분단의 비극서사, 간첩‘들’의 탄생

김정인(Kim Jeong-In) 한국사학회 2020 史學硏究 Vol.0 No.138

간첩은 그냥 간첩이어야 한다. 하지만 분단이라는 현실, 반공이라는 이념에 의해 우리 사회에서는 간첩에 붙은 수식어가 여럿 존재한다. 우리가 알고 있는 정석으로서의 간첩은 북한에서 남한으로 내려온 남파간첩이다. 간첩은 곧 남파간첩을 의미하는 줄만 알았는데 북파간첩도 있다는 사실이 널리 알려진 것은 1990년대 후반의 일이었다. 남파간첩이든, 북파간첩이든 그들은 실제로 간첩이었다. 하지만 간첩이 아닌데 간첩이라는 올가미에 걸려 삶이 무너지고 혹은 죽음에까지 이른 이들이 있으니, 바로 ‘조작간첩’들이다. 법 위에 선 권력으로서 간첩을 조작해온 독재권력은 간첩의 생각도 개조할 수 있다며 남파간첩에게는 전향을 강요했다. 독재 권력이 무너지고 1987년 6월 항쟁으로 민주화 시대가 열린 이후에도 간첩이라는 주홍글씨의 힘은 쉽사리 사라지지 않았다. 정보기관이 간첩을 조작하는 악습도 박근혜 정부까지 이어졌다. 그리고 지금 여기, 서울의 광화문 광장에서 극우세력들은 대통령마저 ‘간첩’이라며 자신들과 생각이 다른 세력을 종북좌파이자 간첩이라고 주장하고 있다. 이처럼 분단국가인 한국에서는 보편 개념으로서의 간첩을 포함해 다양한 형태의 간첩‘들’이 존재한다. 나와 다르면 ‘간첩’이라는 배제 논리가 지금도 극우세력에 의해 작동되고 있다. Even though spies are just spies, there are many types of spies in South Korea due to the reality of the peninsula split in half, and the existence of powerful anti-Communist sentiments. The most common type of spies we often talk and hear have been spies from North Korea infiltrating the South Korean society. On the other hand, spies of nature the other way around was only made known in the latter half of the 1990s. In the end, either North Korean spies or South, they were all real spies. At the same time, there have also been people who were not spies yet were accused to be, and were consequently deprived of their normal life and even their own lives. These were the so-called ‘Framed as spies.’ Dictatorial powers of South Korea, which considered themselves to be above the law, have created spies out of innocent people and at the same time tried to ‘convert’ real spies infiltrating South as well. Even after the dictatorship ended and a new era of Democracy kicked in following the Struggle of June in 1987, the intelligence bodies’ practice of framing people as spies did not go away and continued even during the Park Geun-hye administration. The power of the reference itself also firmly remained as a Scarlet letter. Right now, there are far-right activists calling no other than the President of South Korea to be a spy at the Gwang’hwa-mun Square. They also call out any person who differs in opinion from them and label them as NK-following Leftists as well as treacherous spies. We can see that a divided region like the Korean peninsula can have a lot of types of spies. Most regretfully, a powerful logic of hatred which sees anyone different as a spy still prevails amongst ultra rightists.

종북프레임과 민주주의의 위기

김정인(Kim, Jeong-in) 한국역사연구회 2014 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.93

2013 was a year that not only marked the first year of the Park Geun-hye registration, but also witnessed the so-called ‘Following-North’ frame (in ideologial conflicts) taking shape and gaining influence. The primary function of this frame, is in fact not to energize the animosity against the North (North Korea) primarily, but to be used in attacking opponent political factions with the accusation that it is indeed helping the ‘enemy.’ From the standpoint of all conservative parties throughout the Korean society, any faction ‘following the North’ should be regarded essentially as an anti-ROK(Republic of Korea) element and should be crushed for that reason alone. This ‘Following-North’ frame continued to gain popularity thanks to the conservative press. The conservative faction of Korea will most surely continue to use this frame as much as it can, in order to consolidate its supporters and ‘warn’ the public of the instability of the North Korean Kim Jeong-eun regime. One thing is certain: As this frame continues to gain strength, the democracy will be increasingly threatened. This is a frame that is used to crush not only the enemy ‘outside’ as in desperate times like the Korean war, but also monitor, locate and oppress enemies ‘inside,’ even at the cost of breaching the integrity of law and proper procedures. It is indeed from a culture and atmosphere based upon a wartime sentiment. Efforts to secure human dignity, maintain autonomous control over one’s life, and restore social community should continue, in order for us to overcome the aforementioned offensive way of life, and restore unity and coexistence as the everyday way of life. This ‘Following-North’ frame, the epitome of hatred cultivated by war, conflict, dissension that continued for over 60 years, should be overcome in order for democracy to thrive once again.

