The Efficacy and Safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% Cream for the Treatment of Melasma: A Randomized Controlled Split-face Trial

( Sun Young Huh ),( Jung Won Shin ),( Jung Im Na ),( Chang Hun Huh ),( Sang Woong Youn ),( Kyoung Chan Park ) 대한피부과학회 2010 Annals of Dermatology Vol.22 No.1

Background: Melasma is a common acquired symmetrical hypermelanosis that occurs on sun-exposed areas, and it is frequently observed among women. Various treatment modalities have been tried, but none are completely satisfactory. 4-n-butylresorcinol, which is a resorcinol derivative that has an inhibitory effect on both tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1, was introduced in 1995 and it has received increasing attention as a new hypopigmenting agent. However, the hypopigmenting effect of 4-n-butylresorcinol in human subjects has only been shown in a few studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the hypopigmenting efficacy and safety of 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream for the treatment of melasma. Methods: Twenty patients with melasma were enrolled to this randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled, split-face comparative study. The patients were instructed to apply 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream or vehicle to each side of the face twice daily for 8 weeks. Mexameter measurements were performed along with photography at baseline, 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Adverse events were observed and recorded throughout the study. Results: All the patients completed the study. Mexameter measurements demonstrated that the melanin index of the treated side showed a significant decrease when compared with that of the vehicle-treated side after 4 weeks (p=0.006) and after 8 weeks (p<0.0005). All the adverse reactions were mild and transient. Conclusion: 4-n-butylresorcinol 0.1% cream showed rapid efficacy and it was well tolerated when used for the treatment of melasma. (Ann Dermatol 22(1) 21∼25, 2010)

The Effects of Modified English Text on Reading Comprehension by Korean University Students

Shin, Jung-Sun 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교과교육연구소 2006 교과교육학연구 Vol.10 No.1

외국어를 가르칠 때 학습자의 수준에 따라서 외국어 교재를 어떻게 수정(또는 조정)하는 것이 가장 효과적인지에 대한 연구가 최근 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 현재까지의 연구에서 밝혀진 바에 따르면 성인 학습자의 경우 외국어 문장들의 단순화(simplification)보다는 상세화(elaboration)가 학습자의 이해를 더욱 돕는 것으로 알려져 왔다. 본 논문에서는 어떠한 유형의 수정된 영어 교재가 우리나라 대학생들, 특히 영어 능력이 별로 높지 않은 대학생들의 독해 이해력을 돕는지를 실험을 통하여 알아보았다. 이를 통하여 영어 능력 하위 단계의 성인 학습자에게도 상세화한 영어 입력이 더욱 효과적인지를 검증하고자 하였다. 본 논문의 실험을 위하여 139명의 C 대학교 학생들을 세 집단으로 나누어 각 집단의 영어 능력 검증을 통하여 세 집단의 동질성을 확인하였다. 이후 각각의 집단에게 수정을 가하지 않은 영어 원문, 단순화한 글, 상세화한 글을 제시하여 읽게 한 후 독해 이해력 시험과 이해도에 관한 설문 조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 본 실험 대상 집단 중 단순화한 영어 글을 읽은 집단이 독해 이해 시험에서 가장 높은 평균 점수를 보였으며 상세화한 영어 글을 읽은 집단이 가장 낮은 점수를 보였다. 둘째, 단순화한 영어 글을 읽은 집단 학생들의 경우 추론을 요구하는 문제보다는 글에서 명시된 정보를 확인하거나 종합하는 문제에서 다른 집단보다 좋은 점수를 얻었다. 셋째, 단순화한 글을 읽은 집단이 상세화한 글이나 원문을 읽은 집단보다 글을 더 쉽다고 인식하였으며, 자신들이 비교적 글의 내용을 잘 이해하고 있다고 생각한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 성인 학습자들에게 상세화한 외국어 입력이 더 효과적이라는 기존 연구의 결론을 지지할 수 없었다. 이와는 반대로 본 실험의 대상이 된 하위 단계 학습자들에게는 단순화한 외국어 입력이 보다 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이는 상세화한 영어 교재의 경우 원문보다 길이가 길어지고 추가적인 어휘가 늘어나게 되기 때문에 어휘력과 독해 능력이 낮은 하위 단계 학습자들에게 부담을 주었기 때문이라고 추정할 수 있다. 따라서 성인 학습자들의 경우에도 외국어 능력 단계에 따라 알맞은 수정 언어 입력의 형태를 고려하여 가르쳐야 한다고 본다. This study explored what type of English text modification would be most effective for reading comprehension by lower level university learners. 139 university students were divided into three groups and participated in a brief experiment. Each group was tested reading comprehension ability after reading unmodified text, simplified text and elaborated text respectively. The three groups also answered to a comprehensibility judgment questionnaire. The results showed that the students who read the simplified text obtained the best scores in the comprehension ability test. The students who read the elaborated text showed the worst comprehension of the text. In addition, the students who read the simplified text perceived the text easiest whereas the students who read the unmodified version preceived the text hardest in the comprehensibility questionnaire. These results imply that the elaborated input does not always help to promote university students' reading comprehension particularly in the case of lower level learners.

