김환기의 근대기 작품에 나타난 체험과 감각

김인아(Kim In-ah) 한국근현대미술사학회 2015 한국근현대미술사학 Vol.29 No.-

It is prevalent opinion that Kim Whan?ki from the 1930s to the early 1940s was an abstract artist. As well known, Kim had strong ties with the avant-garde communities of Japan when he was a student there as well as when back to Korea while producing abstract works. Kim later formed a neorealism community with Yoo Youngkuk and Lee KyuSang, where he seeked the ‘Neo-Reality’. He also reflected his interest in korean tradition and antiques in his work while having made an exchange with artists, poets, and writers who had worked through ‘Munjang’ that is literature magazine. That much of the academic literature on Kim’s paintings from this period have been focused on abstract and avant-garde art and orientalism may be a natural consequence of his historical trajectory as the above. As the advanced researches tell, Kim Whan?ki’s interest is not the departure from an object but the way ‘abstractifying’ an object, while pursuing the abstract art. This study also begins from the premise that the key element necessary for interpreting Kim’s abstract art is the way rather than the concept. I would like to go even a step further to argue that the form and content of the abstract in Kim’s work reflect the artist’s personal experiences and emotional sensations. And I’ll argue that such personal experiences-which exist on the outskirts of Kim’s abstract art-are imbued with a kind of romanticism. To illuminate these points, I analyze the abstract features of Kim’s work that appear as geometrical designs in conjunction with the social atmosphere of the era, and also interpret the artist’s personal experiences reflected in the work through references to articles, photographs, and related written works published in the literary magazines of the day. I attempt to show that Kim Whan-ki’s painting which abstractly portrayed the city and machines-symbols of the most cutting-edge elements of civilization- are not simply a matter of style but concrete expressions of the artist’s existential interpretations of nature, life, and modern civilization. It may seem unusual for an artist who interprets the world through the lens of existentialism to pursue such an abstract style. However, at that time, this is not unusual. This is because the avant-garde discourse in those days was developed in each artist’s personal understanding. The experiences of the 1930s that appear in Kim’s work were personal and everyday experiences of modern civilization, and this is why his artwork includes hints at the modernist emotional connection with urban life. Kim’s nostalgia for the modern lifestyle he experienced during his student years in Tokyo occasionally appears as a landscape that is in turn representational or contemplative. These approach is similar to imagism in literature. Kim Gi-rim, a leading Korean modernist poet, defines poetry as the expression of not the mental but the “real” world in writing. Similarly, Kim Whan?ki’s work is an expression of reality as created through the artist’s memories and experiences.

