샤르댕의 아동 교육 장르화 - 18세기 프랑스 부르주아의 계몽주의적 아동관

고유경,Ko, Yu-Kyoung 한국미술이론학회 2009 미술이론과 현장 Vol.8 No.-

This paper examines four genre paintings on the subject of child education by Jean-Baptiste-Sim${\'{e}}$on Chardin(1699-1779). The Governess, The Diligent Mother, Saying Grace, and The Morning Toilette garnered critical attention after they were exhibited in the Salon from 1739 to 1741. After the exhibition, the paintings were made into prints and frequently sold to members of the bourgeois class in Paris. The iconographical details of Chardin's genre paintings have, thus far, been compared to Dutch genre pictures of the seventeenth century. Further, most studies conducted on Chardin's paintings focus on formal analysis rather than the historical and social contexts. Through attempting social-contextual readings of Chardin's educational series, this paper argues that the significance of Chardin's painting series of child education lies in his representation of the ideal French bourgeois family and the standard of early childhood education in the eighteenth-century French Enlightenment period. In each of the four child education paintings, Chardin depicted a mother with children in a domestic space. Even though this theme derives from traditional Dutch genre paintings in the seventeenth century, the visual motifs, the pictorial atmosphere and the painting techniques of Chardin all project the social culture of eighteenth century France. Each painting in the child education series exemplifies respectively the attire of a French gentlemen, the social view on womanhood and the education of girls, newly established table manners, and the dressing up culture in a 'toilette' in eighteenth century France. Distinct from other educational scenes in previous genre paintings, Chardin accentuated the naive and innocent characteristics of a child and exemplified the mother's warmth toward that child in her tender facial expressions and gesturing. These kinds of expressions illustrate the newly structured standard of education in the French Enlightenment period. Whereas medieval people viewed children as immature and useless, people in the eighteenth century began to recognize children for their more positive features. They compared children to a blank piece of paper (tabula rasa), which signified children's innocence, and suggested that children possess neither good nor bad virtues. This positive perspective on children slowly transformed the pedagogical methods. Teaching manuals instructed governesses and mothers to respect each child's personality rather than be strict and harsh to them. Children were also allotted more playtimes, which explains the display of various toys in the backgrounds of Chardin's series of four paintings. Concurrently, the interior, where this exemplary education was executed, alludes to the virtue of the bourgeois's moderate and thrifty daily life in eighteenth century France. While other contemporary painters preferred to depict the extravagant living space of a French bourgeoisie, Chardin portrayed a rather modest and cozy home interior. In contrast to the highly decorated living space of aristocrats, he presented the realistic, humble domestic space of a bourgeois, filled with modern household objects. In addition, the mother is exceptionally clad in working clothes instead of fashionable dresses of the moment. Fit to take care of household affairs and children, the mother represents the ideal virtues of a bourgeois family. It can be concluded that the four genre paintings of child education by Chardin articulate the new standards of juvenile education in eighteenth century France as well as the highly recognized social virtues between French bourgeois families. Thus, Chardin's series of child education would have functioned as a demonstration of the ideal living standards of the bourgeois class and their emphasis on early childhood education in the French Enlightenment period.

변화하는 독일 역사 교과서

고유경(Ko Youkyung) 역사비평사 2014 역사비평 Vol.- No.108

This paper begins with the question: “Why are political-ideological controversies concerning German history textbooks difficult to ellucidate?”, and searches for answers in the following three contexts. First, the textbook publishing and authorizing policy in Germany is becoming less controlled; it is moving from an official certification system by the states to a free publishing system and thus facilitates the coexistence of varied perspectives and interpretations. The federalist tradition of Germany plays a key role in such changes. Second, with the unification of Germany, Europeanization and a multicultural society, Germany has established an open, pluralistic identity education, which is a crucial part of history education. Third, the narratives and structures of German history textbooks avoid dogmatic interpretations and help cultivate the multi-perspective views of students. Using contemporary German history textbooks as an example, one ensures that the colonial past is interpreted in a national, European and global context.

