여백의 역설적 발언 -김종삼 시의 근저

김영미 ( Kim Young-mee ) 국제어문학회 ( 구 국제어문학연구회 ) 2013 국제어문 Vol.57 No.-

전쟁의 상흔과 기억 속에 김종삼의 시는 놓여 있다. 하지만 그는 이를 정확히 그리고 제대로 말할 수 없었다. 전쟁과의 밀착된 거리에서 벗어날 수 없었기 때문이다. 김종삼의 시쓰기는 전쟁의 광포한 폭력 앞에서 말더듬과 실어, 혹은 다른 말로 드러내기이다. 이런 이유로 그를 절제와 고전주의자, 혹은 유미주의자로 일컫는 학계 또는 문단의 지배적 논의에 대한 의문에서 본고는 시작한다. 김종삼의 시는 말하고 싶지만 말할 수 없는 것으로 가득 차 있다. 그 내적 동인은 전쟁으로 비롯된 세계에 대한 공포다. 그는 과작의 시인이었다. 작품의 길이도 대체로 짧으며, 작품의 양도 많지 않다. 침묵의 세계를 거느리고 있다. 이 침묵은 그의 시에서 여백으로 구체화되어 되어 드러난다. 김종삼 시는 최소한의 언어만 남겨둔 채 여백으로 차 있다. 밀집된 언어로 의미를 구축해 나가는 시가 아니다. 그리고 그 여백은 적막하다. 노장(老莊)이나 선(禪)의 고답적인 것과는 다르다. 그가 현실을 드러내는 데에는 공포와 무력의 정신적 실어증이 작용했던 것으로 보인다. 그러므로 김종삼은 말하지 않음(또는 못함)의 말함, 곧 `불언(不言)의 언(言)`의 세계에 갇혀 있었던 시인이다. 그러나 그의 시가 주는 감동은 불행한 시대와 대면해야 했던 그의 고통이 그의 배면으로부터 언어를 뚫고 스며나오고 있다. 말하지 못한 바들이 그의 시 이면에서 되살아나는 것이다. 대상 또는 세계에 대한 그의 거부는 공포를 낳았고, 그것의 조심스러운 세상과의 말걸기가 그의 시라는 점에서 그 아픔을 공유할 수 있다는 사실은 역사의 한 위안이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 측면에서 김종삼 시와 역사의 상관성 문제는 보다 면밀한 검토를 요한다. 하지만 그의 닫힌 언어는 그런 점에서 하나의 한계다. 그로 말미암아 왜소한 형식과 난해의 관문이 소통을 막고 있기 때문이다. Kim, Jong-sam`s poems are placed within the scars and memories of war. Kim, however, could not directly express this because he could not escape the war laden streets. Kim, in the context of outrages of war, expresses poetry as if to stutter or to experience language loss, or express his feelings with incongruent words. For such reasons, the academic and literary circles` predominant consensus is that Kim is a moderate, a classicist, or an aestheticist. I would like to begin my paper by raising skepticism towards such overwhelming consensus. Kim`s poems overflow with the desire to express what is unexpressable. Such inner chaos is rooted in the fear of the world which is generated by war. He was an un-prolific poet in that he did not produce many works and of the few most were short. He wandered in the land of silence. In his poetry, the silence is expressed as empty space. The poet was overly frugal with words. Words were replaced with empty spaces. They filled the places where words did not. The emptiness manifests as a desolate space. His is unlike that of Lao-tzu and Zhuangzi or Dhyana. He is not concerned with the transcendent. It seems that a psychological mutism towards fear and violence played a major part in Kim`s manifesting reality in his work. The poet was imprisoned in a world of not-speaking(or rather unable to speak), in other words in a world of speaking in silence. Nevertheless, the afflictions of an unfortunate era pours out from the depths of his soul in the language of poetry. The things he could not express directly comes alive from the hidden side of his work. The rejection of objects or the world created fear. His poems are apprehensive attempts at starting a conversation with the world he rejected. In this regard, readers are able to share the historic scars with the poet, providing solace for the broken past. On the other hand, however, his confined language is a barrier to his work. The short length and convoluted content of his poetry causes obstruction to communication.