[P509] Lichen planus pigmentosus presenting with flexural area

( Young Bin Shin ),( Jeong Won Jo ),( Hae Bong Jeong ),( Yun Sun Moon ),( Do Seon Jeong ),( Eui Chang Jung ),( Chi Yeon Kim ),( Tae Jin Yoon ) 대한피부과학회 2017 대한피부과학회 학술발표대회집 Vol.69 No.1

Lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) is an uncommon variant of lichen planus that tends to occur in middle-aged individuals with darker pigmented skin. Clinical findings include hyperpigmented, brown to gray-brown macules and patches on sun-exposed areas and, in the rare inversus variant, on the flexural areas and intertriginous zones. The pattern of pigmentation is generally diffuse, although follicular, reticular, and unilateral linear variants have been described. We recently encountered a rare case of LPP developed in flexural area, not in sun-exposed area. A 58-year-old male patient presented with brown macules on the inguinal area for 6 months. One or two dark brown macules first appeared and spread gradually. A physical examination showed multiple, ill-defined, dark brown macules on inguinal area. The dermoscopic finding showed mottled pattern and elevated margin. The incisional biopsy was performed and a diagnosis of LPP was made. The fact that LPP can develop in non-sun-exposed areas as well as sun-exposed ones requires a new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of LPP.

確率有限要素法을 利用한 Frame 構造物의 信賴性解析

신재철,정원석,한성호,김선훈 忠南大學校 産業技術硏究所 2002 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.17 No.1

In this paper reliability analysis using stochastic finite element method is formulated, and with its result reliability analysis is accomplished. A displacement and member force of frame structure is acquired in SFEMP(Stochastic Finite Element Method Program) using perturbation method, and then DMCSP(Direct Monte Carlo Simulation Program) is used to verify and compare previous results. With the previous two results, approximate reliability analyses of the MFOSM(Mean First Order Second Moment), AFOSM(Advanced First Order Second Moment), and MCS(Monte Carlo Simulation) including a relatively simple limit state function have accomplished and base of a safety estimate could be acquired. Finally, When the reliability analysis of a complicated structure using stochastic finite element method is accomplished, time is efficiently reduced, and the safety of a structure can be easily evaluated. Hence SFEMP may be considered an efficient tool for evaluating the structural safety and reliability of frame structure.

인듀서 내부의 캐비테이션 유동과 흡입성능에 관한 연구

申澈洙,金鍾喆,姜宇政,李先基 충주대 산업과학기술연구소 1995 産業科學論文集 Vol.3 No.-

In order to understand the influence of the inducer inlet angle on cavitation and suction performance, experiments were carried out for two kinds inducer, which have the same outlet angle distribution, length and number of inducer blades. The results showed that the change of inducer inlet angles influenced not only internal flow conditions but also cavity flow and suction performance. The improvement of suction performance by using inducer were also discussed.

