밤나무혹벌(Dryocosmus kuriphilus)의 기생천적 남색긴꼬리좀벌(Torymus geranii)에 관한 생물학

김철수,박일권,김종국,신상철,정영진,최광식,Kim, Chul-Su,Park, Il-Kwon,Kim, Jong-Kuk,Shin, Sang-Chul,Chung, Yeong-Jin,Choi, Kwang-Sik 한국응용곤충학회 2005 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.44 No.3

남색긴꼬리좀벌은 밤나무혹벌의 유충을 공격하는 외부기생성 천적으로 판명되었다. 남색긴꼬리좀벌의 수명은 꿀 원액을 공급한 경우 $20^{\circ}C$에서의 암컷성충 $42.8{\pm}9.8$일이었으며 아무것도 공급하지 않은 경우 $3.3{\pm}0.8$일이었다. 산란수는 $20^{\circ}C$에서 $22.3{\pm}12.5$개체, $25^{\circ}C$에서 $42.2{\pm}18.4$개체이었으며 산란초기에 다수 산란하는 경향을 보였다. 알은 장타원형으로 백색이며, 길이는 $0.56{\pm}0.33mm$ 이었고, 충방(gall chamber)당 1개의 알을 산란하나 중복하여 산란하는 경우도 관찰되었다. 유충은 백색이며 길이는 $2.94{\pm}0.18mm$이었고, 암컷 용의 길이는 $2.73{\pm}0.09mm$, 숫컷 용의 길이는 $2.01{\pm}0.18mm$로 암컷이 수컷에 비하여 컸다. 강원도 춘천지역에서는 년 2세대 발생했으며, 월동세대 성충발생기간은 5월 하순-6월 상순이었고 제1세대 성충발생기간은 6월 하순-7월 상순이었다. 경상남도 하동지역에서는 년 3세대 발생했으며, 월동세대 성충발생기간은 5월 중순-6월 상순, 제 1세대는 6월 하순-7월 상순, 제 2세대는 7월 하순-8월 상순이었다. Torymus geranii was found to be a ectoparasitoid attacking the larvae of Dryocosmus kuriphilus. T. geranii has longevity of a $42.8{\pm}9.8$ days at $20^{\circ}C$ and $26.5{\pm}11.0$ day at $25^{\circ}C$ under conditions supplied with 100% honeydew. Oviposition numbers at 20 and $25^{\circ}C$ were $22.3{\pm}12.5$ and $42.2{\pm}18.4$, respectively. The eggs were oval in shape, measuring $0.56{\pm}0.33$ mm in length. The larvae, $2.94{\pm}0.18mm$ in length, was white and length of male and female pupae were $2.01{\pm}0.18mm$ and $2.73{\pm}0.09mm$, respectively. T. geranii had two generations with overwintering generation emerged on late May to early June at Chunchon, central part of Korea, however showed three generations with overwintering generation emerged on middle May to early June, the first one on late June to early July, and the second one on late July to earlyl August.

밤나무품종에 따른 밤나무혹벌의 산란 선호성

김철수,박일권,김종국,박영석,신상철,정영진,최광식,전문장,Kim Chul-Su,Park Il-Kwon,Kim Jong-Kuk,Park Yeong-Suk,Shin Sang-Chul,Chung Yeong-Jin,Choi Kwang-Sik,Jeon Mun-Jang 한국응용곤충학회 2005 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.44 No.2

밤나무혹벌 산란동아수의 품종별 차이를 비교한 결과, 석추 및 다압에서 가장 적었고 전체적으로 신초의 하부로 갈수록 산란동아수가 많았으며 특히, 옥광, 축파, 유마 에서 이러한 현상이 뚜렷하였다. 대부분의 품종에서 동아당 평균 1.0개 이상 다중 산란되었으며 신초하부의 경우 산란수가 재래종, 축파, 옥광, 평기에서는 3.0개 이상이었으며 석추와 다압은 1.0개 미만이었다. 산란동아별 난수는 모든 품종에서 상부의 동아에 산란된 난수가 가장 적었고, 하부의 동아에 많은 경향을 보였다. 신초하부의 경우 축파는 산란된 알이 평균 15개 이상으로 가장 많았던 반면, 다압은 한개 이하로 가장 적었다. 품종별 산란비율은 모든 품종에서 밤나무혹벌이 산란한 동아를 발견 할 수 있었으며, 재래종이 $83.8\%$로 가장 높았고, 축파와 유마에서는 각각 78.5와 $75.9\%$ 이상의 산란율을 나타내었다. The number of winter buds oviposited by Drycosmus kuriphilus against chestnut varieties was lower of Ishizuchi and Daap than that of Okkwang, Tsukuba and Arima. D. kuriphilus oviposited multiful eggs in each winter bud of most of the chestnut varieties tested. More than three eggs were oviposited on winter bud of lower shoot of native, Tsukuba, Okkwang and Pyounggi varieties. However, average laid eggs less than one were on winter buds of Tshizuchi and Daap. Number of eggs oviposited in winter bud on lower shoot was higher than those on upper one. More than 15 eggs were oviposited in Tsukuba, whereas one or less egg was oviposited in Daap. Rates of winter buds oviposited by D. kuriphilus in native, Arima and Tsukuba were 83.8, 78.5, and $75.9\%$, respectively.