세대의 역사, 그 가능성과 과제

고유경 ( You Kyung Ko ) 한국서양사학회 2007 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.93

민주사회를 위한 역사교육의 기여

고유경(Ko, Youkyung) 역사학회 2016 역사학보 Vol.0 No.230

Since 1973, the Students’ Competition on German History for the President’s Award has been organized by the Körber Foundation. It goes back to a joint initiative by the former Federal President Gustav Heinemann and the founder Kurt A. Körber from Hamburg. They wanted to encourage German youth to trace back the democratic tradition of German history. Approximately 136,000 young people aged 8 to 21 years have participated in the 24 competitions called over the past 43 years. The Students’ Competition on German History has thus developed into the largest non-professional research undertaking in Germany. With topics like the German democracy, history of everyday life, everyday life under National Socialism, environmental crisis and the problems of the multi-cultural society etc., the Students’ Competition has repeatedly addressed socially relevant subjects opening up a public debate about history. ‘Learning by researching’ and ‘Staying close to real life’ are two slogans which characterize young people’s approach to their projects. The Körber Foundation has assisted their efforts by publishing Spurensuchen, its history magazine which is distributed nationwide to schools and other educational establishments. By doing so, the Students’ Competition has contributed not only to the renovation of the history education, but also to a democratic history culture in Germany.

고등학교 세계사 교과서에 나타난 ‘성경’과 ‘성서’의 표기 문제에 대한 고찰

고유경 ( Ko Yoo Kyoung ),허은철 ( Heo Eun Cheol ) 서울신학대학교 기독교신학연구소 2018 神學과 宣敎 Vol.54 No.-

교과서의 역할은 매우 중요하다. 학생들에게 교과서는 역사를 이해하는 중요한 매개체가 된다. 특히 고등학교 세계사는 많은 사람들이 마지막으로 학교에서 배우는 세계사이다. 만약 고등학교 세계사 교과서에서 잘못된 어휘를 사용하여 역사를 서술한다면 학생들은 오개념을 가지고 역사를 바라보게 될 것이다. 이러한 서술의 중요성은 기독교에도 마찬가지로 적용될 수 있다. 세계사 교과서의 한 축을 담당하는 기독교에 대해 잘못된 어휘를 사용하거나 통일되지 않은 어휘를 혼용한다면 학생들은 기독교에 대하여 오해를 가질 수 있고, 편향된 시각으로 기독교를 바라볼 수 있다. 따라서 세계사 교과서에서 기독교에 대한 바른 언어의 사용은 매우 중요하다. 기독교의 본질과 핵심가치는 성경(Bible)이다. 하지만 현행 세계사 교과서는 ‘성경’과 ‘성서’라는 용어를 혼용함으로써 학생들의 혼란을 초래하고 있다. 그 원인은 교수요목기와 1차 교육과정의 세계사 교과서에서 두 용어를 혼용한 것으로부터 비롯된 것으로, 지난 70년간 세계사 교과서에 계속해서 두 용어가 혼용되어 왔음을 알 수 있다. 이러한 문제에 대하여 교육부는 학생들의 이해를 돕고 어휘를 일원화시키려는 목적으로 편수용어를 계속해서 수정 · 보완하고 있다. 하지만 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 여전히 ‘성경’과 ‘성서’의 용어는 논의 대상에서 제외되어 있다. 이 글에서는 세계사 교과서에서 ‘성경’과 ‘성서’라는 용어 가운데 어떤 것을 선택해야 할지에 대해 고민하였다. 이를 위해 근대 신어 데이터 베이스를 가지고 그 용례를 분석하였다. 또한 ‘성경’과 ‘성서’라는 용어가 가진 차이점은 무엇이며, 이 두 용어가 가진 언어적 의미와 역사적 유래, 그리고 뉘앙스의 차이를 각각 확인해 보았다. 또한 교과서 편수용어의 원칙에 근거하여 어떤 단어를 선택해야 할 것인지에 대해서도 고찰해 보았다. The role of textbooks is very important. For students, textbooks are an important way for understanding history. Especially high school world history is the world history that many people learn last in school. If you write history in a high school world history textbook using the wrong vocabulary, students will look at history with misconceptions. The importance of this narrative can be equally applied to Christianity. If you use wrong vocabulary or ununified vocabulary about Christianity, which is one of the axis of world history textbooks, students can have a misunderstanding about Christianity and look at Christianity from a biased perspective. Therefore, the use of correct language in Christian history is very important in world history textbooks. The essence and core value of Christianity is the Bible. However, current world history textbooks are confusing students by using the terms 'seong-gyeong' and 'seong-seo'. The reason is that the two terms have been mixed in both the curriculum in the world history textbook of the formation stage of the contemporary education system, and the first curriculum. It can be seen that the two terms have been mixed in the world history textbook for the past 70 years. In response to these problems, the Ministry of Education have been continues to revise and supplement the principles of textbook compilation terminology for the purpose of assisting students in understanding and unifying the vocabulary. Despite these efforts, however, the terms ‘seong-gyeong’ and ‘seong-seo’ have still been excluded from the discussion. In this article, we were concerned about the choice of the terms 'seong-gyeong' and 'seong-seo' in world history textbooks. To do this, we analyze the application of modern term database. We also examined the difference between the terms ‘seong-gyeong’ and ‘seong-seo’, and the differences between the linguistic meanings, historical origins, and nuances of these two terms. We also examined what words to choose based on the principles of textbook compilation terminology.

