ( Ki Seok Ok ),허태영 ( Tai Young Hur ),정영훈 ( Young Hun Jung ),최창용 ( Chan 한국동물위생학회 2013 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.36 No.4

Consistent information on the chemical composition and its seasonal variation of goat udder half milk is limited in Korea. The objective of this study was to analyze the seasonal variation of the chemical composition of goat milk to take establish various parameters into consideration on the pricing of the goat milk. Variations in chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and bacterial count of 1,038 udder half milk samples from 650 heads raised in 7 farms of Jeonnam province were determined by season. Fat, protein, lactose, non-fat solids, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), pH, SCC and bacterial counts were also analyzed. The average composition of the milk was: fat 3.80±1.36%, protein 3.23±0.80%, lactose 4.39±0.54%, total solids 12.18±1.80%, non-fat solids 8.38±0.80%, and milk urea nitrogen 28.44±5.00 mg/dL. The average pH was 6.81±0.24. The average of SCC and bacterial counts were 2.54±4.60×106 cells/mL and 1.25±3.76×105 CFU/mL, respectively. Chemical composition, pH, SCC and bacterial counts of dairy goat milk varied widely during the lactation period and by season. The fat concentration was the lowest in spring (3.39±1.53%) and the highest in autumn and winter (3.98±1.30% and 3.98±1.48%). Protein concentration was the lowest during summer (2.92±0.48%) and the highest in winter (3.81±0.95%). Lactose concentration was the lowest in autumn (4.24±0.41%) and the highest in spring (4.58±0.35%). The lowest total solid value was obtained in the spring season (11.75±1.80%) which was then increased in winter (12.85±1.96%). Non-fat solid concentration was the lowest in summer (8.07±0.64%) and the highest in autumn (8.94±0.82%). MUN concentration was the highest in summer (8.07±0.64%), and the pH concentration was the highest in spring at 6.93±0.27%. Seasonal variation of SCC and bacterial count were the lowest in spring (0.94±1.54×106 cells/mL and 0.22±0.61×105 CFU/mL, respectively) and was the highest in winter (3.95±7.14×106 cells/mL and 2.23±5.54×104 CFU/mL, respectively).

마르시아 시걸(Marcia B. Siege) 비평문에 대한 메타(meta) 비평 - 마르시아 시걸의「나잇 저니 Night Journey」평문을 중심으로 -

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ) 한국무용예술학회 2013 무용예술학연구 Vol.41 No.2

The purpose is to suggest that the neccessity of meta analysis for criticism in gerneral to facilitate productive discussion of dance criticism. Meta criticism is usually understood as the criticism of criticism. The analysis of principles, methods and terminologies is performed by this study on theory of criticism, reviewer or disscusion on criticism. In this research I expected that the meta criticism could figure out practical logics of criticism, point out reviewer’s overall sight and be a seed for retrospective review after post-morden as a present view when the autonomy of criticism was possible. There are many ways for typing and methodology of meta criticism. In this study, the criticism of Marcia B. Siegel, 『The Shapes of Change: Image of American Dance』which described 「Night Journey」by Martha Graham (1947) was used as an example through the 2nd demensional analysis for review of criticism’s 1st demensional interpretational critical aspects and structures. Marcia’s meta criticism for the overall document of 「Night Journey」is as follow three aspects. First, the structure of criticism analyzed the entire product based on symbolic movement and the vision of totality for the main theme then, detailed description was added to understand the relation of tentions which emphasized in particial charaters to be understood by audience. Secondly, through the association of the image of delineated scene, the analysis and description was done for the stressed charator of performers created by the inter-relationship analyzed by visional relation and meaning as a whole scene. Especially, based on previous analysis’ result, it is emphasized to interpretate the relation through the understanding of choreographer’s vision. In detail, through the inter-relationship between subjects related to the main theme, movement of performers and stage pastels, what is the meaning and expressive significance was interpretated. Lastly, this study evaluated Graham’s creactivity by comparison of Siegel’s products and others’ ones and frames between play and dance. Conclusively, through the meta-analysis of dance criticism, I hope this trial can be a basis of creative disscusion which can be accepted by choreographers and readers as the practical logics of criticism and role findings although this study is only a initial trial of meta-analysis.

