빈곤층의 사회경제적 특성과 빈곤 이행 : 경제위기 이후의 시기를 중심으로

구인회,Ku, In-Hoe 한국사회복지학회 2002 한국사회복지학 Vol.48 No.-

This study investigates the causes of poverty in Korea since the 1997 Economic Crisis by analyzing the composition and characteristics of the poor by the types of families. While the poor largely consisted of disadvantaged groups, such as the aged, the disabled, or the female-headed families before the Crisis, families headed by working-aged and non-disabled adults have represented a larger portion of the entire poor since the Crisis. The higher overall poverty rate in 1998 mainly resulted from the rapid increase in the number of the unemployed and the high poverty rate of their families. In 1999, the larger number of the unemployed poor exited from poverty by getting a job in the labor market, contributing to the reduction in the overall poverty rate. The significant number of families headed by working adults were poor in 1998, and the size of these working poor was not reduced in 1999. The poverty among this group has been caused by lowered wage rates and deteriorating job security. The findings from this study suggest that anti-poverty policies in Korea be improved to provide better income and employment assistance to the non-working poor and, more importantly, be extended to effectively reduce poverty among the working low-income families.

배압실의 설계를 통한 상호회전 스크롤 압축기의 전복 모멘트 최소화

구인회,박진무,Gu, In-Hoe,Park, Jin-Mu 대한기계학회 2000 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.24 No.5

In a co-rotating scroll compressor, both scrolls rotate on their fixed axes contrary to the conventional orbiting type scroll machine. This implies fixed locations and directions of the gas pressure force and sealing force. Because the tilting moment is mainly caused by interplay between the resultant force of above forces and bearing reaction force, the variation during one cycle is relatively small. Under real operation, this moment is balanced by the restoring moment created by the reaction between the baseplate and thrust bearing or between the scroll tip and baseplate. If these reactions become too large, greater torque is required due to increased friction in addition to the wear of mating parts. Consequently, appropriate study and minimization of tilting moment is important in the design of scroll machines. In this study, taking into account of the small variation of tilting moment during one cycle, we minimize the moment and thrust bearing reaction force by a properly designed back pressure chamber. As a result, for both the driving and driven scrolls, the tilting moment and the reaction force of thrust bearing can be minimized. And the stability is improved for all cases.

열변형을 고려한 스크롤 압축기의 누설 해석에 관한 연구

구인회,박진무,Gu, In-Hoe,Park, Jin-Mu 대한기계학회 2000 大韓機械學會論文集A Vol.24 No.10

In general, it is known that the portion of leakage loss is more than 20 % of total loss in scroll compressor. So far many studies have been done to improve the leakage problem and volumetric efficiency. In order to do this it is necessary that the leakage is exactly evaluated for conventional scroll model. Almost all studies that have been done were assumed that the clearance remains constant while operating. But in actual operating conditions, scroll wrap is deformed due to elevated refrigerant gas temperature. And this makes the leakage clearance change, so the leakage mass flow and the volumetric efficiency are also changed. In this study we assumed the steady state operating condition and obtain the average temperature and convection heat transfer coefficient in terms of involute angle. With these results, using finite element method we analyzed the heat transfer of scroll wrap, then did thermal deformation analysis. Then we obtain the leakage clearance and do the leakage and volumetric efficiency analysis. Compared with undeformed feature, we examine the effect of the thermal deformation on the leakage. The results say that the leakage mass flow for the case of considering thermal deformation is less than that for the unconsidered one, and this means that the leakage clearance is reduced due to thermal deformation.