숲의 낭만에서 숲의 민족으로 -숲과 독일 정체성-

고유경 ( Ko¸ You-kyung ) 한국서양사학회 2021 西洋史論 Vol.- No.148

이 논문은 독일과 독일인을 특징짓는 ‘숲 애호(Waldgesinnung)’의 성립과 확산 계기들을 검토한다. ‘숲에 대한 독일 특유의 내적 친화성’으로 풀이될 수 있는 숲 애호는 19세기 초 독일 낭만주의 예술에서 탄생했으며, 1813-1815년의 해방전쟁을 통해 정치적 함의를 덧입게 되었다. ‘숲 낭만주의’는 독일 민족의 역사적 기원을 탐색하려는 노력과 결합했으며, 특히 토이토부르크 숲 전투와 그 영웅 헤르만의 기억을 통해 ‘숲 민족주의’로 발전했다. 19세기 중엽 문화사가 리일에 의해 학문적으로 정립된 숲과 독일의 동일시는 독일제국 시기에 지역과 세대와 계급의 경계를 넘어 확산됨으로써 독일의 내적 통일에 기여했다. 한편 나치의 ‘피와 땅’ 이념과의 연속성 문제와 관련하여, 이 논문은 독일 숲 담론의 인종주의가 최소한 1차 세계대전 이전 시기에는 주변부에 국한된 현상이었다는 입장을 취한다. This article investigates the connections between forests and concepts of nationhood during the long nineteenth century in Germany. Discourses about the ‘German forest’ as a source of national identity have their roots from the Romantic period. During the Wars of Liberation between 1813 and 1815, these discourses were given additional political implications and were combined with ideas about the origin of German history. Intellectuals and artists frequently found motifs of the German forest in the historical works of the ancient Roman writers, particularly in Tacitus’ Germania and Annals: the Battle of the Teutoburg. Ideas surrounding the country’s forests became a historical source of the German concept and cultural tenet of Waldgesinnung, which is best translated as ‘forest-mindedness’. The concept blossomed during the Second Empire and spread beyond the traditional boundaries of social classes and generations, and served as a symbolic band which tied the nation’s splintered history and society together. As a metaphor for the nation itself, the forest became an important element of German cultural landscapes. The German concept of forest-mindedness has often been held accountable for the rise of the Nazis’ blood and soil ideology, yet the racial element played only a marginal role within the forest discourse before the First World War. (Wonkwang University / koyouk@wku.ac.kr)

