카드뮴내성균(耐性菌)(Pseudomonas putida) 에 의한 균체내 카드뮴 축적 기작

조주식,허종수,한문규 한국환경농학회 1992 한국환경농학회지 Vol.11 No.1

카드뮴내성균인 Pseudomonas Putida C1의 세포 내 카드뮴 축적기작을 구명하기 위하여 균체내 축적된 카드뮴의 세포 구성성분별 분포도, 단백질 함량변화 및 세포구성물질의 변화를 조사한 결과, 세포내에 축적된 카드뮴의 약 57%는 cell wall에 분포되어 있었으며 약 43%는 cytoplasm에 분포되어 있었다. Cytoplasm에 축적된 카드뮴은 protein과 nucleic acid 두 성분 모두에 분포되어 있었으며, cell wall에 축적된 카드뮴의 약 84% 이상이 polyphosphate-polysaccharide fraction에 분포되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 세포내 protein 합성에 미치는 카드뮴의 영향을 조사한 결과, 카드뮴 무첨가배지에서 생장한 균체와 카드뮴이 함유된 배지에서 생장한 균체의 세포내 protein 함량은 카드뮴을 첨가함으로써 감소되었으나, ammonium sulfate(30∼75% saturation)에 의하여 침전되는 soluble protein의 함량은 카드뮴을 첨가한 배지에서 생장한 균체에서 더 증가되었다. 고분자 가용성 단백질은 카드용 첨가배지에서 배양된 세포가 카드뮴 무첨가 배지에서 배양된 세포에 비하여 증가되었으나, 저분자 단백질 은 감소되었다. 따라서 세포내 protein의 합성은 카드뮴에 의하여 감소되었으나 ammonium sulfate(30-75% saturation)에 의하여 침전되는 고분자 단백질의 합성은 카드뮴에 의하여 촉진되는 것으로 나타났다. A mechanistic study by which Cadmium-tolerant P. Putida C1 accumulates high conc of Cd in its cell body was performed. Approximately 57% Cd accumulated was distributed on the cell wall and the other 43% portion was in cytoplasm. 84% Cd of the Cd in the cell wall fractions present in the polyphosphate-polysaccharide fractions, but most of Cd in the cytoplasm fraction was in protein and nucleic acid. Cadmium affected the protein synthesis in P. Putida. The intracellular protein content was decreased by cadmium addition, but the soluble protein precipitated by ammonium sulfate(30∼75% satruation) was increased as compared to that from the cells grwon without cadmium. Furthermore, in the cells grown with of cadmium, high-molecular-weight soluble protein was increased, with of cadmium, high-molecular-weight soluble protein was increased, compared with the cells grown without cadmium, but low-molecular-weight soluble protein was decreased. These results indicate that Cd inhibited the intracellular protein biosynthesis but enhance biosynthesis of the high-molecular-weight soluble protein precipitate by ammonium sulfate(30∼75% saturation).

Column 장치를 이용한 도시쓰레기 침출수의 처리효과

조주식,허종수,이홍재,한문규 한국환경농학회 1992 한국환경농학회지 Vol.11 No.3

쓰레기 매립장 침출수를 모래, 연탄제, fly ash 및 활성탄을 각각 충전시킨 column에 8주간 매주 통과시켜 오염물질 제거율을 조사한 결과 COD는 활성탄 column에서 8주동안 평균 83%이상 제거되었으며, 연탄재와 fly ash column에서는 시간이 경과함에 따라 제거되는 비율이 낮아지는 경향이었으나 8주 평균 각각 45% 및 43% 제거되었고, 모레 column에서는 거의 제거되지 않았다. NH₄^+ -N는 모든 column에서 8주 평균 60%이상 제거되었으며, Hardness는 활성탄과 fly ash column에서는 8주간 지속적으로 제거된 반면 연탄재 및 모래 column에서는 불규칙적이었고 특히 8주째에는 거의 제거되지 않았다. PO₄^(3-)는 1주 이후부터 모든 column에서 불규칙적으로 제거되었으며, 특히 fly ash column에서는 4, 5주째 폐기물 침출수 원액에 비해 PO₄^(3-)가 4배 높게 나타났으며, Cl￣ 및 SO₄^(2-)등의 음이온은 1주 이후부터 모든 column에서 제거되지 않았으며, 이는 충전 물질과 침출수의 pH가 높았기 때문인 것으로 사료되었다. 각 column내 각 오염물질 흡착량을 토대로 각 횹착성분간 상관관계를 검토한 결과 활성탄, fly ash 및 연탄재 column에서는 양이온간에 서로 유의적인 정의 상관이 있었으며 모래 column에서는 유의적인 상관이 없었고, 활성탄과 fly ash column에서는 음이온간에 유의적인 상관이 있었다. 그리고 모든 column에서 양이온과 음이온간에는 대부분 유의적인 상관이 없었다. Municipal landfill leachate, a major source of soil contamination and ground water pollution, causes serious environmental problems. To investigate the removal efficiency of pollutants in the leachate by sand, briquet ash, fly ash, and activated carbon columns, COD and some pollutants in the leachate passed through each column for 8 weeks were examined. Average COD removal efficiency for 8 weeks was 83%, 45%, and 43% by activated carbon, briquet ash and fly ash columns, respectively. COD was not effectively reduced by sand column. Average NH₄^+ removal efficiency for 8 weeks was more than 60% by sil columns. Hardness was effectively removed for 8 weeks by fly ash and activated carbon columns. Anoins including PO₄^(3-), Cl￣ and SO₄^(2-) were not removed by all columns.

