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김찬동(Chan-Dong Kim),서윤정(Yun-Jung Seo) 서울연구원 2012 서울연구원 정책과제연구보고서 Vol.- No.-
This study aims to show the significance of neighborhood community rebuilding movement, which is represented by neighborhood community movement, and to suggest tasks and prerequisites for the success of the citizen autonomy. Rebuilding community, in the process of discussion among local residents with a sense of solidarity and reciprocity, can improve the grass-root democracy and recover the true function of citizen autonomy. Community is a group of members who collaborate with reciprocity based on shared understanding and norms. Autonomy is a part of self-governance, and addresses common issues together through organizations and institution. Participation is a critical factor on both community and autonomy. This study is planned based on the literature review and the results of advisory meeting, and suggests theoretical background of neighborhood community and citizen autonomy, and finally, analyzes several practical cases of neighborhood communities by 4 development stages. The development stage of community can be divided as followsㆍThe first stage is the facilitating participation, the second stage is the preserving community identity, the third stage is the semi-citizen autonomy (interaction and investment), and finally, the fourth stage is semi-group autonomy (including the representative function). Since the function of neighborhood community may depend on the level of participation, facilitating citizen participation can be a solution for rebuilding neighborhood community. The external support using tacit knowledge cumulated by civic organizations is an important factor as well. Civic organizations should have an intermediary role in that supporting process by monitoring resident’s demands continuously and developing their ability. Professionals are needed for arranging and systemizing resident’s demands using technical terms and sentences. Furthermore, the good public participatory community building will be realized by that professionals educate residents and assist them to be a field professional. Public administration should provide plenty of chances for residents to meet together, and support those meetings. That is, administrative officers and staff should not appear in the limelight, but should establish the foundation of easy public participation. The public-private partnership is the most important factor in community building project.
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관람객 연구의 새로운 도전: 로스 루미스(Ross Loomis)의 방법론을 중심으로
김찬동(Kim Chan Dong) 한국예술경영학회 2003 예술경영연구 Vol.3 No.-
Nowadays audience study is one of the major subjects in the fields of museology. By developing in social and cultural situation, a lot of methods and theories in audience study have been suggested as like anthropological, sociological, phychological, educational method and so on. Now new methods and researches adapted to and applied to each given ones also appeared. This article aims to introduce and research the Ross Loomis’ model, which was payed intensive attentions nowadays by many experts in the field of audience study in the worlds. Through that we can have a chance to get the informations about the sources of audience study and we also find the important way to develop the research in Korean museology. His model gets a very specific feature by summing up and analysing the pre-researches and products. His model is also constructed with three kinds of dimensions matching with demographics and psychographics resources, which influences audiences and their situations to flexible. He renewed his past model by adapting various new researches. He also referred to lots of theories of his colleagues. Ross Loomis cook two ways to develop his researching. Fist, he introduces the narrative models which summarize the fundamental consideration in planning for audience involvement. Secondly, he reported about many latest products in the field of audience studies. His model is made with three dimensions; visitor commitment dimension, visit process dimension, visitor outcomes dimension. It is also constructed with demographics resources and Psychographies resources adapted to each of three dimensions. He develops his model by various of the outputs in the audience research, and he proposes the tasks of the audience research in the future. By increasing the number of the audience-based spaces, it is suggested that Museums should be innovative space of audience-based organizations. According to changing economic situation and social conditions, past functions of a museum as collection or researching artcraft can not help satisfying audiences’ various needs. Museums could not compete with other museums. If various audience research can not be made, museums would be confronted with the threat of closing. Because of that reason, audiences studies have been researched abundantly, however as Loomis reported, the majority of them are depending on conceptual ideas, static frameworks and boring statistics. Even though it is a developed model, it is not efficient because openly the view point of the research depends on the single dimension. As the circumstances and conditions of museums are changing rapidly, the needs and trends of audiences will be complex and we can not understand them sufficiently. Visitor commitment dimension, visit process dimension, visitor outcomes dimension. As Loomis suggested, It is also constructed with demographics resources and Psychographies resources adapted to each three dimensions give us the perspective that we can insight that audiences and audience-based spaces must be consider the economical, social, pychological situations. This give us big challenges comparing with unflexible framework in the past.