안서의 시학과 일본 체험

김영미(Kim Young-mee) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.29

Anseo (Kim-uk) showed adventures and collapses in beginning modem Korean poems. The adventures was deeply related to experiences in Japan. To him, Japan was the space that he was able to meet three languages. This experience was cubic and dynamic. He experienced meeting with Korean, Japanese, and other languages(English, French, Esperanto etc.) in Japan. Japan was the space that many languages were mixed, and therefore diverse chemical reactions were able to happen with other languages. To Anseo, Japan was the space that eastern languages and western languages were crash with, and come into being. Anseo's poetic wandering was begin with the ross of established linguistic system. This was strengthened the external space, Japan. From experiences in Japan, Anseo was able to produce his poetics. But he was shown to accept poetic experiences in japan, and at the same time to get out of them. This was the very difficult process. This process means groping for poetic possibility of Korean. The pursuit of beauty in poetic language, female voice for it, and the attainment of music by rhythm were strengthened in Japan. Anseo's poetics got accomplished at the point of contact that was the reception and refusal though the external space. Thus he was able to leave many poems and poetic theories. They are meaningful up today. To Anseo, Japan was the space of despair and suffering for finding poetic language. In there eastern and western poems met with each other, a poet experienced the agony or delight together.

Expression of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in thymocytes during thymus regeneration

김영미,Hye Kyung Kim,Hyo Jin Kim,이희우,주성아,최범규,권병세,Bong-Seon Kim,Jae-Bong Kim,임영탁,윤식 생화학분자생물학회 2009 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.41 No.12

4-1BB, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor(TNFR) superfamily, is a major costimulatory receptorthat is rapidly expressed on the surface of CD4+ andCD8+ T cells after antigen- or mitogen-induced activation. The interaction of 4-1BB with 4-1BBL regulatesimmunity and promotes the survival and expansion ofactivated T cells. In this study, the expression of 4-1BBand 4-1BBL was examined during regeneration of themurine thymus following acute cyclophosphamideinducedinvolution. Four-color flow cytometry showedthat 4-1BB and 4-1BBL were present in the normal thymusand were preferentially expressed in the regeneratingthymus, mainly in CD4+CD8+ double-positive(DP) thymocytes. Furthermore, the CD4loCD8lo,CD4+CD8lo and CD4loCD8+ thymocyte subsets, representingstages of thymocyte differentiation intermediatebetween DP and single-positive (SP) thymocytes,also expressed 4-1BB and 4-1BBL during thymusregeneration but to a lesser degree. Interestingly,the 4-1BB and 4-1BBL positive cells among theCD4+CD8+ DP thymocytes present during thymus regenerationwere TCRhi and CD69+ unlike the correspondingcontrols. Moreover, the 4-1BB and 4-1BBLpositive cells among the intermediate subsets presentduring thymus regeneration also exhibited TCRhi/intand CD69+/int phenotypes, indicating that 4-1BB and4-1BBL are predominantly expressed by the positivelyselected population of the CD4+CD8+ DP and the intermediatethymocytes during thymus regeneration. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed the presenceand elevated levels of 4-1BB and 4-1BBL mRNAand protein in thymocytes during thymus regeneration. We also found that the interaction of 4-1BB with4-1BBL promoted thymocyte adhesion to thymic epithelialcells. Our results suggest that 4-1BB and4-1BBL participate in T lymphopoiesis associated withpositive selection during recovery from acute thymicinvolution.

Activation of Phospholipase D2 through Phosphorylation of Tyrosine-470 in Antigen-stimulated Mast Cells

김영미,Kim Young Mi Korean Society of Life Science 2005 생명과학회지 Vol.15 No.3

PLDI 활성화 기전은 여러 보고가 있으나 PLD2 활성화에 대한 기전은 아직 연구의 대상이다. RBL-2H3 비만세포에서 HA-PLD2의 인산화 가능한 타이로신 잔기를 점돌연변이 시킨 DNA플라즈미드를 이용하여 11번, 14번, 470번의 타이로신이 항원자극에 의해 인산화 됨을 알아냈고 특히 470번 타이로신의 인산화가 PLD2 활성화에 중요하다는 결과를 얻었다. The mechanism of activation of phospholipase D2 (PLD2) remains undefined although mechanisms have been described for the activation of PLDI. By expression of mutated forms of haemaglutinnin-tagged PLD2 in a mast cell (RBL-2H3) line, we show that PLD2 is phosphorylated at tyrosines -11, -14, and -470 and that tyrosine-470 is critical for activation of PLD2 by antigen. Studies were performed with mutated-DNA constructs for haemaglutinnin-tagged PLD2 in which codons for tyrosine -11, -14, -165, and -470 were mutated to phenylalanine either individually or collectively. Transient expression of these constructs showed that mutation of tyrosine -11, -14, -470, or all tyrosines (all-mutated PLD2) suppressed antigen-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PLD2 but only the tyrosine-470 mutant failed to be activated by antigen as assessed by in vitro assay of immunoprepitated PLD2 or by assay of PLD in intact cells. The critical role of tyrosine-470 was confirmed in studies with add-back mutants (phenylalanine back to tyrosine) of the all-mutated PLD. The findings provide the first description of a mechanism of activation of PLD2 in a physiological setting.

