북중동맹의 공고성에 관한 연구

강정일(Kang Jung-Il) 한국전략문제연구소 2012 전략연구 Vol.54 No.-

본 논문에서는 북중동맹의 조약체결 내용을 중심으로 북중동맹이 과연 약화되고 있는지, 아니면 여전히 공고한지에 대해 살펴보았다. 변화하는 북중관계를 고찰해보기 위해 본 논문은 북한을 지탱하고 있는 한 축인 북중동맹조약의 이행 여부를 중심으로 중국과 북한의 관계를 살펴본다. 연구결과는 크게 세 가지 측면에서 중국과 북한이 주장하는 것과 달리 그들의 동맹은 공고하지 않다는 사실을 보여준다. 첫째, 북중동맹조약의 체결 내용과 달리 중국은 적대국이었던 한국과 국교를 체결하였다. 둘째, 군사와 무기분야에 있어서의 북중 간의 교류와 협력 원활하지 못한 상황이다. 셋째, 북핵문제를 포함한 북한의 지속되는 대남 무력도발은 중국에 있어 상당한 부담으로 작용하고 있으며, 이에 따라 양국 정부는 관련 문제에 대해 첨예한 의견 차이를 보이고 있다. 본 논문은 북중 관계의 주요 현안인 한중수교, 북중군사교류, 북핵문제를 〈조중 우호협력 및 상호원조조약〉에 규정된 양국의 의무를 중심으로 재평가해 보았다는 점에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다. This paper seeks to examine changes in the Sino-North Korea relations regarding the extent to which obligations prescripted by the Sino-North Korean Alliance Treaty have been discharged since the establishment of the Sino-North Korean Alliance in 1961. Contrary to the Chinese and North Korean argument that the Sino-North Korean Alliance has been consolidated, this paper reveals three clear signs of declining cooperative relations between China and North Korea: relative decrease in Chinese military aid to North Korea, establishment of deplomatic relations between China and South Korea, and political burden imposed to China by North Korean nuclear issues and continuing military provocations agsainst South Korea. If the clauses of the Sino-North Korean Alliance treaty are considered, all these events are reflecting that the Sino-North Korea alliance is not what it used to be.

RSV나 인플루엔자 A형 바이러스에 감염된 비천식 소아에게 비인두 흡인액의 Interleukin - 11 , Interferon - γ치와 eosinophil cationic protein 치의 비교

오재원(Jae Won Oh),이하백(Ha Baik Lee),박일규(Il Kyu Park),강정옥(Jung Oak Kang) 대한천식알레르기학회 2000 천식 및 알레르기 Vol.20 No.1

N/A Background: Infection with respiratory virus has been shown to exacerbate asthma in humans. However, the role of a respiratory virus in the pathogenesis of chronic asthma and/or wheezing in young children has not been clearly defined. The objective of this study was to determine whether respiratory virus infections such as RSV, and influenza A virus are related to the productions of IL-11, IFN-γ, and ECP levels in nasopharyngeal secretions. Method: We compared IL-11, IFN-γ, and ECP levels in nasopharyngeal secretions from 38 non-asthmatic wheezing children with viral infections (RSV in 21 children, influenza A virus in 17 children), and 16 non-asthmatic healthy children who were included as the controls. IL-11, and IFN-y levels were analysed by ELISA. ECP concentrations were measured by monoclonal antibody-based fluorometric assay. Result. RSV infection in children induced a greater release of IL-11 in nasopharyngeal secretions than in influenza A virus infection, and in the controls. The release of IFN-γ levels in nasopharyngeal secretions from children with influenza A virus infection was significantly higher than in nasopharyngeal secretions from children with RSV. ECP levels of subjects with viral infection were significantly higher than in control children. Conclusion. This study demonstrated that RSV is a potent inducer of IL-11 elaboration in nasal epithelium and that IL-11 is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Increased IFN-γ production in response to the influenza A virus infection may be related to effective Th1 responses.