느티나무벼룩바구미의 생물학적 특성 및 약제 살충 효과

김철수,김종국,신상철,최광식,전문장,박일권,Kim, Chul-Su,Kim, Jong-Kuk,Shin, Sang-Chul,Choi, Kwang-Sik,Jeon, Mun-Jang,Park, Il-Kwon 한국응용곤충학회 2006 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.45 No.2

본 연구는 최근 대량으로 발생하여 느티나무에 큰 피해를 주고 있는 느티나무벼룩바구미 (Rhynchaenus sanguinipes)의 생활사 및 발육단계별 형태특징을 조사하고 성충의 우화소장 등의 생태적 특성을 파악하여 효율적인 방제를 위한 기초자료를 작성하기 위해 수행되었다. 또한 몇 가지 약제를 공시하여 살충효과 조사를 통해 방제를 위한 기초자료를 수립하였다. 현재까지 느티나무벼룩바구미의 국내 기주식물로서 느티나무만 기재되었으나 본 조사에서 비술나무가 추가되었다. 느티나무벼룩바구미의 유충, 용, 성충의 체장은 각각 4.53$\pm$0.30 mm, 3.30$\pm$0.42 mm, 2.96$\pm$0.12 mm이었다. 월동성충의 출현 시기는 4월 상순부터 4월 하순까지 약 1개월 내외였으며, 신성충 우화기간은 5월 상순부터 5월 하순까지였다. 외부의 기온과 비슷한 20$\pm$에서의 용 발육기간은 약 7.2일이었으며 16$\pm$에서는 10일, 24$\pm$ 5.1일, 28$\pm$ 4.0일로서 기온이 상승함에 따라 발육속도가 빠르게 나타났으며 발육한계온도는 5.8$\pm$이었다. 천적종류는 기생성천적으로서 고치벌류 4종이 조사되었고, 4월 하순부터 우화하기 시작하여 6월 초순에 종료하였다. 페니트로치온, 인독사카브, 에토펜프록스 그리고 치아클로프리드의 느티나무벼룩바구미 성충에 대한 살충활성을 조사한 결과, 모든 약제가 90% 이상의 높은 살충율을 나타내었다. This study was carried out to clarify the biologies and morphological characteristics of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes. Also some chemicals were tested to screen the effective insecticide for the control of the species. Up to date, Zelkova serrata has been hewn as host plant of Rhynchaenus sanguinipes, which shows serious damage in this country. In the present study, Ulmus pumila was first found as host plant in this study. Body lengths of larvae, pupa and adult were 4.53$\pm$0.30 mm, 3.30$\pm$0.42 mm and 2.96$\pm$0.12 mm, respectively. The overwintered adult of the species emerged on early April to late April, and adult of nekt generation emerged on early May to late May, Pupal periods were 10, 7.2, 5.1 and 4 days on 16, 20, 24 and 28$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The lower developmental threshold temperature was 5.8$^{\circ}C$. Four braconid parasitoids were found as natural enemies, which emerged mainly on late April to early June. Insecticidal activities with treatments of fenitrothion 50% EC, indoxacarb 30% WG, ethofenprox 20% EC and thiacloprid 10% SC was investigated against adult of R. sanguinpes, and they showed >90% mortality.