역사 속 재일조선인 의료와 복지의 한계 : 현재의 코로나19 속 상황에서 1920년대 전반 오사카방면위원회의 존재적 한계 보기

김인덕(Kim, In-Duck)(金仁德) 한일민족문제학회 2021 한일민족문제연구 Vol.40 No.-

現在地球はコロナ19の危機の中にある。こうした危機は本質的であり、我々の暮らしの現像的側面に対する部分的、臨時的、外面的収集策では絶対克服できないという事実を感知しなければならない。公害と感染、自然の破壊、そして伝染病の伝染につながる現像は、韓国の社会が自然環境であるという側面の本質的制限である。このような問題は個人の次元ではなく社会的、ひいては地球的次元のことと、歴史的、特に哲学的論議は切實といえる。歴史の中で見ると、伝染病と社会福祉は国家と資料の問題のみにの位置づけにはならない。特に在日朝鮮人にとって社会福祉は外傷的に存在したと見える。歴史的に見ると、国家と資料を統制しなければ、破局の道を歩んでしまった記録が多く存在する。とりわけ軍国主義日本がこれを示す代表的存在と思う。生は死を前に提議するときに本源的意味があるといえる。こんな人間は構造の中の日常を生きてゆく。在日朝鮮人にとってその世界は単純構造ではなく、集團的統制の中で共同体構成員として生きていったのである。彼らにとって日常は罪の悪に思えるかもしれない。渡港した在日朝鮮人は、都市の下位社会に編入された。彼らは部落民と同等な水尊であるか、これを下回る困難層として存在した。彼ら在日本人の暮らしは始まりからトラウマだった。日常で彼らが安全な居住空間を確認保するのは絶代容易ではなかった。すると、在日朝鮮人は社会福祉の対象で在らなければならなかった。 しかし、方面委員会を通して大阪府の社会福祉事業は、朝鮮の人々を構造的かつ本質的に差別し、社会福祉の名前は無実であった。結局、在日朝鮮人は、社会福祉と医療の死角地に存在しなければならいた。このように、日帝は帝國の構造の中で、植民主義を被壓迫狀態の植民地民に制して日本社会の中在日朝鮮人を福祉以外の空間に位置づけていった。どうやら、大阪府の方面委員会は、その実とすることができる。在日朝鮮人は対象化されている中で、統制の対象として存在した。この研究は、日常の医療と福祉の植民地的限界と、統制構造の反人道と危險性を指摘するための小さな試みです。 Currently, the Earth is in the midst of a crisis of covid-19. We must recognize that such a crisis can never be overcome by a partial, temporary, or external remedy for the phenomenon aspects of our lives in nature. The phenomenon that leads to pollution, contamination, destruction of nature, and the creation of infectious diseases are another pattern of intrinsic limitations that our society is deviating from. Such a problem is not at the individual level, but at the social and even global level, and historical and especially philosophical discussions are urgently needed. In history, infectious diseases and social welfare do not result only in problems of state and capital. In particular, social welfare seems to have been traumatic for Koreans in Japan. Historically, if the state and capital are not controlled, there are many records that have led to a catastrophe. In particular, I think militaristic Japan is a representative of this. Life can be said to strengthen its original meaning when it presupposes death. Such a human being lives his daily life in a structure. For Koreans living in Japan, the world was not just a structure but a member of a community under collective control. For them, daily life may have been considered a sin. Korean residents in Japan were incorporated into lower-class urban communities. They existed as poor people who were equal to or below the level of the villagers. The lives of these Koreans in Japan have been traumatized from the beginning. It was never easy for them to secure a stable living space in their daily lives. Then, Koreans in Japan should have existed as an object of social welfare. However, the Osaka government’s social welfare project through a welfare committee has structured and essentially discriminated against Koreans from Japan. The name of social welfare was a nameless one. In the end, Koreans in Japan had to exist in blind spots of social welfare and medical care. As above, Japan forced colonialism to the oppressed colonists in the structure of the empire and established itself in a space other than welfare for Korean residents in Japanese society. In a way, the Osaka Prefecturel welfare Committee is the very essence. Korean residents in Japan were subject to control while being targeted. This study is a small attempt to point out the colonial limitations of everyday health care and well-being and the anti-humanity and risks of the control structure.

재배년수에 따른 삼백초(三白草)의 생육형질간 상관관계

김인재(In Jae Kim),남상영(Sang Young Nam),김민자(Min Ja Kim),윤태(Tae Yun),김홍식(Hong Sig Kim),정승근(Seung Keun Jong) 한국자원식물학회 2006 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.19 No.2