초록갈파래의 모발 성장기 활성화 효능

강정일(Jung-Il Kang),김유리(Youri Kim),김해리(Haeri Kim),유은숙(Eun-Sook Yoo),강희경(Hee-Kyoung Kang) 대한약학회 2023 약학회지 Vol.67 No.3

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Umbraulva japonica extract on the hair growth. Treatment with U. Japonica extract significantly increased the proliferation of dermal papilla cells (DPCs), a central regulator of the hair cycle. When isolated rat vibrissa follicles were treated with U. Japonica extract for 21 d, the hair-fiber lengths of the vibrissa follicles increased. When examined the activity of 5α-reductase, which converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a main cause of androgenetic alopecia, U. Japonica extract did not inhibit the 5α-reductase activity. Moreover, we found that the U. Japonica extract also significantly accelerated anagen phase in vivo. These results suggest that the U. Japonica extract has the potential to treat alopecia via the stimulation of anagen phase.

식품가공산업 행정업무의 합리화 방안

강정일(Jung Il Kang),강창용(Chang Yong Kang),이성호(Seong Ho Lee) 한국식품유통학회 1990 食品流通硏究 Vol.7 No.1

N/A

시간 지연 제어를 이용한 영전압 스위칭 PWM 하프 브릿지 컨버터의 제어 성능 개선

강정일(Jeong-il Kang),정영석(Young-Seok Jung),이준영(Jun-Young Lee),윤명중(Myung-Joong Youn) 전력전자학회 1998 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.- No.-

A switching power stage is a very nonlinear system because it has two or more operation modes in one switching cycle To model a switching power stage, the state space averaging method has been developed. Though it allows a unified treatment of a large variety of switching power stages, the model it yields is always very nonlinear. So, it is required to linearize the averaged model But it is well known that a controller for a nonlinear plant designed by the linearization frequently fails in showing satisfactory control performance. Hence it is very natural to try to design a nonlinear controller for a switching power stage. In design of a switching power system, nonlinear control approaches such as adaptive control and fuzzy control have been widely studied so far. In this research, a recently developed control method, time delay control is briefly studied and a design example for a ZVS PWM half bridge converter is given. The performance of the time delay controller is compared to its conventional counterpart, PI controller by computer simulations.<br/> <br/>

영전압 스위칭 PWM 하프 브릿지 컨버터의 모델링 및 분석

강정일(Jeong-il Kang),정영석(Young-Seok Jung),노정욱(Chung-Wook Roh),윤명중(Myung-Joong Youn) 전력전자학회 1997 전력전자학술대회 논문집 Vol.1997 No.-

The circuit effects due to the transformer primary side series equivalent inductance in the Zero Voltage Switching Pulse Width Modulated Half Bridge DCIDC Converter and its impact on the effective duty are analyzed. The steady state equations and the small signal model of the converter are derived incorporating the effects of the complementary control and the utilization of transformer primary side series equivalent inductance. The open loop plant dynamics are analyzed on the basis of the model derived. The model predictions are confirmed by experimental measurements.

운동프로그램 중재가 돌림근띠 복원술 환자의 근 활성도에 미치는 영향

강정일,문영준,박승규,이준희,양대중,최현,정대근,김용남,권혜민,Kang, Jeong-Il,Moon, Young-Jun,Park, Seung-Kyu,Lee, Joon-Hee,Yang, Dae-Jung,Choi, Hyun,Jeong, Dae-Keun,Kim, Yong-Nam,Kwon, Hye-Min 대한물리치료학회 2013 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to examine how an effective rehabilitation exercise program influences the activity of shoulder muscles, and to help the clinical application of a rehabilitation program, for prevention and relief of pain, adhesion, and joint stiffness of patients who undergo rotator cuff repair. Methods: Nine test subjects were placed randomly into each group for a total of 27 subjects and exercise program interventions according to the group were conducted for six weeks, after which maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) value was re-measured for supraspinatus muscle, infraspinatus muscle, serratus anterior muscle, and middle deltoid muscle in all groups in order to compare changes in muscle activity before and after the experiment in order to perform comparative analysis of changes in muscle activity between groups, based on which four experimental hypotheses were confirmed. Results: Changes in muscle activity according to %MVIC showed a statistically significant difference (p<0.01) (p<0.001) in all muscles, except the middle deltoid muscle, and post-verification results showed that changes in muscle activity according to %MVIC were greater in test groups I and II, compared with the control group, for the supraspinatus muscle, infraspinatus muscle, and serratus anterior muscle. Conclusion: Therefore, rehabilitation through use of the methods described above should be applied efficiently in clinical settings and more research in development of much more efficient rehabilitation program interventions must be conducted.