상수원수의 효과적인 정수처리를 위한 최적 응집제 주입량 결정 : Ⅲ. The Effect of Coagulant Aid Dose Ⅲ. 응집보조제 주입효과

손보균,허재선,조주식 順天大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.18 No.1

This study was conducted to determine the optimum amounts of coagulant for effective treatment of raw water. To avoid overdosing coagulants in case of low turbidity of raw water, the removal rate of turbidity and particle size distribution of flocs were investigated after addition of coagulant aids such as lime and coagulated sludges. When lime was used as a coagulant aid, the maximum removal rate of turbidity was found to be 93% by addition of 20ml/ℓ of lime in combination with 35mg/l polyaluminum chloride(PAC) as a coagulant. At the settling time of 8 min, more than 82% of suspended solids showed the particle size of less than 10㎛ and -7.4mV of zeta potential. It was found that increase in lime addition enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity, but had no effect on reduction in lime addition enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity, but had no effect on reduction in coagulant dosage. When coagulated sludges was employed as the aid, the maximum removal rate of turbidity was found to be 82% by addition of 20mg/l of the sludges in combination with 25mg/l PAC as a coagulant. At the settling time of 8 min, about 80% of suspended solids showed the particle size of less than 10um and +3.8mV of zeta potential. Zeta potential decreased with increasing amounts of coagulated sludges and PAC. Addition of coagulated sludges increased the removal rate of turbidity in the water and, at the same time, reduced the amounts of coagulant added.

낙동강 상수원수의 오존처리 효과 : 회분식 오존처리에 의한 수처리효과 Efficiency of Water Treatment by Conducting Batch Test of Ozonation Experiments

조주식,임영성,이홍재,허종수 한국환경과학회 2001 한국환경과학회지 Vol.10 No.6

This study was carried out to evaluate the pollutant removal efficiencies of the advanced drinking water treatment using ozonation. For raw water, Nakdong River was used. By conducting batch ozonation test, the following results were obtained. When ozone dosage of 5㎎/ℓ was used, preozonation of raw water reduced turbidity, KMnO4 consumption, DOC(dissolved organic carbon), UV254 absorbance, THMFP(trihalomethane formation potential) as much as 3.9 NTU, 5.5㎎/ℓ, 1.15㎎/ℓ, 0.112 and 0.065㎎/ℓ, respectively. In case of postozonation of sand filtered water, water quality was also improved with decrease in turbidity, KMnO4 consumption, DOC, UV254 absorbance and THMFP at the amount of 0.08NTU, 2.6㎎/ℓ, 0.88㎎/ℓ, 0.042 and 0.018㎎/ℓ, respectively. On the other hand, contents of dissolved oxygen increased at the level of 1.3㎎/ℓ after preozonation process' and 1.0㎎/ℓ after postozonation process. The effect of ozone dosage was higher than that of its contact time for the removal of the pollutants.

완효성 피복요소의 수중/토양중 용출 특성 및 피복물질의 토양중 분해

조주식,강병화,하병연,손보균,정연규,김필주,이성태,허종수 한국토양비료학회 2001 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2001 No.5