버즘나무방페벌레의 약제방제(藥劑防除)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究)

김철수,박지두,변병호,박일권,채정석,Kim, Chul-Su,Park, Ji-Doo,Byun, Byung-Ho,Park, Il-Kwon,Chae, Chung-Suck 한국산림과학회 2000 한국산림과학회지 Vol.89 No.3

최근 버즘나무류에 문제가 되고 있는 버즘나무방패벌레 방제를 위한 약제시험을 수간주사방법을 이용하여 실시한 결과 모노포, 포스팜, 이미다크로프리드, 치아메톡삼 및 아세타미프리드 처리에서 각각 99.6%, 88.9%, 98.9%, 99.7%와 100%의 높은 살충율을 보였다. 수간주사한 약제의 약효지속성을 조사한 결과 1개월 이상 경과한 약제처리 잎에 공시충을 접종하여도 높은 치사율을 보여 본 해충의 생태특성상 년간 2-3회 이상에 걸쳐 방제해야 되는 수관살포법에 반해 수간주사법은 1회 처리로 방제가 가능하기 때문에 방제인력을 절감할 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 수간주사 시 적용할 수 있는 경급별 적정약량 기준표 작성을 위해 흉고직경 크기에 따라 $1.0m{\ell}/DBH\;cm$, $1.5m{\ell}/DBH\;cm$, $2.0m{\ell}/DBH\;cm$의 약량을 수간주입한 결과 흉고직경 20cm 이하에서는 DBH cm당 $1.0m{\ell}$의 약량으로 95% 이상의 살충효과를 얻을 수 있었으나, 30-50cm에서는 $1.5-2.5m{\ell}$의 약량을 필요로 하였으며 50cm 이상의 대경목에서는 그 이상의 약량이 소요되었다. 한편 버즘나무방패벌레 수관살포약제 선발을 위하여 성충과 약충이 동시 가해하는 6월 하순에 3개 약종에 대한 엽면살포시험을 실시한 결과 에토펜프록스 20%EC, 에토펜프록스 10%WP, 할로스린 1%EC 처리에서 99% 이상의 높은 방제효과를 보였다. For the control of Corythucha ciliata, the insecticidal activity of five commercial pesticides (Monocrotophos 25%SL, Phosphamidon 50%SL, Imidacloprid 20%DC, Thiamethoxam 15%DC and Acetamiprid 20%SL) were examined with trunk injection method in Seoul, Sanbon and Chungju. The insecticidal activity of five commercial pesticides was >88%. The insecticidal activity of Monocrotophos maintained 31 days later after trunk injection when treated leaves were supplied to this pest. This result indicates that one application of trunk injection is enough to control this pest, and this method can save the control cost compared with ground application which should be applied two or three times per year to control this pest. To make the model of treatment dosage at each D.B.H class (cm), $1.0m{\ell}/DBH$, $1.5m{\ell}/DBH$ and $2.0m{\ell}/DBH$ pesticide dosage was used. At <20cm, the insecticidal activity of $1.0m{\ell}$ dosage was >95%, and $1.5-2.5m{\ell}$ dosage was needed for the effective control at 30~50cm. More than $2.5m{\ell}$ dosage was effective at >50cm. Spray method was used in laboratory to select pesticides for ground application. Three commercial pesticides (Ethofenprox 20%EC, Ethofenprox 10%WP and Cyfluthrin 1%EC) were used, and all pesticides showed >95% insecticidal activity.

가속수명시험을 통한 철도차량용 제동표시기 적정교체수명주기 평가

김철수(Kim Chul-Su),신명진(Shin Myoung-Jin),박민흥(Park Min-Heung),최덕호(Choi Deuck-Ho) 한국철도학회 2009 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

The rolling stock life define period from making stock to scraping and for normal condition continuing operate preventive maintenance that is considering life cycle of decided component's life and breakdown maintenance that is replacing after components broke. For the preventive maintenance must be compute life of component and replacement interval for minimum cost of the maintenance. Therfore this paper introduces evaluating method that is the replacement interval of rolling stock using Accelerated life test.

가상문서에서 정형데이터 지원을 위한 스키마처리기와 질의링크 생성기

김철수(Chul-Su Kim),강지훈(Ji-Hoon Kang),강민구(Min-Gu Kang) 한국정보과학회 2002 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.29 No.1B

XML을 기반으로 하는 가상문서는 다양한 데이터의 공유를 가능하게 하여 새로운 지식을 생성할 수 있도록 한다. 가상 문서를 지원하는 디지털 도서관 시스템에서 질의 링크는 인터넷 상의 정형데이터 공유를 가능하게 한다. 본 연구에서는 질의링크를 포함하는 XML 기반 가상문서를 효과적으로 생성하기 위해 질의링크 생성기와 스키마 처리기를 설계하고 구현하였으며 이를 지원하기 위해 디지털 도서관 시스템과 가상문서 저작시스템에서 서비스 관리기, 메타 검색기, 데이터베이스 관리기와 저작도구를 확장하였다.