자가 신장운동이 전방머리자세를 동반한 만성 목통증 환자의 자세개선에 미치는 영향

강정일 ( Jeong-il Kang ),정대근 ( Dae-keun Jeong ),박승규 ( Seung-kyu Park ),양대중 ( Dae-jung Yang ),김제호 ( Je-ho Kim ),문영준 ( Young-jun Moon ),백승윤 ( Seung-yun Baek ) 대한물리의학회 2020 대한물리의학회지 Vol.15 No.3

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to provide clinical basic data to reduce pain and improve function by comparing neck muscle activity and neck alignment using self-stretching and passive stretching exercises for chronic neck pain caused by forward head posture. METHODS: The subjects were divided into 15 subjects assigned to perform self-stretching exercise and 15 subjects assigned to perform passive stretching exercise. The intervention was conducted for a total of 4 weeks. The muscle activity in the neck was measured by surface electromyography (EMG) before intervention, and craniovertebral and cranial rotation angles were measured by X-ray. The 4-week intervention was conducted and the above items re-measured in the same manner and analyzed. RESULTS: Muscle activity within both groups after intervention using self-stretching or passive stretching exercise was significantly different (p < .05)(p < .01). Neck alignment of both groups was significantly different (p < .001)(p < .01). Further, muscle activities of the upper trapezius and splenius capitis muscles showed significant differences (p<.05). Lastly, neck alignment showed statistically significant difference (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Self-stretching exercise activated motor nerves as a posture correction exercise, thereby improving inhibition of muscle activity, muscle contraction delay, and pathological conditions of the muscle. For future research, interventions of self-stretching exercise will be needed for patients with chronic back pain accompanied by forward head posture, and various clinical studies on postural improvement of forward head posture by maintaining a normal muscle tone state are needed.

Population Stereotypes as a Perceiver's Cognitive Structure on Manipulating Devices for Daily Use

정화식,강정일,정인주,신홍철,정동혁,정유진,Jung, Hwa-Shik,Kang, Jeong-Il,Jung, In-Ju,Shin, Hong-Cheul,Jeong, Dong-Hyuk,Jung, Yu-Jin The Korean Society of Physical Therapy 2008 대한물리치료학회지 Vol.20 No.4

Purpose: This study standardizes the position and direction of devices based on general user expectations and stereotypes. Population stereotypes are cognitive structures that contain the perceiver's knowledge, beliefs, and expectations about human groups. In this paper, the stereotypes that people typically expect when manipulating 'cylindrical key-in-knob locks' and 'lever-type water faucet handles' were investigated and data regarding their expectations were collected. Methods: Two sets of 600 participants, between 13 and over 60 years old, were recruited for the experiment. Each group was evenly subdivided into six age groups. Each participant was presented with cylindrical door locks mounted on a miniature door and actual lever-type water faucet handles mounted on a mockup sink. Results: If the cylindrical lock was positioned 'vertically,' 59.2% of the participants expected the device to be locked, and if the lever type faucet handle was positioned 'up,' 63.0% of the participants expected the device to be turned on. Thus, daily-use devices should be designed consistent with user expectations of operation. There was a significant difference between genders for manipulating the faucet handle between up and down. Conclusion: A more general stereotype may be defined by repetitive measurements under the same test conditions with fixed time intervals, as well as accounting for people with cognitive problems.

γ-PGA(Poly-γ-glutamic acid) 보충이 흰쥐의 칼슘 흡수율 및 골대사에 미치는 영향

이민숙,강정일,김현수,Lee, Min-Sook,Kang, Jung-Il,Kim, Hyun-Su 한국식품영양과학회 2006 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.35 No.3