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김찬동 ( Chan Dong Kim ),김정욱 ( Jung Wook Kim ),박은철 ( Eun Cheol Park ) 서울시정개발연구원 2010 연구보고서 Vol.2010 No.26
Community and local autonomy vitalization have been widely discussed so far. It is needed to consider local autonomy in apartment complex due to the large number of apartment complexes in Seoul. However, Seoul Metropolitan Government has not interfered in the management of every apartment complex except public housing. As a result, there has been lots of collusion, fraud and corruption by homeowners representative associations in the process of the management so far. Therefore, most of all, these problems should be solved before implementation of local autonomy. This research focuses on improving the publicness of apartment complex management for implementation of local autonomy in apartment complex areas. First of all, the apartment complex management on Housing Act should be improved as follows; First, the homeowners representative association should be replaced with the management association in which every homeowner can participate, in order to guarantee maximum participants. Second, the public authority should guide and superintend to improve the reserve fund and the plan for long-term repairs. Also, it is needed to give some incentives and make the minimum standard for the reserve fund rate. Third, it is necessary to make residents have a sense of community and an eagerness to participate by developing appropriate programs for a specific apartment complex and reforming the conditions to be welfare facilities. Secondly, to assess what is the best practice of apartment complex management should be focused on livelihood management and community vitalization. To be specific, operation management index should be composed of transparency and democracy. Facility management should be evaluated in way of protecting residents` properties and decreasing social cost. Livelihood management and community vitalization index should consist of the establishment of communal order, community involvement activities, community service activities, and co-production. Thirdly, it is a precondition to ensure publicness and community vitalization in the apartment complex management before conducting citizen autonomy in apartment complex area. It is needed to approach by stages. In the present stage, it is required to normalize apartment complex management. In this stage, the public authority should improve the system, provide information, and educate residents and apartment office staffs to normalize the apartment complex management. The next stage is the community vitalization. In this stage, the local government should reform an ordinance, develop human resources, set up organizations for community vitalization, deliver the best practices of management, and support facility management. The final stage is the community vitalization and collaboration between a local society and an apartment complex. While the autonomy in the apartment complex management should be enhanced, local government should support the apartment complex which does not enter the stage of community vitalization and collaborate on local issues with the management organizations of apartment complex. In the long run, the organization which is involved both the apartment complex management and citizen autonomy should be established. Also, it is necessary to revise Local Autonomy Act to allow more autonomy in apartment complex areas.
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김대석,권이균,장찬동,Kim, Dae-Suk,Kwon, Yi-Kyun,Chang, Chan-Dong 대한자원환경지질학회 2011 자원환경지질 Vol.44 No.1
Extra heavy oil reservoirs are distributed over the world but most of them is deposited in the northern part of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, in the area of 5,500 $km^2$, This region, which has been commonly called "the Orinoco Oil Belt", contains estimated 1.3 trillion barrels of original oil-in-place and 250 billion barrels of established reserves. The Venezuela extra heavy oil has an API gravity of less than 10 degree and in situ viscosity of 5,000 cP at reservoir condition. Although the presence of extra heavy oil in the Orinoco Oil Belt has been initially reported in the 1930's, the commercial development using in situ cold production started in the 1990's. The Orinoco heavy oil deposits are clustered into 4 development areas, Boyaco, Junin, Ayachoco, and Carabobo respectively, and they are subdivided into totally 31 production blocks. Nowadays, PDVSA (Petr$\'{o}$leos de Venzuela, S.A.) makes a development of each production block with the international oil companies from more than 20 countries forming a international joint-venture company. The Eastern Venezuela Basin, the Orinoco Oil Belt is included in, is one of the major oil-bearing sedimentary basins in Venezuela and is first formed as a passive margin basin by the Jurassic tectonic plate motion. The major source rock of heavy oil is the late Cretaceous calcareous shale in the central Eastern Venezuela Basin. Hydrocarbon materials migrated an average of 150 km up dip to the southern margin of the basin. During the migration, lighter fractions in the hydrocarbon were removed by biodegradation and the oil changed into heavy and/or extra heavy oil. Miocene Oficina Formation, the main extra heavy oil reservoir, is the unconsolidated sand and shale alternation formed in fluvial-estuarine environment and also has irregularly a large number of the Cenozoic faults induced by basin subsidence and tectonics. Because Oficina Formation has not only complex lithology distribution but also irregular geology structure, geological evolution and characteristics of the reservoirs have to be determined for economical production well design and effective oil recovery. This study introduces geological formation and evolution of the Venezuela extra heavy oil reservoirs and suggest their significant geological characteristics which are (1) thickness and geometry of reservoir pay sands, (2) continuity and thickness of mud beds, (3) geometry of faults, (4) depth and geothermal character of reservoir, (5) in-situ stress field of reservoir, and (6) chemical composition of extra heavy oil. Newly developed exploration techniques, such as 3-D seismic survey and LWD (logging while drilling), can be expected as powerful methods to recognize the geological reservoir characteristics in the Orinoco Oil Belt. 