삼백초의 지상부 생육은 1년에서 2년차의 생육은 증가 폭이 컸으나, 2년에서 3년차의 생육은 감소하거나 부진하였다. 1년차에서는 소식일수록 생육이 양호하였으나, 3년생은 밀식할수록 차이가 없거나 감소하였다. 단위면적당 엽수와 경수는 재배년수가 경과하고 밀식할수록 많았다. 경엽(莖葉) 수량이 1년생은 밀식에서, 2년생은 40×10cm에서, 3년생은 40×20cm에서 가장 많았다. 근경중(根莖重)은 1년생에서 2년생은 중량의 증가폭이 켰으나, 2년생에서 3년생은 증가 폭이 둔화되었다. 재식거리간 근경중은 년차 간 고도의 유의성이 있었으며, 경엽중에 비해 매우 높았다. The growth of stem and leaves in Saururus chinensis. in the 2nd year was markedly increased comparing to that in the 1st year, however the growth in the 3rd you was not increased significantly. The growth in the 1st yew was greater in low planting density, while the growth in the 3rd year decreased in higher planting densities. The num- ber of leaves and stems per unit area increased in higher planting densities and later years. The weight of stem and leaves in Saururus chinensis was higher at the highest planting density in the 1st yew, at 40×10cm planting in the 2nd year and at 40×20cm planting in the 3rd year. The weight of rhizome in Saururus chinensis increased greatly in the 2nd you comparing to that in the 1st year, but the increase was insignificant in the 3rd year. The weight of rhizomes in Saururus chinensis showed significant interaction between planting densities and years showed highly significant difference.

인권에 관한 법제 · 정책 개선의 성과와 과제

김인재(金仁在, In Jae Kim),이발래(李發來, Bal Rae Lee) 한국공법학회 2006 공법연구 Vol.35 No.2-2

국가인권위원회(이하 '위원회'라 함)는 인권에 관한 법령, 제도, 정책 및 관행 등의 개선에 관한 권고와 의견표명을 통하여 지난 5년간 인권보호가 정부 정책의 수립 및 집행과정에서 주요 가치 및 평가지표로 뿌리내릴 수 있도록 노력하였다. 위원회의 권고나 의견표명은 고전적인 자유권 문제, 사회권 문제, 사회적 소수자를 비롯한 다양한 영역에 걸친 인권문제를 모두 포괄하고 있다. 국가보안법 , 사회보호법 및 사형제도, 인권 NAP 권고안, 차별금지법 제정 권고안 등 사회적으로 민감하고 높은 관심을 불러일으키는 주제에 대하여 권고나 연구·조사가 이루어졌다. 이는 위원회가 우리 사회의 인권 문제 전반에 대하여 폭넓은 관섬과 노력을 기울여 우리 사회의 인권 보호와 증진이라는 설립목적을음 충실히 수행하였음을 보여준다. 다만, 폭증하는 주요 인권정책 현안의 처리가 지연됨에 따라 시의성을 상실한 경우도 있었으며, 피권고기관의 권고불이행으로 권고의 실효성 문제가 지적되기도 하였다. 또 대부분의 권고 및 의견표명이 위원회 내부 기획에 의한 정책검토 보다는 외부요청(의견조회 등)에 의하여 행해졌으며, 특정 분야 또는 대상에 대한 계획적·종합적·지속적 개업보다는 계기적·부분적·일회적 정책권고가 행해졌다. 따라서 정책엽무 수행에서 전략적 기획에 의한 선택과 집중 및 사회권 관련 권고 개발이 미흡할 수밖에 없었다. 또한 위원회가 법안에 대하여 의견을 표명하는 경우에도 개별 조문에 대한 의견을 제시하는 선에서 그치거나 법률주의적 관점이 지배적이라는 것과 진정사건의 침해구제에 치우쳐 있었으며, 현재의 법제와 관행에서 인권침해적 요소를 찾아내고 시정하려는 노력은 상대적으로 미약했다는 위원회 외부의 비판이 있었다. 이에 위원회는 위원회법이 요구하는 인권 보호와 증진이라는 설립목적올 달성하가 위하여 사회적 약자 및 소수자의 권리증진을 위한 사회권 관련 정책개발음 동하여 인권영역을 확장하고, 국제 인권가준의 국내 적용을 위한 기반을 구축하고, 인권현안에 대한 대응능력을 제고하는 방향으로 추진될 필요가 있다. 위원회가 국제적인 수준의 인권기구가 되가 위해서는 수동적인 진정사건의 해결이나 법령 검토에 만족해서는 안되고, 인권 현안에 대하여 적극적이고 능동적으로 대응해야 하며 인권에 관계된 법령·제도의 개선에 신속한 대책을 강구해야 한다. The National Human Rights Commission of Korea (NHRCK) has submitted recommendations and expressed opinions on reforming human rights legislation, policies and general practice during the past five years in an effort to establish human rights protection as fundamental criteria of values and evaluation in processes of developing and enforcing government policies. NHRCK recommendations and opinions cover all human rights issues from diverse fields includingissues regarding classical civil rights, social rights and social minorities. Recommendations, research and investigations were conducted on socially sensitive issues or of high public interest such as national security law, social surveillance law, capital punishment system and, recommendations of the roadmap of National Action Plan on human rights. These illustrate NHRCK determination in the mandate to protect and promote human rights in our society by devoting its efforts and broad interest in the length and breadth of human rights issues of our society. Occasionally, due to the delay in response to escalating issues on current human rights policy, integrity was at stake andin other occasIOns, failure to comply withthe recommendation by the recommendee-institution was regarded as a problem in optimizing the effectiveness of recommendations. Also, as the majority of recommendations and opinions are made upon external requests (i.e. inquiry, etc) rather than policy revision based on the internal planning agenda, policy recommendations are opportunistic, partial and isolated rather than considered as planned, comprehensive and continuous interventions. Consequently, in the process of policy-making, choices and motivation based on strategic planning and, recommendations concerning social rights have no alternative but to be inadequate. Furthennore, in regards to cases where NHRCK expresses its opinion about bills, there has been external criticism that the opinion is limited at the point of a particular provision or, it is the case that the perspective of legal principles dominates and the opinion tends to lean towards the remedies of violation complaint cases. Hence, efforts to identify characteristics of human rights violation in the current legal system and general practice and, reform them are relatively weak. Accordingly, in order to carry out the mandate to protect and promote human rights as stipulated in the National Human Rights Commission Act, it is necessary that NHRCK works towards extending the scope of human rights by developing policies concerning social rights in favor of socially underpriviledged and minorities; establishing a framework to integrate international human rights standards as part of domestic jurisprudence and improving its capacity to countermeasure current human rights situations. For NHRCK to become a National Institution of international recognition, it must not be satisfied by passive remedies of complaint cases and revisions of laws but must respond to current human rights issues actively and enthusiastically and, must examine immediate measures regarding the improvement of legislation related to human rights.