혼합모드 하중하에서 레일강 가스압접부의 피로균열진전거동

김철수(Chul-Su KIM),손경주(Kyoung-Ju SOHN),강기원(Ki-Won KANG),김정규(Jllng-KYu KIM) 대한기계학회 2002 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2002 No.5

In this study, the growth behavior of the transverse crack, which was the most dangerous damage among the various types of rail defects, was investigated under mode I and mixed mode loadings in a gas pressure welded part of rail steel. For the mixed mode, the fatigue crack growth behavior was discussed using comparative stress intensity factor ranges ΔKv proposed by Richard. In addition, in order to evaluate the effect of the crock closure quantitatively, the cack opening lond P?? was determined using clip-on gage and computerized image processing system. As a results of this, mixed mode crack growth rate da/dN regardless or the stress ratio could he correlated with the effective comparative stress intensity ractor ranges ΔK?? derived from P??.

곡선부 주행시 궤간 가변 잠금부품들의 피로해석

김철수(Chul-Su Kim),안승호(Seung-Ho Ahn),정광우(Kwang-Woo Chung),장승호(Chung Seung-Ho),김정규(Jung-Kyu Kim) 한국철도학회 2006 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

The gauge - adjustable wheelset system in the transcontinental railway represents a more effective way in comparison with other techniques for overcoming difference in track gauges. Moreover, freight trains having the gauge - adjustable wheelsets will be run various curved tracks of Eurasian railroad network such as TKT, TCR and TSR. Therefore, to assure the safety of the gauge - adjustable adjustment wheelset system, it is necessary to evaluate durability of locking parts in the system during freight trains" service in the curved track. In this study, it was performed to estimate fatigue life of locking parts under lateral wheel pressure by using durability simulator.

철도차량 감속기의 내구성 해석

김철수(Chul-Su Kim),안승호(Seung-Ho Ahn),정광우(Kwang-Woo Chung),전영석(Young-Suk Cheon),박춘수(Choon-Soo Park),김상수(Sang-Su Kim) 한국철도학회 2010 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.10

한국헌법상의 사회복지정책

김철수(Kim, Chul Su) 사회복지법제학회 2011 사회복지법제연구 Vol.2 No.1

Fiscal crisis led by the enlargement of social welfare has been the key issue all over the world. In Korea, politicians have been advocated with different welfare svstems; universal welfare vs. selective welfare, ideal maximum welfare vs. feasible welfare and radical welfare vs. gradial progressive welfare. Preamble of Korean Constitution ensures security, liberty and happiness for us and posterity forever . Article 10 of Korean Constitution confirms that all citizens shall be assured of human worth and dignity and have the right to pursue happiness . Article 34 of Korean Constitution confirms that all citizens shall be entitled to a life worthy of human beings . Therefore, Korean Constitution guarantees the right to pursue happiness and to live a life worth of human beings. Korean Constitution with regard to social security includes the following omponents; the promotion of the welfare and rights of women (Article 34 Section 3); the welfare of senior citizens and the young (Article 34 Section 4); the protection of citizens who are incapable of earning a livelihood due to a physical disability, disease, old age or other reasons (Article 34 Section 5); the prevention of disasters (Article 34 Section 6); the right to live in a healthy and pleasant environment (Article 35 Section 1); the assurance for all citizens to live in a comfortable housing (Article 35 Section 3); the guarantee in regard to the marriage and family life (Article 36 Section 1); the right in respect of the health (Article 36 Section 3). A lot of social welfare acts are implemented on the delegation by the Constitution and Social Security Act. According to the Constitution, social security is the right of all citizens. On the other hand, the beneficiary is limited based on acts. Meanwhile, convergence between universal and selective welfare is needed. Korean social security regime has focused on not ideal full coverage but realistic minimum life. Maximum welfare cannot be attained based on the reality. Korean Law means not the maximum security but the minimum security by public assistance. Radical welfare implementation could lead to fiscal crisis. The constitution mainly imposes on the state with regard to the social security obligation (Article 34). As Social Security is the obligation not only by the state but also local authorities, family and citizens, Social Security should be implemented altogether. Major companies and employees should endeavor to the elimination of the different wages between the regular employees and non-regular employees. Like Northern Europe, advanced welfare states, job sharing or work sharing should be introduced. Citizens should not think that benefits of social welfare are free. People should not be deceived by populist politics which have proposed maximal welfare benefits. Excessive welfare policy over the national financial capability can lead to the financial catastrophe. Even if the constitution is revised, the national financial strength should be secured.