베네주엘라 중앙에 위치한 오리노코강을 따라 55,000 $km^2$의 면적에 동서로 길게 자리하는 오리노코 오일벨트에는 원시부존량이 약 1조 3천억 배럴, 가채매장량이 2,500억 배럴에 달하는 초중질유가 매장되어 있다. 베네주엘라 초중질유는 API 비중이 $10^{\circ}$ 이하이고, 점성도가 5,000 cP 정도로 무겁고 점성이 큰 탄화수소 자원이다. 오리노코 지역의 초중질유는 1930년대 최초로 보고되었지만, 이들의 상업적 개발은 1990년대에 이르러 비가열식 일차생산기법을 통해서 본격적으로 이루어지기 시작하였다. 오리노코 오일벨트는 초중질유 분포 양상에 의해 보야카, 주닌, 아야쿠초, 카라보보의 생산광구로 나누어지며, 이들은 모두 31개의 생산블럭으로 소분류된다. 현재 각 생산블럭은 베네주엘라 PDVSA와 외국계 기업의 합작 형태로 개발되고 있으며, 20개국 이상이 초중질유 개발 프로젝트에 참여하고 있다. 오리노코 오일벨트는 베네주엘라의 주요 석유분지 가운데 하나인 동베네주엘라 분지의 남쪽지역에 위치한다. 동베네주엘라 분지는 쥬라기 판 분화에 의해 형성되기 시작한 수동형 대륙 주변부 분지로 그 면적은 약 120,000 $km^2$이다. 동베네주엘라 분지에서 백악기 말에 형성된 석회질 셰일은 초중질유의 주요 근원암이다. 분지 내 탄화수소는 북쪽에서 남쪽으로 평균 150 km를 이동하면서 생분해작용을 거쳤으며, 이로 인해 점성과 비중이 높은 초중질유를 분지 남쪽 경계부인 오리노코 지역에 형성하였다. 주요 초중질유 저류층인 마이오세 오피시나층은 하성-에스츄어리 퇴적환경에서 발달한 미고결 사질 및 이질이 교호하는 퇴적체이다. 또한 오피시나층은 판의 운동에 의한 압축작용과 분지침강에 의해 형성된 다수의 신생대 단층이 분포하여 복잡한 저류층 지질 특성을 나타낸다. 불균질한 저류층 암상 분포와 복잡한 지질 구조의 저류층에서 경제적인 생산정의 설계와 효율적인 초중질유 회수를 위해서는 초중질유 저류층의 발달 과정과 그로 인한 지질학적 특성에 대한 심도 깊은 이해가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 오리노코 초중질유 저류층에서 (1) 사질 저류층 두께 및 분포, (2) 이질 퇴적층의 분포, (3) 단층의 기하학적 분포, (4) 저류층 대상 심도 및 지열 특성, (5) 저류층 지중 응력상태, (6) 초중질유의 화학적 조성 등을 초중질유 생산성에 상대적으로 큰 영향을 미치는 주요한 지질학적 특성으로 주목하였다. 이러한 오리노코 지역의 지질학적 특성들은 3차원 탄성파 탐사, 시추간 물리검층과 같은 최신 기술들을 통해 앞으로 보다 빠르고 정확하게 규명되어질 것으로 기대된다.
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김찬동 ( Chan Dong Kim ),이세구 ( Se Koo Rhee ),박성문 ( Seong Moon Park ) 서울시정개발연구원 2009 연구보고서 Vol.2009 No.51
The purposes of this study are to analyse the current conditions and to figure out the problems of Special Judicial Police (SJP) system of Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG), and to suggest the ideas to develop the future SJP. The SJP system in Korea has different historical background compared to foreign countries` SJPs. The SMG adopted the SJP system in 2008 in order to promote the civil safety in several areas as a citizen-centered administration. SMG plays the role to provide the necessary budgets to form the Division of Special Judicial Police while city`s 25 Autonomous Districts to dispatch the personnels to work with. The coverage of SJP includes food, juvenile delinquency, environmental pollution and hygiene. SJP has shown considerable performance so far through the investigation of such areas. However, there have been several difficulties for SJP to face with. First of all, the SJP officers who used to deal with the paperworks inside offices experience the difficulty of executing criminal investigation. There have been insufficient budget and instruments for criminal investigation. Moreover, the Division has experienced the difficulties in personnel and organization management together with the lack of expertise in criminal investigation for the officers. Whereas three to five year experience of investigation would lead the officers to become expertise in general, they have experienced the circulation personnel management system which usually results to less than three year work with the division. The rate of citizens` recognition of SJP is very low as 17%. But, so long as they recognize the SJP in SMG, their satisfaction for SJP is quite high as 57%. Also, they have felt the necessity of SJP strongly as 65%. The exact expression of SJP in SMG would be the comprehensive SJP which means any officers are in charge of whole areas of SJP while current officer has dealt with any specific area of SJP. Although SJP has already been existed in autonomous districts before SMG organized the division in the city, mayors of autonomous districts who are elected through public elections have a tendency not to utilize the SJP system because of popularity. However, mayor of SMG has a responsibility for public safety in Seoul metropolitan area. Thus the SJP division has been organized as a part of a city government to deal with the problems arised. The administrative problems of comprehensive SJP are as follows. First, while the officers are assigned to the division of SMG, they are evaluated for the promotion and other personnel management in their original organizations, that is autonomous districts. Second, there are insufficient budgets for the investigation and following activities. Third, there are lack of the systematical education and training to reinforce the officers to become investigation expert. Therefore, there need to apply the unified personnel management system for the SJP officers between city and autonomous districts, to increase budget to support SJP activities, and to provide the necessary education and training. Also, the future steering of SJP would be important to the development of future local autonomy system. This study suggests several short-term strategies to develop SJP on the basis of current structure. But the mid-term strategies as autonomous districts` proper role are also proposed since the SJP service should be provided by the lower-level government, that is autonomous districts. The long-term development strategies are also proposed on the basis of introduction of autonomous police system in local government level. The SJP needs to cultivate investigation capability. The city government and autonomous district governments might have their own SJP organizations, and coordinate SJP activities.
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