한국 근대 여성사 연구의 변화 추이와 전망

김정인(Kim Jeong-in) 한국여성학회 2016 한국여성학 Vol.32 No.2

한국 근대 여성사 연구는 보완사, 공헌사, 젠더사의 단계를 거쳤으되, 아직은 공헌사 연구가 우세한 가운데 젠더사 연구가 차츰 확산되는 중에 있다. 한국 근대 여성사 연구에서는 여성 독립운동가에 주목하는 대중적 관심에 힘입어 공헌사 연구가 더욱 공고해지고 있다. 이처럼 역사 대중화의 방향은 공헌사의 입지가 더욱 굳어지는 쪽으로 나아가는 반면 역사 전문가, 특히 소장 여성 역사학자들은 여성의 삶을 주체적 관점에서 살피는 젠더사 연구에 힘쓰고 있다. 그러므로 오늘날 여성사 연구의 처지와 앞으로의 향배는 대중적 공헌사와 ‘전문적’ 젠더사의 공존 양상을 제대로 파악할 때 정확히 짚어낼 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 이와 같은 시각으로 한국 근대 여성사 연구를 한국 근대사 연구 동향과 맞물려 분석하고자 한다. 이를 통해 한국 근대 여성사 연구가 젠더사로서 역사학에서 제대로 자리매김하여 새로운 역사학을 개척하는 데 일조해야 함을 강조하고자 한다. Historical studies of Korean modern Women have evolved over the years, first from a form of compensatory history, then to a type of contribution history, and then again to a rather new approach, as a historical study concentrating upon the ‘Gender’ aspect of all women. Overall studies still arguably remain in the second phase, while more and more phase three studies are being announced. Historical studies of Korean modern women have been concentrating their focus upon women’s members of the Korean Independence movement, as they were the ones who were very popular in the eyes of today scholars and the public. So, historical studies that have been spawned as results of such popularity showed a tendency of emphasizing their “extraordinary contribution to the Cause.” Meanwhile, with popular demands leading these studies to this sort of direction, young women historians have been trying to view Korean modern women as individuals, as masters of their own lives, based upon a rather professional, gender historical perspective. Evaluation of past studies, and projection of prospects for future attempts, could be properly performed only when we acknowledge these two trends. Examined in this article are the historical studies of Korean modern women in the context of Korean modern history, in order to argue that the former should establish itself as an example of a gender historical study, so that it could pioneer a new academic area for scholars to study in the future.