‘지속가능한 숲’ 개념과 독일 근대 임학의 탄생

고유경(Ko, Youkyung) 한국독일사학회 2020 독일연구 Vol.- No.44

이 논문은 라트카우가 개시한 목재 위기 논쟁을 출발점으로 하여 독일 근대 임학의 성립과 그 역사적 의미를 검토한다. 목재 위기 논쟁은 독일 영방국가들이 당대의 목재 부족 현상을 실제보다 과장했다는 주장의 진위 여부를 가리고자 했다. 라트카우는 목재 위기 담론이 숲으로부터 보다 많은 재원을 창출하려는 절대주의 국가의 의도와 밀접한 관계에 있다고 주장했다. 그럼에도 목재 위기는 ‘과학적 조림’을 통해 독일 숲의 가독성을 증대시켰으며, 독일인들을 ‘숲의 민족’으로 만드는 데 일조했다. 18세기 초 카를로비츠가 『산림경제』에서 제시한 지속가능성 개념은 독일 임학이 현대 환경주의에 남긴 유산이며, 19세기 초 작센과 프로이센이 각각 타란트와 에버스발데에 설립한 임학교는 독일 임업교육과 숲 연구의 산실이 되었다. 한편 경제의 지속가능성에서 환경의 지속가능성으로 발전한 ‘지속가능한 숲’ 개념은 나치의 인종주의 수사에 오용됨으로써 독일 현대사에 상흔을 남겼으며, 이는 숲의 역사를 정치사로 읽을 수 있는 이유이기도 하다. This article conducts a reflective study of the German experience gained in the silvicultural realm with the idea of the ‘sustainable forest.’ During the 1980s and the 1990s Joachim Radkau argued that lamentations in the forest instructions of the German territorial states regarding timber shortage should rather be interpreted as an instrument of absolutist authorities to regulate and constrain usage as well as a means to discipline their subjects. By contrasts, forest historians judged these lamentations to be an indication of actual shortcomings that existed before the advent of the industrialization. The complexity of the so-called timber crisis debate referred environmental historians to the most important heritage of the German forestry to the posterity: the notion of the sustainability which was first defined in Sylvicultura oeconomica, a book published in 1713 by Hans Carl von Carlowitz. The initial idea of the ‘sustainable use’ of timber transformed into the ‘sustainable ecosystem.’ Theories and practices of the scientific forestry, which were developed at the academies of forestry in Tharandt and Eberswalde, changed gradually the cultural landscape of Germany. In spite of its instrumentalization by the Nazis, the model of the sustainable forest was and is a central part of German identity and culture that has also become defining symbol of a sustainable future.

업종에 따른 배너광고의 유형 선호도 연구

고유경(Yu Kyung Ko),서인숙(Ihn Sook Seo) 한국디자인문화학회 2011 한국디자인문화학회지 Vol.17 No.1

배너광고는 소비자의 클릭을 유도하여 상호작용을 이끌어 낼 수 있는 쌍방향적이고 능동적인 장점을 가진 특별한 인터넷광고이다. 이런 장점 때문에 인터넷광고에서 배너광고가 가장 많이 게재되고 있지만, 소비자들의 선호에 알맞은 광고 전략이 뒤따르지 못하고 있는 것이 현재 실태이다. 따라서 본 연구는 업종에 따른 배너광고 유형의 선호도를 조사하여 더욱더 효과적이고 적합한 업종별 배너광고의 유형을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 국내 포털 사이트 네이버, 네이트, 다음, 야후, 조인스엠에스엔을 통하여 초기화면 메인배너와 서브배너의 유형을 기본형, 마우스 오버형, 마우스 드래그형, 연동형으로 구분하고 한국인터넷마케팅협회에 조사된 업종별 광고비에 따른 상위 업종 1위부터 5위의 가정용전기전자, 유통, 출판, 관공서 및 단체, 그룹 및 기업을 선정하여, 5가지 업종에 각각의 4가지 배너광고 유형을 영상으로 제작하여 소비자들에게 노출한 뒤 선호도를 설문 조사하였다. 선호도 분석 결과, 업종에 따른 배너광고의 유형 선호도 조사는 업종에 따라서는 관계없이 배너광고 유형의 특징에 따라 기본형과 마우스 드래그형 배너광고를 가장 많이 선호하였으며 또한 마우스 오버형 배너광고의 선호도는 가장 낮게 나타났다. 배너광고를 게재할 때 소비자에게 강제적으로 무조건 노출되는 마우스 오버형 배너광고보다는 간략하게 한눈에 들어오는 기본형과 소비자가 직접 능동적으로 필요한 업종을 선택하여 볼 수 있는 마우스 드래그형을 더 선호하며 업종의 광고주 위주의 배너광고보다는 소비자를 배려한 상호작용적인 광고유형이 더욱 효과적이다. 본 연구에서 제시된 인터넷 배너광고 유형의 선호도 조사는 국내 인터넷 배너광고를 제작하는데 작은 초석이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. The banner ad is a special internet ad having bilateral and active merit that can draw an interaction by inducing the consumer`s click. Thanks to this merit, the banner ad occupies the most in internet ad, but, actually, the ad strategy appropriate to the consumer`s preference can`t be followed. Thus, this study has a purpose of suggesting the more effective and suiTable type of banner ad per business kind by questioning about the preference of banner ad type per business kind. In this study, I divided the types of main banner and sub banner of start-up screen into basic type, mouse-over type, mouse-drag type, interlock type through domestic portal sites, naver, nate, daum, yahoo, joins MSN, and selected the home appliance, distribution, publication, public office, organization and group, enterprise in the 1st to 5th high ranks according to add cost per business kind, then, questioned about the preference to the consumers by making each 4 banner ad types into image for 5 business kinds. Result of preference analysis, in the preference study of banner ad type, the basic type and mouse-drag type banner ad were the most preferred according to the characteristics of banner ad type regardless of business kind, and the preference of mouse-over type banner ad was the lowest. When publishing the banner ad, a basic type that can be caught simply and at a glance and a mouse-drag type that consumers can actively select and see the necessary business kind are more preferred, rather than the mouse-over type banner ad that are by force and unconditionally exposed to the consumers, and the interactive ad type considering the consumers is more effective than banner ad for the sake of advertiser. expect that the survey on the preference of internet banner ad type, suggested by this study, will become a small foundation of making domestic internet banner ad.