헤테로토피아로서의 기카이가지마 섬

김인아 ( In A Kim ) 한국비교문학회 2015 比較文學 Vol.0 No.65

헤테로토피아는 명백하게 실존하는 공간이며, 그 공간 안에 공존할 수 없는 공간성이 공존함으로서 오는 불확실성과 모호성, 혼종성을 지니고 있는 공간이다. 이 공간에서의 시간의 흐름은 외부의 시간의 흐름을 받지 않으며 이를 헤테로크로니아라고 이야기한다. 본고에서 다루는 기카이가지마 섬은 분명 실존하는 섬이나 그 정확한 위치와 역할에 대해서 대립되는 공간성을 지니고 있으며, 이러한 모습이 13세기의 서사 문학인 『헤이케모노가타리』를 비롯하여 20세기에 재생산된 현대 희곡, 단편 소설에서 다양한 공간성으로 변용되어 표현되었다. 본고에서는 이러한 기카이가지마 섬의 불확실성과 모호성을 헤테로토피아로서 판단하고 역사적 사료, 서사작품 속에서 어떠한 모습을 그리고 있는지를 파악하고자 한다. 공간성의 변화는 시간의 흐름과 밀접한 관계를 지니고 있다. 특히 헤테로토피아는 일반적인 시간의 흐름과는 무관하게 그 공간만이 지니고 있는 시간의 흐름의 속도에 따라서 소멸과 생성을 반복한다고 보았다. 기카이가지마 섬은 13세기에서 20세기의 시간의 흐름을 사이에 두고 문학작품 속에서 여러 가지 모습으로 등장한다. 그 속에서 섬은 같은 공간이면서도 전혀 다르고, 12개의 섬이기도 하고 하나의 섬이기도 하는 대립적이고 복합적인 양상을 보인다. 섬은 작품 내부의 시간의 흐름에도 영향을 받는다. 각 작품 속에서 시간의 흐름의 어떤 목적과 의미를 지니고 사용되었는가에 따라 섬의 모습은 또 변화한다. 본고에서는 섬의 역할, 위치, 역사 자료와 서사 문학 속에서 공간성의 차이, 작품의 내부와 외부의 시간의 흐름이 지니는 역할 등을 바탕으로 하여 기카이가지마 섬을 헤테로크로니아를 지니고 있는 헤테로토피아로 보았다. 공간성의 인식과 파악은 자신이 서 있는 위치에 따라서 결정된다. 기카이가지마 섬을 ‘貴’로 인식한 것이 유황을 팔던 상인들의 시가이라고 한다면, 13세기의 『헤이케모노가타리』에 등장하는 ‘鬼’의 기카이가지마 섬은 교토에 사는 귀족들의 인식에 의한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 또한 1920년 발표된 구라타 하쿠조의 현대 희곡 『슌칸』과 1921년 기쿠치 간의 단편소설 『슌칸』, 1922년 아쿠타가와 류노스케의 『슌칸』에서는 각각의 작가가 무엇을 중심으로 기카이가지마 섬을 인식하였는가에 따른 문제라고 볼 수 있다. 기카이가지마 섬은 시대의 흐름과 작품의 주체가 누구이며 무엇을 중심으로 인식하고 있는가에 따라서 변화한다. 본고에서는 그러한 섬의 특징을 헤테로토피아로 설명한다. The heterotopia is clearly the existence of space, by spatiality can not coexist in this space comes uncertainty and ambiguity, a space with a hybridity. The passage of time in the space is not affected by external time is referred to as hetero chromia. This Island and has a spacious covered in this paper is as opposed to the island and its exact location and role clear to the existence and This transformation is produced back in the 13th century epic 『Heike Monogatari』 and 20th centuries, the modern plays, short stories from a variety of spacious represented. I judge the uncertainty and ambiguity of these islands as heterotopia, and will determine what kind of look in the annals of history, narrative works. Change of spatiality is close to the flow of time. Particularly heterotopia repeats the creation and termination, depending on the speed of the flow of time in the flow of a typical time and is independent of its space has only. The island has appeared in a number of different aspects in the literature across the passage of time in the 20th century from the 13th century. The island is different from that in the same space, yet at all, and 12 islands, and also seems to conflict and complex aspects of one of the island too. The island is also affected by the passage of time inside the work. Depending on the shape of the island has been used for any purpose and meaning of the passage of time in each work in is changing again. I serve on the island, location, historical data, and the difference between spatiality in the narrative, based on the role having internal and external to the work flow of the time saw the island as a heterotopia, which has a hetero chromia. The recognition and understanding of spatiality is determined based on their location. The islands ``precious`` It is the time of the sulfur recognized as a trader who sold the island appeared to ``spirit`` in the 13th century, 『Heike Monogatari』 is due to the recognition of the nobility lived in Kyoto. In addition to Kurata Hyakuzo’s also announced contemporary plays 『syunkan』, short stories between 1920 『syunkan』 1921 Kikuchi’s 『syunkan』, and the Akutagawa Ryunosuke’s 『syunkan』 of 1922 can be seen as a problem according to recognized the island as a center of what each artist. Gikaigazima Island covered in this paper is who is the subject of the age of the flow of work and vary depending on whether the focused and aware of what to look at these aspects as Heterotopia.