`생명윤리 및 안전에 관한 법률' 합헌(2010년 5월 27일) 판결에 따른 제 문제

구인회,Gu, In-Hoe 한국가톨릭의료협회 2010 Health & mission Vol.20 No.-

윤리학자 입장에서 보는 생명윤리

구인회,Gu, In-Hoe 한국과학기술단체총연합회 2006 과학과 기술 Vol.39 No.2

한국의 빈곤, 왜 감소하지 않는가? - 1990년대 이후 빈곤 추이의 분석 -

구인회(Ku In-Hoe) 한국사회복지학회 2004 한국사회복지학 Vol.56 No.4

외환위기와 함께 본격적으로 등장한 빈곤문제가 위기의 진정에도 불구하고 위기 이전 수준으로 대폭 감소되지 않을까? 본 연구는 가구소비실태조사 자료를 이용한 1990년대 이후 빈곤추이 분석을 통해 이러한 물음에 답한다. 1990년대 전반기는 급속한 빈곤 감소를 특징으로 한다. 이 시기의 빈곤 감소에는 경제성장이 결정적인 요인으로 작용하였고 소득불평등도의 완화 또한 영향을 미쳤다. 1990년 후반에는 빈곤율이 크게 높아졌다. 경제성장의 침체로 소득수준은 감소하거나 정체상태에 머무른 한편,<br/> 소득불평등도가 증대되고 빈곤취약가구가 증가하는 인구학적 변화가 일어나 빈곤 증대를 초래하였다.<br/> 이러한 추이에는 주로는 경제활동을 수행하는 성인의 소득격차 확대가, 부차적으로는 노인가구의 증대가 영향을 미쳤다. 절대빈곤의 추이에서는 경제성장의 영향이 주로 부각되고, 상대빈곤의 추이에서는 분배구조 변화의 역할이 크게 나타난다. 준절대빈곤의 경우 1990년대 전반부에는 경제성장으로 상당한 빈곤감소가 발생하고 후반부에는 소득불평등 악화와 경제성장 정체로 빈곤증가가 이루어진 것으로 나타났다. The economic crisis in 1997~1998 caused massive unemployment and<br/> unprecedentedly increased the number of the poor in Korea. As many unemployed families fell into poverty, the poverty rate skyrocketed to higher than 10 percent. Not later than 2000, unemployment late got back to normal and real average income among urban households approached to the income level prior to the economic crisis. Although the economic crisis has been passed through, poverty was not decreased to the low level prior to the crisis by 2000. Why does it remain high? This study attempts to provide an answer to this question by analysing the poverty trend over the 1990s. Data come from the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures 1991, 1996, and 20001.<br/> Results show that poverty was rapidly reduced in the first half period of the 1990s. This reduction in poverty is largely explained by steady and rapid economic growth. Modest improvement in income inequality also contributed. In contrast, the poverty rate considerably increased in the latter half of the 1990s. Average income was not fully recovered to its prior level, which reflected the economic crisis and the subsequent economic stagnation. Worsened income inequality led to higher poverty rate too. In addition, demographic changes increased the share of economically<br/> vulnerable types of families, such as families headed by single parents and the elderly. The most significant factor in explaining the higher poverty rate was extended income differential among non-elderly adults, while the next was the increased number of the elderly families.<br/> Yet, findings a little differ depending on which concepts of poverty to adopt. In the analyses based on the concept of absolute poverty, economic growth the most significantly affected the poverty trends in the 1999s. Changes in income inequality played the most important role in explaining the trend in relative poverty. Adopting the concepts of quasi-absolute poverty, which is preferred in this study, results show that rapid economic growth significantly reduced poverty in the first half of the 1990s and both worsened income inequality and stagnated economic growth <br/> increased poverty in the latter 1990s.

The role of family behaviors in determining income distribution in Korea

구인회 ( In Hoe Ku ),이원진 ( Won Jin Lee ),한경훈 ( Kyoung Hoon Han ),이서윤 ( Seo Yun Lee ) 한국사회보장학회 2015 한국사회보장학회 정기학술대회 Vol.2015 No.2

This paper examined what contributes to the worsening income inequality and poverty since the 1990s in Korea. We assessed the roles of family behaviors, including female labor force participation and family structure, as well as men’s earnings. We used the 1996 National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure and the 2012 Survey of Household Finances and Living Conditions data to analyze the change in income distribution from 1996 to 2011. Adopting methods of rank-preserving distributional exchange and reweighting, similar to one used in Daly and Valletta (2006), we construct counterfactual income distributions to do decomposition analyses. Results show that the change in men’s earnings was a dominant factor in accounting for the worsening income distribution between 1996 and 2011. The change in age and education among household heads and spouses also contributed significantly to the increasing inequality and poverty. Changes in family behaviors such as women’s work and family structure did not exert large influence once changes in household characteristics were taken into account.

한국과 일본의 노숙 문제 비교 연구

구인회(In-Hoe, Ku),김소영(So-Young Kim),유야마 아쓰시(Atsushi Yuyama) 비판사회학회 2012 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.96

본 연구는 한국과 일본의 노숙 문제의 특성을 빈곤과 복지체제, 주택시장과 주거정책, 그리고 정부 노숙인 정책의 세 가지 제도적 요인을 중심으로 분석하였다. 분석의 결과, 양국에서는 중고령의 단신 성인이 노숙인의 다수를 차지하여, 젊은 노숙인이 큰 비중을 차지하는 유럽이나 노숙인 가족이나 노숙 청소년이 주목되는 미국 등과 구분되는 특성이 확인되었다. 이러한 특성은 기업 기반의 복지체제와 정부의 주거정책 부재, 주거지원을 외면하는 노숙인 정책이 함께 어울려 나타난 결과로 파악한다. 서구와는 달리 양국에서는 복지와 주거 지원이 대기업 정규직 중심으로 제한되어 국가 복지의 빈곤 차단막 역할이나 주거정책의 노숙 예방 역할이 극히 미흡하였다. 그 결과 고용 악화가 곧바로 빈곤과 노숙으로 이어지게 되었고, 중고령의 근로 세대가 이런 위험에 가장 크게 노출되었다. 양국에서 최근 나타난 공공부조 확충이나 노숙인 주거지원은 기업 기반의 복지와 주거지원을 벗어난 시도로서 긍정적인 효과를 보였다. This study analyses homelessness in Korea and Japan as an outcome of the interaction between welfare regime, housing policy and homelessness policy. The analyses show that the majority of homeless people consists of older single male adults in the age of 50s. This is contrasted with the fact that a large share of homeless people are younger male adults in European countries while homeless families and homeless youth are frequently found in the USA. It seems that the characteristics of the homeless people in both countries results from company-based welfare regime, absent housing policy and homelessness policy excluding housing-first approaches. Unlike western countries, welfare benefits and housing support only benefit core workers in large companies. Public social safety nets and housing assistance for other disadvantaged workers are minimal. Consequently, worsening employment conditions lead to poverty and homelessness and older workers with low skills face the heavies risk. Recent expansion of public assistance for the poor and housing support for homeless people should be further continued.