중부지역 과수원 토양중의 중금속 함량 평가

정구복,김원일,이종식,신중두,김진호,윤순강 한국환경농학회 2004 한국환경농학회지 Vol.23 No.1

우리나라 중부지역에서 1998년 3∼5월에 과수원 토양 164지점(경기 48, 강원 36, 충북 36, 충남 44지점)을 대상으로 표토(0∼20 ㎝)와 심토(20∼40 ㎝)로 나누어 채취하여 토양내 중금 속함량과 분포특성, 총함량에 대한 침축액별 가용성 함량 비율 및 토양 이화학성과의 관계 를 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 과수원 토양중 0.1 N-HCl 침출성 평균함량은 Cd 0.080, Cu 4.23. Pb 3.42 ㎎/㎏, 1 N-HCl 침출성 As 평규함량은 0.44 ㎎/㎏, 중금속 총함량 은 Zn 78.9, Ni 16.09 및 Hg 0.052 ㎎/㎏ 이었다. 과수원 토양내 중금속 평균함량은 우리 나 라 토양환경보전법의 토양오염 우려기준(Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/ ㎏)과 비교하여 1/25∼1/76.9 수준으로 안전하였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 Cd 5.4∼9.2, Cu 27.9∼47.8, Pb 12.6∼21.8, Zn 15.8∼20.3, Ni 5.3∼6.3, Cr 0.7∼3.6% 이었고, 특히 0.05 M-EDTA 침출성 CU 및 Pb의 침출비율이 상대적으로 높 게 나타났다. 토양내 Cd, Pb 및 Ni의 총함량은 모래함량과 부의상관, 미사와 점토함량과는 정의 상관을 보였다. 토양의 중금속 총함량에 대한 침출액별 가용성 함량비율은 점토함량과 는 부의 상관을 보였으며, Zn과 Ni의 함량비율은 토양 pH값, 유기물 및 유효인산 함량과 정 의 상관을 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 볼 때 과수원 토양의 중금속 함량은 토양환경보전법의 토양오염기준보다 매우 낮아 안전하였으나 영농활동에 의한 영향으로 볼 수 있는 농도수준 이 검출된 일부 토양에서 조사되었다. 따라서 최근의 친환경농업 측면으로 볼 때 영농형태 별 중금속의 분포 및 농업자재에 의한 농경지내 중금속 부하량에 근거하여 중금속 오염유무 를 평가할 수 있는 판단기준에 대한 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. Objectives of this study were to monitor the distribution of heavy metals, to compare extractable heavy metal with total content and to investigate the relationships between soil physico-chemical properties and heavy metals in orchard soil. sampling sites were 48 in Gyeonggi, 36 in Gangwon, 36 in Chungbuk, and 44 in Chungnam. Soils were collected form two depths, 0 to 20 and 20 to 40 cm (here after referred to as upper and lower layers) from March to May in 1998. Total contents of heavy metal in soils were analyzed by ICP-OES after acid digestion (HNO₃:HCl:H₂O₂) whereas extractable contents were measured after successive extraction of 0.1 N-HCl, 0.05 M-EDTA, and 0.005 M-DTPA. Mercury was analysed by mercury atomizer. The average contents of Cd, Cu, and Pb in the extractant with 0.1 N-HCl at upper layer were 0.080, 4.23, and 3.42 ㎎/㎏, respectively. As content in the extractant with 1 N-HCl was 0.44 ㎎/㎏, and total contents of 20, Ni, and Hg were 78.9, 16.1, and 0.052 ㎎/㎏, respectively. m e ratios of concentrations of heavy metals to threshold values (Cd 1.5, Cu 50, Pb 100, Zn 300, Ni 40, Hg 4 ㎎/㎏) in soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea (2001) were low in the range of 1/2.5-1/76.9 in orchard soils. The ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content ranged 5.4-9.21% for Cd, 27.9-47.8% for Cu, 12.6-21.8% for Pb, 15.8-203% for Zn, 5.3 -6.3% for Nii and 0.7 -3.6% for 2n, respectively. Cu and Pb contents in 0.05 M-EDTA extractable solution were higher than those in the other extractable solution. Total contents of Cd, Ni, and Ni in soils were negatively correlated with sand content, but positively correlated with silt and clay contents. Ratios of extractable heavy metal to total content were negatively correlated with clay content, but Zn and Ni contents were positively correlated with soil pH, organic matter, and available phosphorous. Therefore, the orchard soil was safe because the heavy metal contents of orchard soil were very low as compared to its threshold value in the Soil Environmental Conservation. Act However, it need to consider the input of agricultural materials to the agricultural land for farming practices for assessment of heavy metals.