한국 청소년에서 치아우식증 고위험군의 우식양상

김인자 ( In Ja Kim ),주현정 ( Hyun Jeong Ju ),이선호 ( Sun Ho Lee ),나자영 ( Ja Young Na ),오효원 ( Hyo Won Oh ),이흥수 ( Heung Soo Lee ) 대한구강보건학회 2016 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.40 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of dental caries in a high-risk group of Korean adolescents. Methods: Raw data on 10,542 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 15 years from the 2012 Korean National Oral Health Survey was used. The subjects were divided into a high caries risk group and non-high caries risk group for analysis. For the statistical analyses, we utilized a frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, and a multidimensional scaling analysis. Results: The pattern of dental caries in the high caries risk group were divided into six classifications for 12-year-olds and five for 15-year-olds, including the mandibular first molar occlusal surface (Cluster 1). In the high caries risk group, the frequency of Cluster 1 was approximately 4-times higher in 12-yearolds than that in the non-high caries risk group of Cluster 1, and about 3-times higher in 15-year-olds. The multidimensional scaling analysis found that in the high caries risk group, the same types of tooth surfaces formed separate groups. The prevalent dental caries pattern of 12-year-olds in the high caries risk group was left-right symmetry, while in the 15-year-olds of the high caries risk group, the caries pattern also included the antagonistic teeth, along with left-right symmetry. However, the non-high caries risk group had a pattern of left-right symmetry only in the 15-year-olds. Conclusions: When dental caries occur in the first molar, there is a high possibility of being classified into the high caries risk group. Therefore, preventative measures should focus on the antagonistic teeth and the teeth on the opposite side.

상한론탕제(傷寒論湯劑)에서 대황(大黃) 1일 복용량과 추출법

김인락 ( In-rak Kim ) 대한본초학회 2016 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to assume the size of sliced piece, daily dose and extracting Method of Rhubarb in Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. Methods : I contrast results of recent studies with assuming results based on original text of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases. Results : Daily dose was 6, 4 or 2 Ryang in case of cutting Rhubarb in bean-size. These prescriptions were decocted with water or sinked in boiled water. Another daily doses were large baduk-piece size 6 units and baduk-piece size 6 units in case of cutting Rhubarb in size bigger than bean. The former was used in adding to the Jisilchijasi-tang in case of constipation, the latter was used in Sihogayonggolmoryeo-tang and Jeodang-tang. The size of large baduk-piece was 2.32 cm in width, 4.64 cm in length, 4.3 g in weight, and the length and weight of baduk-piece was half of that was. Two sizes of Rhubarbs were sunk in water for 12 hours. After decocting the other ingredients, mixed Rhubarb extraction and Rhubarb, and then boiled it for 1 minute. Conclusions : From this study, daily dose of Rhubarb was 6, 4 or 2 Ryang and the 6 pieces of large baduk-piece or baduk-piece are respectively 4 or 2 Ryang. The extracting methods was decocting, sinking in boiled water for short time, sinking in water for long time and then mixing these with other decocted solution.