폐하수중 합성세제분해균을 이용한 다처리기능균주의 개발

조주식,임영성,허종수,이홍재,하영래,한문규 한국환경농학회 1993 한국환경농학회지 Vol.12 No.3

폐하수중 합성세제와 중금속을 동시에 효과적으로 처리할 수 있는 다처리기능균주를 개발코자 합성세제 분해능이 우수한 P. fluorescens S1과 Pb 축적균인 P. aeruginosa P1을 conjugation 시켜, 합성세제(ABS) 분해능과 Pb 축적능을 동시에 지니는 다처리기능균주 KE101, KE102 및 KE103을 개발하였다. 개발된 다처리기능균주는 Pb축적균인 P. aeruginosa P1 Plasmid가 합성세제 분해균인 P. fluorescens S1 세포내로 전달되었음을 확인하였다. 개발균주의 기질단독처리능력을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 합성세제(ABS)만 단독처리했을 경우 개발균주의 합성세제(ABS) 분해능력은 합성세제 분해 원균주에 비하여 약간 감소하였으나 Pb축적 원균주의 합성세제(ABS) 분해능력에 비하여는 훨씬 증가되었다. Pb만 단독처리 했을 경우 개발균주의 Pb처리능력은 Pb축적 원균주에 비하여 감소하였으나 합성세제 분해원균주의 Pb처리능력에 비하여 월등히 증가되었다. 개발균주의 기질혼합 처리능력을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 합성세제(ABS)와 Pb를 혼합처리했을 경우 개발균주 KE101의 합성세제(ABS) 분해능력은 합성세제(ABS)만 단독처리했을 경우에 비하여 악 30%정도 감소되었으며, Pb처리능력은 Pb만 단독처리했을 경우와 비슷하였다. 그리고 개발균주 KE102의 합성세제(ABS)와 Pb를 혼합처리했을 경우의 합성세제(ABS) 분해능력은 합성세제(ABS)만 단독처리했을 경우에 비하여 약 20% 감소되었으나, Pb처리능력은 Pb만 단독처리했을 경우에 비하여 약 25% 증가하였다. 따라서 개발균주 KE101 및 KE102 strain은 원균주의 각 기질처리능력에 비하여는 약간 떨어겼으나 합성세제(ABS)와 중금속의 일종인 Pb를 동시에 효과적으로 처리할 수 있는 능력을 지니고 있었다. To develop multifunctional microorganisms for effective wastewater treatment, the cell of P. aeruginosa P1 enable to accumulate lead in its cell were conjugated with the cell of P. fluorescens S1 enable to degrade efficiently synthetic detergents. The plasmids of the P. aeruginosa P1 and the P. fluorescens S1 were found in the cell of the conjugants when determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The conjugants obtained from P. fluorescens S1 as a recipient cell and P. aeruginosa P1 as a donor cell possessed the ability to degrade synthetic detergents as well as to accumulate lead.

Enviromental Science: Global concern & Research challenge

조주식 한국환경농학회 2015 한국환경농학회 학술대회집 Vol.2015 No.-

카드뮴 내성균 ( Pseudomonas putida ) 의 균체내 카드뮴 축적특성 및 균체내 축적된 카드뮴의 회수

조주식,임영성,허종수 ( Ju Sik Cho,Yeong Sung Lim,Jong Soo Heo ) 한국물환경학회 1997 한국물환경학회지 Vol.13 No.1

Cadmium-tolerant bacteria, Pseudomonas putida which possessed the ability to accumulate cadmium, was isolated from mine wastewater polluted with various heavy metals. The characteristics of cadmium accumulation in the cells, recovery of the cadmium from the cells accumulating cadmium, were investigated. Removal rate of cadmium from the solution containing 100㎎/ℓof cadmium by Pseudomonas putida was more than 87% at 48 hours after inoculation of the cells. A large number of the electron-dense granules were found mainly on the cell wall and cell membrane fractions, when determined by transmission electron microscope. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the electron-dense granules were cadmium complex with the substances binding cadmium. The cadmium accumulated into the cells was not desorbed by distilled water, but more than 80% of the cadmium accumulated was desorbed by 0.1M-EDTA solution. The residues of the cells after combustion at 550% amounted to about 21% of the dry weight of the cells. EDS analysis showed that the residues were comparatively pure cadmium compound containing more than 81% of cadmium.

아연 내성균의 균체내 아연 축적특성 및 균체내 축적된 아연의 회수

조주식,한문규,이홍재,허종수 한국환경과학회 1996 한국환경과학회지 Vol.5 No.3

This study was performed to develop the biological treatment technology of wastewater polluted with heavy metals. Zinc-tolerant microorganism, such as Pseudomonas chlororaphis which possessed the ability to accumulate zinc, was isolated from industrial wastewaters polluted with various heavy metals. The characteristics of zinc accumulation in the cells, recovery of the zinc from the cells accumulating zinc, were investigated. Removal rate of zinc from the solution containing 100 ㎎/ℓ of zinc by zinc-tolerant microorganism was more than 90% at 48 hours after inoculation of the microorganisms. A large number of the electron-dense granules were found mainly on the cell wall and membrane fractions, when determined by transmission electron microscope. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed that the electron-dense granules were zinc complex with the substances binding heavy metals. The zinc accumulated into cells was not desorbed by distilled water, but more than 80% of the zinc accumulated was desorbed by 0.1M-EDTA. The residues of the cells after combustion at 550℃ amounted to about 21% of the dry weight of the cells. EDS analysis showed that the residues were comparatively pure zinc compounds containing more than 79% of zinc.

중금속오염폐수처리에의 미생물 이용 전망

조주식 한국응용생명화학회 1994 한국응용생명화학회 학술발표회 Vol.1994 No.1

As a basic research on applying the microbial strains which had been isolated and proved to remove heavy metals, such as Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu in This laboratory to actual wastewater treatment, optimum condition of the treatment system with addition of single or multiple species of pollutants and microorganisms were investigated at small scale. Concentration of the bacterial inoculum was 3000㎎/L and 1500㎎/L of MLSS for treatment with single and multiple species, respectively. Removal rates of heavy metals were expressed at HRT`s (Hydraulic Retention Time) of 12, 24, and 48 hr. Removal rates of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu after 12 days at HRT of 24hr with addition of single and multiple species were 93%, 90%, 80%, and 39%, and 75%, 90%, 74%, and 48%, respectively. Judging from these results, treatment capability of the isolated strains is excellent. Hence, the microorganisms are expected to be applicable to actual wastewater treatment.