건측억제유도운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 손 기능과 일상생활능력에 미치는 영향

김영미,황윤태,박래준,Kim, Young-Mi,Hwang, Yoon-Tae,Park, Rae-Joon 대한물리치료학회 2005 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.17 No.4

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of constraint-induced movement therapy on the involved hand function and ADL in stroke patients. Five subjects with fixing unaffected arms by CIMT were assigned to the experimental patient group and the other five patients to control group without fixing unaffected arms. The function of hand for both groups were evaluated by using Jebsen-Taylor hand function test and ADL for both groups were evaluated by FIM(Functional Independence Measure) before and after task practice. In conclusion, results of this study showed that improved hand function and ADL by CIMT in stroke patients. We concluded that CIMT can improved the involved hand function and ADL in stroke patients.

창의융합역량향상을 위한 프로젝트 수업 모형개발

김영미,Kim, Youngmi 한국정보통신학회 2016 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.20 No.11

최근 역량중심교육이 강조되면서, 교육 현장에서 프로젝트수업이 활발하게 행해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 프로젝트를 기반으로 한 수업의 운영체계를 개발하는 연구를 진행하였다. 첫째, 모듈(교과목)과 연계하지 않고, 독립적인 프로젝트를 운영하는 방법, 둘째, 하나의 프로젝트에 단일 전공(학부) 내 모듈을 연계하여 운영하는 방법, 셋째, 하나의 프로젝트에 2개 이상의 전공 모듈을 연계하여 운영하는 방법을 제안하였다. 또한 프로젝트수업을 위한 도구를 제시하였다. 프로젝트 수업의 체계적 관리 및 개선을 통한 수업만족도 제고를 위해 프로젝트수업의 사전, 사후검사를 실시한 결과 프로젝트 수업은 창의적 인성과 문제해결 능력의 향상에 긍정적 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 수업에 대한 만족도가 1차 년도 대비 2차 년도에 7%향상되었다. 이에 따라 학생들의 학습 성과 달성률이 높아졌다는 평가가 도출되었다. As increasing the emphasis of competence-based learning, Project-base instruction is adopted more with frequency at the educational field. This study focuses on developing the methodology of project-based instructional system. The first one is to manage the project independently not to link with any module. The second one is to link a project to a module. And the third one is to link a project to the more than two major modules. Also It suggests the tool for project based instruction. Before & after class conducting the inspection for increasing satisfaction of instruction by the systematic management and improvement, the project base instruction shows the positive effect to promote the creative personality and problem solving ability. The contentment of the class increases 7% more at the 2nd year than the 1st. As a result, it can derive the evaluation of the pupils' higher achievement rate.

PRAM용 Cu-도핑된 Ge₈Sb₂Te₁₁ 박막의 특성

김영미,공헌,김병철,이현용,Kim, Yeong-Mi,Kong, Heon,Kim, Byung-Cheul,Lee, Hyun-Yong 한국전기전자재료학회 2019 전기전자재료학회논문지 Vol.32 No.5

In this work, we evaluated the structural, electrical and optical properties of $Ge_8Sb_2Te_{11}$ and Cu-doped $Ge_8Sb_2Te_{11}$ thin films prepared by rf-magnetron reactive sputtering. The 200-nm-thick deposited films were annealed in a range of $100{\sim}400^{\circ}C$ using a furnace in an $N_2$ atmosphere. The amorphous-to-crystalline phase changes of the thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis-IR spectrophotometry, a 4-point probe, and a source meter. A one-step phase transformation from amorphous to face-centered-cubic (fcc) and an increase of the crystallization temperature ($T_c$) was observed in the Cu-doped film, which indicates an enhanced thermal stability in the amorphous state. The difference in the optical energy band gap ($E_{op}$) between the amorphous and crystalline phases was relatively large, approximately 0.38~0.41 eV, which is beneficial for reducing the noise in the memory devices. The sheet resistance($R_s$) of the amorphous phase in the Cu-doped film was about 1.5 orders larger than that in undoped film. A large $R_s$ in the amorphous phase will reduce the programming current in the memory device. An increase of threshold voltage ($V_{th}$) was seen in the Cu-doped film, which implied a high thermal efficiency. This suggests that the Cu-doped $Ge_8Sb_2Te_{11}$ thin film is a good candidate for PRAM.