1923년 관동대지진 조선인학살 사건이 재일한인 사회에 주는 현재적 의미-민단과 총련의 주요 역사교재와 ꡔ민단신문ꡕ의 기사를 중심으로-

김인덕(Kim, In-duck) 한일민족문제학회 2017 한일민족문제연구 Vol.33 No.-

This paper was written to identify current response of Mindan in terms of Great Kanto earthquake in 1923 and its massacre of Korean residents in Japan. To verify this, the author made certain that of Mindan’s textbook and counterpart of General Association of Korean Residents in Japan’s narrative attitude. Especially, the author examined stream of history textbook of Korean residents in Japan preferentially. Summing up the contexts, textbook of General Association of Korean Residents in Japan could have been considered as North Korea textbook but which is partially right and wrong. On the other hand, Mindan’s narrated in thematic on ‘History of Korean resident in Japan’. In particular, description of post-war period, it has limitation of historic facts in various point of views. Also, the textbook didn’t’ testify number of Korean victims and references. For example, it estimated five to six thousands of the dead but there were no mention of Koreans’ action on massacre. However, General Association of Korean Residents in Japan depicted the reason of massacre was the false propaganda by military, police, repressing association to Korean and described the places of massacre as well; Kametido in Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba, Saitama, and Kunma- around 6,600 people were killed. Not only Korean but many of Chinese and Japanese socialist were also murdered by Japan according to textbook of General Assocation. The author looked into Mindan’s reaction on massacre by last ten years of ‘Mindan Newspaper’ from 2003 to 2013. They had been commemorated this genocide by ceremonies, seminars, lectures, and exhibitions. They actively noted on their textbook. Tokyo and its area were the main locations to do those events and even nationwide were held as well but joint project with Japanese experts, regional investigation, and on the spot survey weren’t there. The society of Korean residents in Japan has been trying to commemorate Korean massacre in 1923 during Great Kanto earthquake for a long time. Including Mindan & General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, many of scholars and activists were actively there.

고리중쇠관절 관통 나사못 고정술을 위한 중쇠뼈잘룩의 형태학적 계측

김인구(In Gu Kim),이지용(Ji Yong Lee),강호석(Ho Suck Kang),박희전(Heui Jeon Park),조병필(Byung Pil Cho) 대한해부학회 2006 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.39 No.1

고리중쇠관절 관통 나사못 고정술(atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation)시 합병증을 최소화하기 위해서는 중쇠뼈의 해부학, 특히 중쇠뼈잘룩(axial isthmus)의 크기와 각도에 대한 시술전 평가가 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 중쇠뼈잘룩의 너비와 높이를 계측하고, 이상적인 나사못 삽입각을 산출하여 한국인에 대한 고리중쇠관절 관통 나사못 고정술 시 유용한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 재료는 평균 나이 60.5세의 한국 성인 시신에서 추출한 57개(남성, 36; 여성, 21)의 마른 중쇠뼈를 사용하였다. 중쇠뼈잘룩의 너비 및 높이는 밀림자를 이용하여 측정하였다. 이상적인 나사못 삽입각은 아래관절면 (inferior facet) 뒤안쪽끝(postero-medial end)에서 위가쪽으로 각각 2 mm, 3mm 떨어진 삽입점과 잘룩의 중앙부위에 찍은 두 점을 연결한 선과 정중곁시상선 사이의 각으로 설정하였다. 