『고등학교 국사』 및 『한국근 · 현대사』 교과서의 동아시아사 서술 분석

金正仁(Kim Jeong-In) 歷史敎育硏究會 2009 역사교육 Vol.110 No.-

In this article, the image and perception of the history of East Asia depicted in the 7th Educational curriculum textbooks such as "High School Korean History" and "Korean Modem and Contemporary History", and the historical interpretations regarding both China and Japan as well, are all examined. According to references made in those textbooks, until now we have educated the students that, in case of premodern history, there have been the civilized Chinese people, the barbaric tribes in the North, and the also barbaric japanese people in the South, while ourselves being the 'little' Jungbwa(中華) figure. Such education was based upon a perspective distinguishing the Civilized and the Barbarians, which served as a traditional sino-centric world view for a long time. And in case of the modern periods, that perspective distinguishing the Civilized and the Barbarians was replaced by Orientalism, Westernization=Modernization became the new barometer of determining whether oneself is enlightened or not, civilized or not. In such perspective, a view of the East Asia itself was lost. The traumatic experience of being occupied and colonized once, made us view the modem and contemporary history only from the perspective of 'ruling' & 'resisting', and consider adjacent countries always as a potential threat. In the educational curriculum revised in 2007, 'East Asian History' was selected as further-study' option for High school classes for the first time. The general stance behind this new 'East Asian History' basically emphasizes the necessity of teaching East Asian history to the students from the Koreans' point of view, yet it also refrains from adopting another biased perspective which would consider the Korean people and their interest above and before all else(a so-called Korean-centric view). Also, it aspires for an education of 'peace', which would mean and be realized by sharing historical understanding with a lot of countries and trying to resolve certain conflicts regarding historical facts and interpretation. Hopefully this education of 'East Asian History', which is based upon an image and perception of East Asian history that is arguably quite different from the one advocated and presented in previous history education classes, would contribute to the advent of a multi-racial, multi-cultural society where Koreans, East Asians and all the people around the globe would happily coexist and live together.

문화예술지원 거버넌스 분석

김정인(Jeong-in Kim) 한국문화정책학회 2014 문화정책 Vol.2 No.-

문화예술은 공적인 특성과 사적인 특성을 동시에 지니고 있기 때문에 문화예술지원의 주체에 대한 논의, 다시 말해 문화예술에 대한 지원이 정부 중심으로 이루어지는 것이 바람직한 것인지, 아니면 민간부문 즉 시장 중심으로 이루어지는 것이 바람직한 것인지에 대한 논의(예: 김정수, 2009; 김평수, 2010)는 문화예술지원에 있어서의 정부실패와 시장실패 관점에서 재고될 필요가 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 문화예술지원에 있어서의 주체가 공공부문이 되어야할지, 민간부문이 되어야할 지에 대해 논의하고, 어떠한 체계의 문화예술지원 거버넌스가 오늘날 문화 환경에 더욱 적합할 것인지를 살펴보고자 하였으며, 다양한 선행연구 및 언론보도 자료를 분석한 결과정부, 기업, 문화예술인(단체)은 수직적이고 폐쇄적인 관계에서 벗어나 상호균형을 유지할 수 있는 수평적이고 개방적인 네트워크를 형성해야 함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 위해서 본 연구에서는 한국메세나협회와 같은 비영리기관의 적극적인 중재 및 교환 역할이 필요하다고 제시하였다. Culture and arts have both public and private characteristics. Therefore, the discussion about the principal agent of the support for culture and arts needs to be reconsidered in terms of market failure as well as government failure(Kim, 2009; Kim, 2010). In this regard, this study examined which sector among public sector, private sector, and nonprofit sector is more appropriate to be the principal agent of the support for culture and arts. Based on the in-depth study utilizing various previous studies, news articles, etc. about the support system for culture and arts, the present study found that the creation of the open and horizontal networks should be preceded. Additionally, this study suggested that the critical role of nonprofit organizations, especially Korea Mecenat Association, is needed.

수도권 대기정책의 최근 동향과 기대효과

김정인(Jeong-in Kim),조승국(Seung-kuk Cho),김호석(Ho-seok Kim) 연세대학교 동서문제연구원 2006 동서연구 Vol.18 No.1