말소리장애아동의 성별, 연령별, 중증도에 따른 언어장애 동반비율

고유경(Yoo Kyeong Ko),서은영(Eun Young Seo),오경아(Gyung-Ah Oh),김수진(Soo-Jin Kim) 한국언어치료학회 2017 言語治療硏究 Vol.26 No.4

Purpose: Some studies suggest that children with SSD frequently have language impairments as evidence of correlation between speech and language abilities. The purpose of this study is to investigate the distribution of children with SSD according to the presence or absence of a language impairment. Methods: In this study, language tests were conducted on 92 four- to six-year-old children with SSD. These children were dividing into four groups, i.e., only SSD, receptive delay, expressive delay, and receptive and expressive delay groups, and the comorbidity rate of speech sound disorder and language impairment by age, gender and severity was examined for each group. Results: First, the rate of children with SSD that accompanied language impairments was shown to be 57.8%, and among them, receptive and expressive delay accounted for the highest rate. Second, only the SSD group showed no significant differences in gender, but female children showed a higher comorbidity rate with receptive and expressive delay, while male children showed a higher comorbidity rate with receptive delay and expressive delay. Third, comorbidity rates with only SSD and receptive and expressive delay increased as age increased, while comorbidity rates with expressive delay decreased as age increased.Comorbidity with receptive delay was shown only in 5-year-olds. Fourth, in the mild and mild/moderate groups, only SSD accounted for the highest rate. However, in the moderate group, expressive delay accounted for the highest rate.Conclusions: Children with SSD showed differences in comorbidity rate with language impairment based on age, gender, and severity. This provided an important basis for verifying the characteristics of language issues in children with SSD by age, gender, and severity.

라이프 스타일에 따른 자아이미지와 색채이미지와의 관계 연구

고유경(Ko You-Kyeung),이난희(Rhee Nan Hee) 한국인체미용예술학회 2008 한국인체미용예술학회지 Vol.9 No.2

  The purpose of this research is to analyze the correlativity between a self-image and color-image on the lifestyle. The result of analyzing a correlativity between a lifestyle and self-image, "hard-soft" was the correlativity of inverse proportion with a family-oriented, external features-oriented, making use of leisure and was the correlativity of direct proportion with an economic-oriented. The result of analyzing a difference of lifestyle was showing that in sex, man is more high than woman in a social intercourse-oriented, external features-oriented, making use of leisure, economic-oriented. The result of analyzing a self-image was showing that in case of sex, man is more dynamical image than woman with "dynamical-quiet". The result of analyzing a difference about self-image of a classified lifestyle"s group was showing that an external features-oriented, a leisure-oriented are a soft image and economic-oriented is a hard image. an external features-oriented is a quiet image but a leisure-oriented, economic-oriented are a dynamic image. The result of analyzing a lifestyle"s group, we classified leisure-oriented, economic-oriented and an external features-oriented. The result of analyzing a difference about self-image of a classified lifestyle"s. On analyzing a self-image of an external features-oriented, most of respondent was showing soft, quiet self-image.