중쇠뼈잘룩의 평균 너비는 오른쪽에서 8.14mm(남성, 8.42mm 여성, 7.86 mm), 왼쪽에서 8.46mm(남성, 8.80mm 여성, 8.12 mm)였으며, 남성에서는 8.61 mm, 여성에서는 7.99mm로 나타났으나 각각의 차이가 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 중쇠뼈잘룩의 평균 높이는 오른쪽에서 7.17mm(남성, 7.49mm 여성, 6.84 mm), 왼쪽에서 7.43mm(남성, 7.90mm 여성, 6.96 mm)였고, 남성에서는 7.69 mm, 여성에서는 6.90mm로 조사되었으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 너비에 있어서 수술위험군의 빈도는 오른쪽에서 3.5% (2개), 왼쪽에서 1.8% (1개)였고, 높이의 경우에는 수술위험군의 빈도가 오른쪽에서 8.8% (5개), 왼쪽에서 7.0% (4개)에 달하였다. 이상적인 나사못 삽입각은 남성에서 오른쪽이 평균 5.6˚, 왼쪽이 4.4˚였고, 여성에서는 오른쪽이 평균 4.7˚, 왼쪽이 5.5˚로 측정되었으나, 남∙녀 및 왼쪽∙오른쪽 모두에서 삽입각의 변이가 매우 심한 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 통해 고리중쇠관절 관통 나사못 고정술의 합병증을 최소화하기 위해서는 시술전 검사를 시행하여 중쇠뼈잘룩의 너비 뿐 아니라 높이와 삽입각에 대한 계측이 반드시 필요하다고 생각한다. Pre-operative evaluation of the anatomy of the axis, such as the size and angle of the axial isthmus, is very important to minimize complications in atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation. To provide basic data useful for atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation in Korean, the width and height of the axial isthmus as well as ideal insertion angle of the screw were measured in this study. Fifty seven (male, 36; female, 21) dried axes obtained from Korean adult cadavers, 60.5 years old in average, were used. The shortest distance in the width and height of the axial isthmus was measured at the level of transverse foramen by using Vernier calliper. The ideal screw insertion angle was set up as an angle between a parasagittal line and the line passing through the center of the isthmus and screw insertion point which is located 2 mm lateral to and 3 mm superior to the posteromedial end of the inferior articular surface of the axis. The mean width of the axial isthmus was 8.14 mm (8.42 mm in male; 7.86 mm in female) in the right and 8.46 mm (8.80 mm in male; 8.12 mm in female) in the left side, and 8.61 mm in male and 7.99 mm in female. Although the width of the axial isthmus was slightly greater in the left and in male, there was no significant difference between both sides or sexes. The mean height of the axial isthmus was 7.17 mm (7.49 mm in male; 6.84 mm in female) in the right and 7.43 mm (7.90 mm in male; 6.96 mm in female) in the left side, and 7.69 mm in male and 6.90 mm in female. However there was no significant difference between both sides or sexes, as like in the width. In the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation, the axis with isthmus lesser than 5 mm in its width or height is regarded as risk group in general. The frequency of the risk group in the width was 3.5% (2 cases) in the right and 1.8% (1 case) in the left, while that in the height was 8.8% (5 cases) in the right and 7.0% (4 cases) in the left. The mean ideal insertion angle of the screw was 5.6˚, 4.4˚in the right and left side of male, and 4.7˚, 5.5˚in the right and left side of female respectively. However the insertion angle dispersed over a wide range between 0�~12�. In conclusion, measurement of the isthmus height and insertion angle, besides the isthmus width, should be involved in the pre-operative examination, to minimize complications during the atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation.