그동안 인구 집중과 급속한 경제발전으로 인해 수도권의 대기질이 OECD 국가 중 최하위 수준을 나타내고 있었다. 이로 인해 직간접적으로 유발되는 사회적 비용이 10조 육박하고 있으며 이러한 추세는 경제성장에 따라 더욱 악화될 것으로 전망되고 있다. 수도권 대기질 악화는 정부의 다양한 노력에도 불구하고 크게 개선되는 기미를 보이지 않고 있다. 가장 큰 원인으로 지적되는 것은그 동안 대기오염 조절정책의 기조를 차지 하고 있던 ‘배출허용기준’으로는 대기오염 총량 및 대기질 관리에 한계가 있다는 것이 었다. 이에 정부는 2003년과 2004년에 수도권 대기환경 개선에 관한 특별법과 시행 령/시행규칙을 공포하고 서울, 인천, 경기도등 수도권 지역 대기오염 배출을 선진국 수준으로 감축하는 대기질 개선 계획을 수립 하였다. 대기오염의 총량 제한을 기본 골격으로 하는 ‘수도권 대기환경 개선 특별법’의 시행은 수도권 지역의 대기환경 관리와 대기질 악화로 인한 사회경제적 피해를 줄이는데큰 기여를 할 것으로 기대되고 있다. 특별법에 의거하여 2005년에서 수립된 「수도권 대기환경관리 기본계획」은 2005년부턴 2014 년까지 서울, 인천, 경기도(일부 지역 제외) 를 대상지역으로 미세먼지와 이산화질소 오염도를 선진국 수준으로 개선하는 것을 목적으로 수립되었다. 본 연구는 수도권 1-3종 사업장 중에서약 80%를 차지하는 448개 제조업 사업장을 대상으로 특별법의 도입으로 인한 지역별, 오염물질별 배출량 변화와 이로 인한 사회적 비용의 변화를 분석하였다. The deterioration of urban air quality resulting from rapid urbanisation, increased vehicular transport, and industrial production is the most serious challenges for sustainable development in Korea. Air related risks such as particulate air pollution in major cities and others causing serious health concerns, including respiratory and cardiovascular problems, have called for immediate and strong corrective actions to be taken. The Ministry of Environment has introduced practical measures to achieving clean air to protect the public’s health and the environment in Seoul Metropolitan area. The Special Measures for Metropolitan Air Quality Improvement has launched an ambitious policy program that aims to maintain healthy air quality by controlling total regional emissions. This paper provides an in-depth assessment of the measures in industrial sector emissions of NOx, SOx and PM10. The assessment result shows that the Measures will reduce social damages by $770 million during 2002-14.

동아시아 역사의 기억전시교육 한국사 연구와 교육의 시민화 경로로서의 동아시아사

김정인 ( Jeong In Kim ) 수선사학회 2014 史林 Vol.0 No.47

The history of East Asia became an issue in the process of scholars` pursuit of historical studies for ‘Citizens,’ as well as ‘historical education for citizens.’ Historical studies continued to evolve ever since, and what is becoming increasingly apparent is that studies of the history of Korea as well as general education of it both trapped in the confines of Nationalism would most likely cause unintended distortion of historical facts and the truth behind them. Only by trying to figure out the history of Korea in the context of East Asian history, and expanding our perspective for us to be able to view the history of Korea as a part of a bigger world, we would be able to pursue and find out what really happened throughout the history of this country. The identity of the people of East Asia today is determined (at least in appearance) by their status as part of individual nationalized countries and not their status as part of the East Asian community. The former is their identity today, and the latter might be the one that should be pursued in the future. In this age of global history, the history of Korea should be examined and studied in the context of the East Asian history as well as the history of the entire world. The Korean historical studies and historical education of it should contribute to the Korean people`s development of an identity of their own as East Asian citizens.

