A review of factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activity in wetland soils

김하련,Kim, Haryun The Microbiological Society of Korea 2015 미생물학회지 Vol.51 No.2

육상과 수계의 전이지대에 위치한 습지는 빈번한 침수, 육상생태계로부터의 영양염류의 유입, 수계와 토양에 적절하게 적응된 식생의 존재 및 토양 내 산소 결핍과 같은 독특한 특징을 가지고 있다. 이러한 생지화학적 특성과 독특한 식생의 존재는 유기물의 분해과정에 물리적 화학적 영향을 미치고 있는데, 특히 미생물에서 생산되는 체외효소 활성도는 유기물의 분해 과정과 관련을 맺고 있다. 체외효소는 고분자 유기물을 간단한 형태의 유기탄소, 무기 질소, 인, 황으로 분해하여 미생물과 식물이 용이하게 이들 영양물질을 흡수할 수 있도록 도움을 주기 때문에, 체외효소에 대한 연구는 습지 토양 내에서의 유기물 분해와 물질순환의 기작을 이해하는 데 필수적인 요소이다. 본 연구는 습지 토양 내 ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, phenol oxidase와 같은 체외 효소활성도에 영향을 미치는 물리적 생지화학적 요소가 무엇인지 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하였다. 물리적 요소로써, pH와 유기물의 입자 크기는 체외효소 활성도에 크게 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 온도에 대한 영향은 미생물의 극한 온도에서의 적응성 정도에 따라 다양하게 나타났다. 화학적 요소로써, 탄소, 질소, 인의 첨가는 습지 토양의 영양상태, C:N 비율과 제한 요소, 및 체외효소의 종류에 따라 그 영향이 다양하게 발현되었다. 특히, 유기물의 기질 특성(Substrate quality)은 다른 어떤 요소보다도 체외효소 활성도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 향후 연구 과제로써는 기후 변화와 질소 침적의 증가에 따른 효소 활성도의 변화 및 분자생물학적 접근을 통한 미생물 군집과 체외효소 기능간의 관계를 규명하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한, 습지 토양내 체외효소 활성도를 극대화 할 수 있는 환경을 조성함으로써, 앞으로 습지 토양이 오염물질을 제거하고 습지의 생태학적 기능을 최대화 할 수 있는 연구가 요구된다. Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.

Denitrification Potential of Riparian Sediments Amended with Organic Substrates

김하련 한국생태학회 2014 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.37 No.3

Denitrification permanently removes nitrate from aquatic ecosystems, so construction of denitrification walls to enhance denitrification activity is often suggested to reduce the nitrate levels from tributary ecosystems. However, little information is available to guide the choice of appropriate organic materials to increase denitrification rates in the walls. This study investigated how differences in organic substrates originating from litter and organic materials affected denitrification and carbon mineralization rates in riparian sediments. Potential denitrification rates were highest in riparian sediments that contained large quantities of extractable organic carbon (Ext. Org C) and that had high anaerobic carbon mineralization rates, but were negatively correlated with C:N ratios. Therefore, this research suggested that the both carbon quantity and quality should be considered when assessing the efficiency of organic substrates to remove nitrate from tributary ecosystems.

Review of Inorganic Nitrogen Transformations and Effect of Global Climate Change on Inorganic Nitrogen Cycling in Ocean Ecosystems

김하련 한국해양과학기술원 2016 Ocean science journal Vol.51 No.2

Inorganic N transformations (nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium) are regulated by various biogeochemical factors linked either by the supply of electron acceptors and donors or by competition for electron acceptors. This review considers both the microbial community related to each process and the technical methods used to measure each process rate. With this background knowledge, this article summarizes how global climate change through increased pCO2, ocean acidification, deoxygenation and anthropogenic N deposition will alter oceanic N cycling, and finally emphasizes the need for comprehensive research on inorganic N transformation in marine ecosystems.

후면 유리종류에 따른 반투과 BIPV모듈의 전기적 특성

김하련(Ha-Ryeon Kim),김경수(Kyung-Soo Kim),강기환(Gi-Hwan Kang),유권종(Gwon-Jong Yu),김준태(Jun-Tae Kim) 대한전기학회 2011 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.7

국내 PV 시스템의 건물적용 현황 및 발전방향

김하련(Ha-Ryeon Kim),박경은(Kyung-Eun Park),강기환(Gi-Hwan Kang),유권종(Kwon-Jong Yu),김준태(Jun-Tae Kim) 대한설비공학회 2010 대한설비공학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.6

Recently, the cases of BAPV(Building Applied Photovoltaic) have been increased with interest in renewable energy application for buildings. PV System in building can perform a variety of roles as an energy supplier, exterior materials, aesthetic element and etc. In this study, we have aimed to investigate and analyze the status of Photovoltaic deployment subsidy program led by the government and the cases of building with application of PV System. It also suggests the direction for expansion of BAPV market in Korea.