경기도 대부도 모래해변에 잔류하는 미세플라스틱의 계절별 분포특성

김인성 ( In Sung Kim ),김승규 ( Seung Kyu Kim ) 한국환경분석학회 2015 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.18 No.4

Seasonal variation in the abundance and distribution of microplastics (MPs) in beach sediments was investigated for the Daebu island, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Beach surface sediments were sampled at five stations along the high strandline of the island beach in July and November 2013 and March 2014 to represent the summer, winter, and spring seasons, respectively. Six sizes ranging from 0.3 to 5 mm were classified and seven types of polymers were determined using FT-IR. The abundances of microplastics were 8,776-891,844 particles/ m2 in summer, 4,628-17,724 particles/m2 in winter, and 13,784-100,196 particles/m2 in spring with a predominant contribution of expanded polystyrene (EPS) of >95% in all seasons. Distinct seasonal differences were exhibited in the MPs abundance (i.e., 6-26 times higher in summer) and spatial distribution pattern (i.e., higher at northern stations in summer with southerly winds but southern stations in winter with northerly winds). On the other hand, similarities in size distribution as well as polymer composition were observed among seasons and stations. Particularly, there were good correlations between EPS of fishery-activity origin and non-EPS of inland origin. In conclusion, well-mixed currents seem to cause spatial and temporal homogeneity in size and polymer distribution, while different wind directions with seasons were likely to generate differences in the MPs abundance with time and space in the beach. However, whether the distribution characteristics of MPs on the beach sediments were determined by the direct reflection of those in flooding seawaters or by the redistribution of deposited MPs is unclear. Further study is required to identify the major mechanism.