2009개정교육과정에 따른 고등학교 "한국사"와 "동아시아사" 교과서를 통해 본 영토교육의 현황과 과제

김정인 ( Jeong In Kim ) 수선사학회 2015 史林 Vol.0 No.52

Examined in this article are eight types of High School Korean History Textbooks, as well as three types of High School East Asian History Textbooks, which were all commissioned and published in 2014 according to the Revised Education System of 2009. Analyzed here in particular are references to certain ‘territorial issues,’ in order to determine how the history of borders and territories are described in these textbooks, and how they are usually discussed nowadays. With such determination, I would like to raise some points that would concern the direction education of such histories should take in the future. Personally, it feels relevant to ask what kind of new challenges are being thrown at the historical education community, in a day and age when education of those subjects are being reinforced. Coming into the 21st century, historical education of territories and boundaries continued to be reinforced substantially. In both Korean History and East Asian History highschool textbooks, the amount of paragraphs and chapters dedicated to the description of such histories definitely increased. But the overall tone and nuance displayed by all these textbooks turn out to be more of the same. They do not reflect diverse perspectives from academic differences as much as they reflect state-sanctioned materials for educating territorial and boundary histories.The most primary objective of today’s territory education, which shows a long history being led by the government, and had maintained the issue surrounding Dok-do island as its centerpiece, was the preservation of the territory of the Republic of Korea. In the future, such objective has to be overcome. We should set a new goal that transcends all that. There should be more than one goal that could be pursued by us. The Korean realm of life should be preserved, but a new, forward-looking kind of relationship should be established between Korea and Japan, and theKorean people should keep training themselves on their way to becoming true guardians of democratic values. These goals will often put us on contradictory paths, but a compromise should be out there, somewhere. Historical education of territories and boundaries should be able to serve ultimately as a tool to educate people the merit of peace. And the academic community should not shy away from throwing hard questions, and responding to them in kind.

미용서비스업 종사자의 업무형태에 따른 직무만족도에 관한 연구

김정인 ( Jeong-in Kim ),김성남 ( Sung-nam Kim ) 한국미용예술경영학회 2007 미용예술경영연구 Vol.1 No.2

The beauty industry representative of service industry is that morale itself of beauty salon employees, who should provide their service from direct contact with customs, plays a decisive role in the success and failure of management. The management of human resources in beauty salon is therefore raised as an important issue to improve the quality of providing service and customer satisfaction. More efficient, scientific and systematic management for the staff has to be therefore realized in the beauty industry of high dependence on human resources by inquiring into the relation of staff's job satisfaction factor based on beauty service employees’ service type. For this, it made a survey of the effect of beauty service industry employees' service type on the job satisfaction through a preliminary survey. And it made an analysis of the collected data with statistics package. The results of this study were as follows: First, factor analysis of 36 questions about job satisfaction showed that 8 factors(supervision of higher-up and executive, company's policy and management, wage level, promotion and self-development, relation between colleagues, welfare, working conditions and service burden, and sense of belonging) are led. And it gave the name of factor based on the central concept of questions. Second, it showed that job satisfaction by service type is a significant difference in the supervision of higher-up and executive, company's policy and management, wage level, promotion and self-development, relation between colleagues, welfare, working conditions and service burden, and sense of belonging, for the class of one's position, year of continuous service, service hour, service day, size of shop, number of employee and monthly average income. Consequently, it should continuously conduct a study for the personnel management of beauty industry in the future, and it is in need of lasting concern and study for employees of beauty service industry to provide efficient motivation and environment suitable.

아프리카의 기후변화 대응역량 구축을 위한 CDM 활용 가능성

임효숙(Yim Hyo-Sook),김정인(Kim Jeong-In),김재진(Kim Jae-Jin) 한국아프리카학회 2009 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.29 No.-

In the processing of Kyoto protocol, Africa is facing several issues such as low income, lack of information for negotiation, political instability, and few professional persons in the negotiation process. However, many African people are working in the agricultural sector and has experiencing natural disaster and need to change life style to preserve the nature. Therefore, Africa is more venerable to climate change. In order to respond to these situations, Africa need green growth approaches for the protection of environment and at the same time increase economic growth. Among the options, CDM(Clean Development Mechanism) project and REDD projects show effective strategies. Future prospect of CDM is promising until 2008-2011 based on the regions. However, Africa had 30 numbers out of total 1569 number as of April 2009. In order to induce foreign investment from abroad, we canthinking about several options. Firstly, ODA (Official Development Aid) is one of emerging issues for the financial support, especially forestry area. In the after Kyoto protocol, credit from ODA should be discussed in the international negotiation. Secondly, technical transfer in africa should be more cost effective and economically effective. Namely, forestry management, water resource conservation, renewable energy areas will be based on these ides. Thirdly, education is very important factor to respond to climate change. Lastly, beneficiary pays principles (BPP) could be applied in Africa for the protection of forestry since forestry resources are good source of sinking asa public good, for the GHGs. Therefore, the other developed countries need to pay direct subsidy for them for the sake of safe Earth.