한국의 건물일체형 태양광발전(BIPV) 설치 사례 분석

김하련(Ha-Ryeon Kim),박경은(Kyung-Eun Park),권오은(Oh-Eun Kwon),강기환(Gi-Hwan Kang),유권종(Gwon-Jong Yu),김준태(Jun-Tae Kim) 대한전기학회 2010 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2010 No.7

Recently photovoltaic markets in the world have been expanded with the growing interests of renewable energy. One of main forces for the market is BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaic) applications. This market is still in the developing stage and few studies have been conducted on BIPV cases in Korea. Understanding the current practice of BIPV applications should be taken into account prior to the extension of the market. In this paper, we present the merits and demerits of BIPV installation cases in Korea and suggest the direction for PV applications into building envelope.

후면 유리 종류에 따른 G/G타입 BIPV 모듈의 계절별 특성분석

김하련(Kim Ha-Ryeon),권오은(Kwon Oh-Eun),강기환(Kang Gi-Hwan),유권종(Yu Gwon-Jong),김경수(Kim Kyung-Soo),김준태(Kim Jun-Tae) 한국태양에너지학회 2010 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.11

The purpose of this study is to analysis on the seasonal performance characteristics of glass-glass BIPV modules. In this study five types of semi-transparent glazing with PV modules, distinguished by the backside glass material, have been dealt with: clear glass, PVF(poly vinyl fluoride), bronze glass, low-e glass, and reflecting glass. The analysis of monitoring data shows that the PV module temperature was closely related to the solar radiation on the PV module surface, and the glass type used at the backside also had an effect on the PV module temperature that in turn determines its thermal performance.

스펜드럴부 적용 BIPV 모듈의 열 특성 분석

김하련(Kim, Ha-Ryeon),김진희(Kim, Jin-Hee),강기환(Kang, Gi-Hwan),유권종(Yu, Gwon-Jong),김준태(Kim, Jun-Tae) 한국태양에너지학회 2011 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.11

Recently,thecases of BIPV(Building-integrated Photovoltaic) have been increased with interest in renewable energy application for buildings. PV System in building can perform a variety of roles as an energy supplier, exterior materials, aesthetic element and etc. Toapply PV modulesin buildings,various factors should be considered,such as the installation angleand orientation of PV module, shading, and temperature.The temperature of PV modules that are attached to building surfaces especially is one of the most important factors, as it affects both the electrical efficiency of a PV module and the energy load in a building. BIPV modules designed as finished material for spandrels are presented in this paper. The purpose of this study is to analysis on the thermal performance characteristics of BIPV modules. This study dealt with different types of BIPV modules depending on the backside material, such as clear glass and backsheet. The analysis of monitoring data shows that thePV module temperature was closely related to the solar radiation on the BIPV module surface, and the BIPV used at the backside also had an effect on the PV module temperature that in turn determines its thermal performance.

제로에너지건물 사례를 통한 신재생에너지 적용현황 분석

김하련(Kim Ha-Ryeon),김진희(Kim Jin-Hee),김준태(Kim Jun-Tae) 한국태양에너지학회 2014 한국태양에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.3

곰소 염전 퇴적물에서의 체외효소 활성도

정다운,김하련,박효선,김혜선,양동우,김종관 한국미생물학회 2020 미생물학회지 Vol.56 No.2

Extracellular enzymes produced by microbes in hypersaline environments have been reported to possess a wide range of biocatalytic activities capable of functioning under the prevailing extreme conditions. To facilitate the industrial application of microbial enzymes sourced from extreme environments, we investigated the physiochemical properties and extracellular enzyme activities in solar saltern sediments. Our results indicate that high salinity induces an increase in the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which enhances the activities of cellulase, chitinase, and sulfatase by increasing the energy supplied to microbes. Therefore, enzymes and microbes that can be potentially used in future industrial applications was found in solar saltern. 고염분 환경에 서식하는 미생물들은 극한 환경에서도 유기물을 분해하기 위하여 다양한 형태의 체외효소를 만들어낸다. 특히 극한 환경에서 만들어진 효소들은 산업적으로 이용 가능성이 높기 때문에, 고염분 환경인 염전의 퇴적물에서 발생되는 체외효소 활성도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, 유기용존탄소의양과 염분 농도간의 강한 상관관계가 나타났으며, 미생물에 대한 용존유기탄소의 공급 증가는 Cellulase, Chitinase, Sulfatase 의 활성도를 증가시켰다. 따라서 향후 산업적 가치를 고려하였을 때, 고염분의 환경인 염전에서의 체외효소활성도에 대한이용과 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.