유기인계 및 카바메이트계 농약의 고감수성 아세틸콜린에스테라이즈의 대량생산

김영미,김소미,조문제,Kim, Young-Mee,K., Cho,Cho, Moon-Jae 한국응용생명화학회 2003 한국농화학회지 Vol.46 No.4

본 실험에서는 acetylcholinesterase(AChE, EC 3.1.1.7)를 이용한 간이 잔류농약 검사법에 필요한, 유기인계 및 카바메이트계 살충제에 대한 감수성이 증가된 AChE(MAChE)를 baculovirus를 이용하여 대량으로 생산하는 시스템을 구축하고 생산된 효소의 특성을 관찰하였다. 한라산에서 채취한 초파리에서 AChE의 cDNA를 합성한 후 PCR을 이용하여 AChE의 lipid anchor부분을 제거하고 site directed mutagenesis에 의해 E107Y, F368L, L408E의 염기서열을 변화시켜 재조합된 MAChE cDNA를 합성하였고 baculovirus vector에 삽입하여 대량생산을 시도하였다. 대량 증식에 필요한 조건으로 감염횟수가 네 번일 때, 그리고 세포수가 $2{\times}10^6$ cell/ml일 때 세포의 증식과 효소의 활성이 극대화됨을 알 수 있었다. His tag을 붙여 Ni-NTA affinity column을 이용하여 MAChE를 정제하였으며, 정제된 효소는 실험조건하에서는 pH(3-10)와 온도$(20-50^{\circ}C)$의 변화에 영향을 받지 않았다. 농약 추출액으로 methanol을 사용했을 때가 ethanol을 사용할 때 보다 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 대표적인 유기인계와 카바메이트계 농약에 대한 저해율을 조사한 결과 재조합된 MAChE는 대만의 집파리 및 변형되지 않은 AChE에 비하여 전반적으로 농약에 대한 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. For the simple rapid bioassay of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticide residues, a mass-production system of acetycholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7, MAChE) using baculovirus and insect cell culture was constructed. The cDNA for AChE was synthesized from Drosophila melanogaster in Halla Mountain, the lipid anchor tail was removed by PCR and was used for the site-directed mutagenesis of three amino acid residues (E107Y, F368L, L408F). The mutated cDNA was inserted into the baculovirus vector and expressed in insect cells. Maximum cell growth and enzyme activity were reached when the cells $(2{\times}10^6\;cell/ml)$ were infected four times at four-day-intervals. His-tag containing MAChE was purified using Ni-NTA column and used for characterization. The activity was maintained under various pHs (3-10) and temperatures $(20-50^{\circ}C)$ under experimental conditions. As an extraction solution for pesticides, methanol is more effective than ethanol. Against major organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, the MAChE showed better sensitivity than AChE and AChE from housefly (Taiwan).

자연과 함께 하는 곳, 충북 오창 한라비발디

김영미,Kim, Yeong-Mi 한국주택협회 2006 주택과 사람들 Vol.197 No.-

충북 오창의 한라비발디에 사는 김영미 주부는 요즘 들어 부쩍 행복감에 젖어든다고 한다. 오창지구 주변의 푸른 숲과 자연 환경 덕분에 자녀들의 정서적 안정에 도움이 된다는 그녀는 '이곳으로 이사오기 참 잘했다'는 생각에 뿌듯하다고 한다. 한국경제신문사가 선정하는 '2006년 상반기 주거문화대상'에서 종합대상을 받아 더욱 자부심을 느끼게 하는 오창 한라비발디에서의 라이프스타일을 엿보았다.

창래 리의 『원어민』과 숙이 킴의 『통역사』에 나타난 한국계 미국인의 정체성 문제

김영미 ( Young Mee Kim ) 한국현대영미소설학회 2006 현대영미소설 Vol.13 No.3