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조선시대 국가경제의 운영원리- 국가재분배의 관점에서 -
손병규 조선시대사학회 2007 朝鮮時代史學報 Vol.42 No.-
The Managerial Principle of Governmental Finance in Joseon Dynasty-from a Point of View in Governmental Redistribution-Son, Byung-gyu 근대경제학적인 관점에서 재정은 자유시장에 대한 통제를 의미한다. 소득이 시장을 통해 저절로 재분배될 것이라는 기대는 실현되지 않았다. 그러한 시장 기능의 실패에 대신하여 정부는 시장을 통제하는 정당성을 확보하였다. 그러나 전근대 한국사회, 특히 조선왕조는 상품화폐경제가 발달하기 전부터 공공업무를 수행하기 위한 재정시스템을 갖추고 국가재분배를 실시해 왔으며, 지속적으로 시장을 통제했다.조선왕조는 주권이 왕권에 집중하는 전제국가적 관료제로 형성되었다. 따라서 조선왕조는 토지 및 호구라는 재원의 근거와 그로부터 생산되는 모든 재화가 국가에 수렴되고, 다시 왕권에 의해 그 재원이 공공업무를 수행하는 각급 국가기관에 재분배되는 것을 재정이념으로 삼았다. 이러한 재정이념을 안정적으로 실현하기 위하여 정부가 파악한 국가재원을 일찍부터 原額으로 설정하고(定額化) 수입과 지출의 변동을 억제하였다.그러나 현실적으로 조선시대 재정에는 이렇게 중앙재무기관에 의해 國庫 수입으로 취득되고 재분배되는 중앙집권적 재원이 존재하는 반면, 공무수행자나 통치기구가 자치적으로 재원의 관리, 징수, 배분을 행할 수 있는 분권적 재원이 병존하고 있었다. 조선왕조는 이러한 정규의 재정부문과 비정규의 재정부문이 공존할 수 있는 구조를 유지시켰다. 전근대의 자급자족적 국가경제 상황에서 볼 때, 이것은 덕치주의 통치를 실현하기 위한 합리적인 재정시스템이었다.
김성욱,박승하,구상환,안덕선,손병규 大韓成形外科學會 1997 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.24 No.2
The increasingly successful results of hair restoration surgery in the last years have developed the interest and the confidence of patients and it is the most frequently performed esthetic surgery among male patients. Currently, Various kinds of techniques for hair restoration surgery including hair transplantation, scalp reduction, and scalp flaps are performed in our clinic. Among these, hair transplantation is the basic ant the most popular procedure, which can be performed not only by itself but also in conjunction with other procedures. 123 consecutives cases of hair transplantations were performed from Jan. 1995 to Feb. 1996 for male pattern baldness, traumatic alopecia, and female pattern baldness under patient base. The authors introduced a new classification for male pattern baldness, which are the type M, O, C, U, M-O, and C-O after alphabet to make simple and easy for clinical application. The ancillary procedures were scalp reduction, preauricular flap, and scalp expansion. An ellipsis of hair bearing scalp taken from the occipital area was Sliced into slit-, mega-, mini-, and micro-grafts. The survival rate of the grafts was over 90% with minimal complications. This hair transplantation technique enabled us to achieve a good density and more natural looking hair with avoidance of cobble stoning and apparent scar.
손병규 수선사학회 2011 史林 Vol.0 No.38
The central government of Joseon Dynasty announced household and population statistics by regions in 1789. This document was made at the same time when statistics by regions of various kind of dynasty finances were set. The statistics of the household and population of the state scale grew rapidly in the latter half of the 17th century, when the time of rehabilitation from disasters war against Japan and Qing China. However, these statistics remained unchanged during 18․19th century in spite of time changed. The household statistics of Joseon dynasty was made by just adding up the statistics of the local household register. Because household register would not find out all real inhabitants, it has many omissions and mistakes about the population of registration. The number of the households and the population by regions was fixed in the process of organizing of household, and was simultaneously distributed to an affiliation administration area. The investigation of the household register and the management of statistics by regions were left to the local government, and it was inflected by financial administration. The central government of Joseon Dynasty announced household and population statistics by regions in 1789. This document was made at the same time when statistics by regions of various kind of dynasty finances were set. The statistics of the household and population of the state scale grew rapidly in the latter half of the 17th century, when the time of rehabilitation from disasters war against Japan and Qing China. However, these statistics remained unchanged during 18․19th century in spite of time changed. The household statistics of Joseon dynasty was made by just adding up the statistics of the local household register. Because household register would not find out all real inhabitants, it has many omissions and mistakes about the population of registration. The number of the households and the population by regions was fixed in the process of organizing of household, and was simultaneously distributed to an affiliation administration area. The investigation of the household register and the management of statistics by regions were left to the local government, and it was inflected by financial administration.