독일에서의 인간대상 의학연구에 있어 윤리위원회의 역할과 기능

구인회(Ku In-Hoe) 한국생명윤리학회 2004 생명윤리 Vol.5 No.1

In the field of medical research on humans, the ethics committees have an important role. They ensure the necessary protection of the subjects and contribute to quality assurance in medical research. Opinions of the Committee do not have the force and effect of law and may not be relied upon as an absolute defense to a charge of ethical misconduct. Originally established as an instrument of ethical self-guard in the medical profession, the ethics committee soon advanced to a statutory institution and is now on the way to becoming the body charged with judicial control in medical research. This development implies the need for changes in both position and function of the ethics committee, but these have not been made with due consideration for all the developments there have been. The existing uncertainties are hampering medical research, which is in the interests of neither the public nor the actual medical research. Owing to the different and obscure legal arguments used, it has not been possible to make any definitive decision on the legal standing of decisions made by ethics committees. It seems obvious that these problems cannot be solved unless the work of ethics committees can be based on a clear and reliable legal basis regulating the judicial nature of the committees' decisions, the composition of the actual committees and the procedures they are to follow in reaching their decisions. With regard to the existing regulations, this might be best achieved by integrating the work of the ethics committees into the approval procedures of an administrative authority. When a committee member has a conflict of interest in relation to a project under review, or could be seen to have a conflict of interest, that member should withdraw from the meeting.

연구윤리심의 표준화 필요성에 관한 제고찰

구인회(Ku In-hoe) 가톨릭대학교(성심교정) 인간학연구소 2007 인간연구 Vol.- No.13

인간을 대상으로 임상연구를 하려는 연구자는 병원에 설치되어 있는 IRB로부터 연구계획에 대해 심의를 받아야 한다. IRB는 체계적이고 과학적인 임상연구를 위해 연구윤리 심의권을 가지며, 임상연구에서 윤리적 법률적 지침이 존중되는지, 연구대상자들이 충분한 설명을 듣도록 배려되는지 여부를 심의절차에서 확인한다. 어떤 임상연구에서든 가장 중요한 것은 연구대상자의 안전이다. IRB의 주된 임무는 인간에 관련된 임상시험의 윤리적 법적 문제들을 인식시켜 피험자의 이익을 보호하는 데 있다. 그러나 법적 발달과 운용에 있어 IRB 역할의 변화는 아직 완성되지 않았으며, 발전의 도상에 있다. 질적으로 양호하지 못한 연구는 연구에 참여한 피험자와 환자에게 불필요한 위험을 초래한다. 그러므로 의학에 대한 불신과 생의학적 기술발달에 대한 불안으로 각인된 사회적 환경에서는 연구에 참여한 환자와 피험자의 보호 의무뿐만 아니라, 의미가 커지고 있는 의학연구자와 연구기관의 보호기능도 IRB에 부과된다. 이러한 목표들은 IRB 역할을 법제화함으로써 이루어질 것이며, 법제화를 통해 결과적으로 그 역할이 강화될 것이다. 윤리심의의 투명성을 위해 어떤 연구에 직접적이든 간접적이든 관련되어 이익의 충돌을 일으킬 수 있는 위원은 그 연구에 관한 심의에 참여해서는 안 될 것이며, 다른 심의 위원들에게 영향력을 행사해서도 안 된다는 것이 기본사항이다. The Institutional Review Board for Human Research (IRB) has elected to implement a formalized quality assurance system to improve the Human Research process. In the field of medical research on humans, the IRBs have an important role. They ensure the necessary protection of the subjects and contribute to quality assurance in medical research. But opinions of the IRB do not have the force and effect of law and may not be relied upon as an absolute defense to a charge of ethical misconduct. The existing uncertainties are hampering medical research, which is in the interests of neither the public nor the actual medical research. Owing to the different and obscure legal arguments used, it has not been possible to make any definitive decision on the legal standing of decisions made by IRBs. In this article I discuss the ethical, regulatory and policy concerns with human subjects research. I strive to create a standard guideline for the operation of various IRBs. As with the review of all recruitment materials, IRBs should pay particular attention to risk and potential benefit information to ensure it is presented in a balanced and fair manner. The information presented should not mislead, for example, by promising benefits or implying a benefit beyond that potentially provided by the research. When a IRB member has a conflict of interest in relation to a project under review, or could be seen to have a conflict of interest, that member should withdraw from the meeting.