마츠 에크(Mats Ek)의 작품 구조에 대한 분석과 해석 -「왯 워먼 Wet Woman」을 중심으로-

김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ) 한국무용예술학회 2012 무용예술학연구 Vol.35 No.-

This study suggests that structural analysis (Gestalt’s analysis) can be a possible method to understand multi-layered dance phenomenon through Marts Ek’s work as an example. The perception of the art’s structural formation followed Aldrich’s concept. Therefore, this study claim that art work’s contents can be understand through sensing objective structural aspection as a connection and co-relation of the work’s image and meaning. To accomplish study purpose, the author analyzed relation of character and cultural background of Mats Ek’s 「Wet Women」to interpretate meaning of the art work. First, The analysis of structure of 「Wet Women」separate major partial characteristics of whole works was done, then recombinate the partial character to analyze whole structural and expressive formation. The total analysis results were reviewed and concluded the work’s meaning. As a results, the structural character of 「Wet Women」was analyzed through the co-relation of feeling of performer’s dance and the formation flow, which was vivid body performance. The basis of above interpretation were followed: First, this study suggests the possibility that the dancer’s emotion and audience’s one were brought together which made psychological catharsis. Secondly, the experience of emotional consensus might be generated through energy inside the dancer. Thirdly, the possible experience which give feeling of vividity of body energy and dynamicity of natural dance can be suggested. As a conclusion, 「Wet Women」 can be interpreted as the work give warm feeling and scent of body fully with direct authenticity of body energy. Comparing other arts, dance give direct emotional experience through the body in the stage, structural analysis of body language in the dance and interpretation of co-relation of it can present actual deep aesthetic experience to the audience. Therefore, the analysis of consisting factors of the dance can guarantee right understanding of multi-layered phenomenon of dance and objectivity. The subjectivity in the art work’s interpretation can not be excluded, however, the sensed total structural objective analysis can generate existal meaning of it which can overcome expressive character of modern dance.

광주지역에서 도태되는 홀스타인 소 유방의 병변 조사

이채용,김혜라,이정치,김상기,이정길,김종택,Lee, Chai-yong,Kim, Hye-ra,Lee, Jeong-chi,Kim, Sang-ki,Lee, Chung-gil,Kim, Jong-taek 대한수의학회 2003 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

Macroscopic investigations were made on the lesions of a total of 101 udders from slaughtered Holstein cows in Gwangju area. Incidence of supernumerary teats was 9.9%. Gross lesions were found in the surface of teats of 29.4% of cows; these lesions comprised papilomatosis (16.0%), fronds (8.9%) and injury at the tip (3.2%). Approximately 95% of the cows had slight to severe teat orifice keratosis. On the mucous membranes of the teat cisterns, fibrosis (22.7%) and congestion (8.9%) were observed. Gross lesions were found in the mammary glands of 68% of cows; these lesions comprised fibrosis (18.8%), serous exudate (4.9%), fatty tissue (4.9%), pus (4.0%), congestion (2.0%).

서울지역 사육 소의 큐열 및 톡소포자충 항체 보유율 조사

김능희 ( Neung Hee Kim ),김혜라 ( Hye Ra Kim ),박형숙 ( Hyung Suk Park ),김영섭 ( Young Sub Kim ),이주형 ( Ju Hyung Lee ) 한국동물위생학회 2015 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.38 No.4

Both Q-fever and Toxoplasmosis are zoonosis. Q-fever occurs due to intracellular bacteria, while Toxoplasmosis is created by protozoan. Both of them have a wide range of host including livestock and wild animals and occur sporadically all over in the world. In this study, seroprevalence of Q-fever and Toxoplasmosis was investigated on cows bred in the area of Seoul where there was a fairly high possibility to occur, while vaccine was not used in Korea. As for experiment materials, cattle blood collected from 190 cows from February to September in 2014 was used ELISA. According to the result, there was a positive reaction on Q-fever from 18 cows out of total 190 cows (9.5%) and on Toxoplasmosis from 32 cows (16.8%). Seroprevalence of both diseases per age was turned out to be negative for those aged less than 2. In addition, it was shown to be positive on 4 cows out of 87 (4.6%) cows aged from 3 to 5, on 7 cows out of 30 cows (23.3%) aged from 6 to 7. Finally, it was shown to be positive on 7 cows out of 17 cows (41.2%) aged 8 or above. Toxoplasmosis was turned out to be positive on 1 cow out of 56 cows (1.8%) aged less than 2, on 6 cows out of 87 cows (6.9%) aged from 3 to 5, on 17 cows out of 30 cows (56.7%) aged from 6 to 7. In addition, it was turned out to be 8 cows out of 17 cows (47.1%) aged 8 or above. Seroprevalence of both diseases was turned out to be higher as age increased. Therefore, it seems that a wide range of investigation on the entire disease spreaders as well as livestock is required since infection of Q-fever and Toxoplasmosis, types of zoonosis, has continuously occurred, and the number of insects, wild animals, and stray animals serving as a role of spreading diseases by changes in seasons and environments has been gradually increasing in Korea.

광주지역에서 도태되는 홀스타인 소 유방의 병변 조사

이채용(Chai Yong Lee),김혜라(Hye Ra Kim),이정치(Jeong Chi Lee),김상기(Sang Ki Kim),이정길(Chung Gil Lee),김종택(Jong Taek Kim) 대한수의학회 2003 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.43 No.2