칼슘은 한국인에게 가장 부족되기 쉬운 영양소로 섭취만큼이나 흡수가 중요한 요인이 되는 미네랄이다. 최근 칼슘흡수 증진에 효과가 있는 소재로 주목받고 있는 폴리 감마글루탐산(${\gamma}-PGA;\;poly-{\gamma}-glutamic\;acid)$이 체내 칼슘흡수에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 4주령된 수컷 흰쥐(Sprague Dawley, female rats)를 이용하여 3주간 칼슘결핍식이를 급여시켜 칼슘결핍을 유도 후에, ${\gamma}-PGA$ 보충식이를 4주간 급여하였다. 실험군은 칼슘결핍군(Ca free group), 칼슘보충군(칼슘1.2% 보충군, total Ca 0.45%), 칼슘과 CPPl% 보충군(칼슘1.2%+CPP1% 보충군), 칼슘과 PGA1% 보충군(칼슘1.2%+${\gamma}-PGA1%$ 보충군), 칼슘과 CP1%+PGA1% 보충군(칼슘1.2%+CPP1%+${\gamma}-PGA1%$ 보충군), 칼슘과 PGA3% 보충군(칼슘1.2%+$\gamma$-PGA3% 보충군)으로 구분하였다. 이때 ${\gamma}-PGA$의 효과를 검증하기 위해 ${\gamma}-PGA$와 칼슘흡수 기전이 유사하고 이미 효능이 알려져 있는 casein phosphopeptide 보충군을 실험군에 추가하였다. 식이섭취량은 칼슘결핍군이 다소 낮았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었으며 칼슘섭취량도 유의적 차이 없이 비슷한 수준을 보였다. 변 및 뇨중 칼슘 배설량은 칼슘만을 섭취한 대조군에 비해 ${\gamma}-PGA$보충군에서 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 칼슘흡수율 또한 그룹간의 유의적 차이를 보여 칼슘만을 섭취한 그룹에 비해 ${\gamma}-PGA$를 함께 보충한 그룹의 흡수율이 30%더 높은 경향을 보였으며 이는 이미 효능이 알려진 CPP보다 우수한 수준이었다. 골형성 지표인 혈중 ALP를 측정한 결과 대조군에 비해 ${\gamma}-PGA$보충군이 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮았고, 혈중 칼슘농도는 항상성을 유지하며 그룹간의 유의적 차이 없이 비슷한 수준을 보였으며 , OHPr/Cre도 유의적 차이는 없었다. 뼈 중 칼슘함량 및 강도는 칼슘결핍군이 나머지군에 비해 유의하게(p<0.03) 낮았으며, 칼슘함량의 경우 칼슘만을 보충한 그룹에 비해 ${\gamma}-PGA$를 함께 보충한 그룹이 농도 의존적으로 높은 칼슘함량을 보였고(p<0.05), 골강도의 경우는 유의적 차이는 없었으나 ${\gamma}-PGA$를 함께 보충한 그룹이 농도 의존적으로 골강도가 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 칼슘결핍을 유발한 흰쥐 에 칼슘만을 보충시켰을 때보다 칼슘과 함께 ${\gamma}-PGA$를 함께 보충했을 경우, 칼슘흡수 증진 및 골대사에 긍정적으로 기여함을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 좀 더 명확한 효과 검증을 위해서는 차후 많은 개체수와 장기간의 식이를 통한 반복실험, ${\gamma}-PGA$섭취수준에 따른 추가실험이 진행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. This study was Conducted to investigate the effect of ${\gamma}-PGA\;({\gamma}-poly\;glutamic\;acid)$ on Ca absorption and bone metabolism in rats. Weaned 4-week old male rats were fed Ca-deficient diets for 3 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed experimental diets for four weeks. Experimental groups were basal (Ca deficient), control (Ca diet: Ca 0.45%), CP1(Ca 0.45%+casein phosphopeptide 1%), PG1(Ca 0.45%+gamma poly glutamic acid 1%), CPG (Ca 0.45%+casein phosphopeptide 1%+gamma poly glutamic acid 1%) and PG3(Ca 0.45%+gamma poly glutamic acid 3%). Though daily Ca intake and food intake of experimental groups showed no significant difference that of control group. The values of fecal Ca excretion and urinary Ca excretion in groups fed ${\gamma}-PGA$ were significantly lower than that in tile control group. The values of Ca absorption in groups fed ${\gamma}-PGA$ were significantly higher than that in the control group. The levels of femur Ca in ${\gamma}-PGA$ supplemented group were significantly increased compared to the control group. Also, breaking force of femur in ${\gamma}-PGA$ supplemented group showed about 40% increase compared to the control group. These results show that ${\gamma}-PGA$ supplement could be helpful to increase Ca absorption as well as to intensify the femur strength and to increase the Ca content of femur in rats.