정신분열병에 대한 Risperidone의 효과 및 안전성에 관하여

신석철,왕성근,지익성,이선우,이규광,이봉희,이진영,황선희,신용재,배경도,김정란 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1997 충남의대잡지 Vol.24 No.1

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of risperidone, 10 patients with chronic schizophrenia were examined for 8 weeks in a silgle-open study. After the wash-out period of 1 week, risperidone was administered. Efficacy was evaluated by means of Positive and Negative syndrome Scale for Schizophernia(PANSS) and Clinical Global Impression(CGI). Safety assessment included the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), vital signs, body weight, ECG, and laboratory tests. The results were as follows 1) On the PANSS total score, there was significant improvement of total score after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 2) On the PANSS positive and negative subscal, there were significant improvement of posotive and negative scores after 2 weeks (P<.05) of administration. 3) On the PANSS general psychopatholgy subscals, there were significant improvement of general psychopathologyscores after 1 week (P<.05) of administratiom. 4) On the CGI, there was significant decreasement of clinical impression of severity of schizophrenia score after 2 week (P<.05) of administration. 5) A statistically significant increase in body weight (P<.05) was observed after 8 weeks of administration. 6) EPS reached the peak at the end of the 1st week of administration of risperidone (11.8± 24.25) but they were easily relieved by addition of benztropine and clonazepam. There was not significant change in laboratory tests, vital sign, ECG after 8 weeks of administration. These results suggest that Risperidone is an effective antipsychotics and clinically safe except for increased body weight in chronic schizophrenia.

라우팅 브로커링에 기초한 분산 데이터베이스 액세스 메커니즘의 설계

신혜균,장지훈,김정선,최중민,우훈식 漢陽大學校 工學技術硏究所 1998 工學技術論文集 Vol.7 No.1

현재의 클라이언트 서버 환경에서는 수많은 이질적인 데이터베이스 서버들이 LAN과 WAN상에 분산되어 있다. 따라서 이들 서버의 위치에 관계없이 일관되고 확장성 있는 액세스 메커니즘을 클라이언트에게 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 라우팅 브로커링에 기초하여 분산되고 이질적인 데이터베이스에 대한 일관되고 위치 투명성과 확장성 있는 액세스 매커니즘을 제시한다. 본 고에서 제안한 메커니즘은 클라이언트와 다수의 서버사이의 중간계층으로서 작동되도록 java와 CORBA 그리고 JDBC의 최신 기술을 적용시켜 설계되었다. In current client/server environments, it is not uncommon to have multiple, heterogeneous database servers scattered on LAN or WAN. Therefore, it is desirable to provide clients with uniform and scalable access mechanism to connect to those servers in a location-transparent way. In this paper, we propose a uniform, location-transparent, and scalable access mechanism based on routing brokering scheme to access distributed, heterogeneous databases on LAN. The proposed mechanism is designed to act as a middle tier between clients and multiple servers, and adopts Java, CORBA and JDBC as its state -of-the -art techniques.

새로운 폴리아민 킬레이트수지의 합성 및 특성 : 해리상수 및 구리(Ⅱ), 니켈(Ⅱ)착물의 안정도 상수결정

신한철,김선덕,박정은 대구대학교 부설 과학교육연구소 1989 과학교육 Vol.2 No.-

대형 화재로 인한 사상자의 손상 유형과 합병증 : 동인천 라이브호프 화재를 중심으로

신중호,김재광,염석란,신종환,민순식,임용수,양혁준,이근,황성연 대한응급의학회 2001 대한응급의학회지 Vol.12 No.3

Background: High risks of fire alway exist for buildings in urban areas, especially those in downtown. Crowds, as well as more complex and larger structures, may cause more victims in the event of fire; therefore, emergency medical service plans must be established for such disastrous events. Methods: On the evening of October 30,1999, a fire broke out in downtown, Dong-Incheon Live-Hof restaurant; 56 people were killed and 76 were injured. Most of them were teenagers. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the victims, Results: 1) Among the 56 dead, 54 died from smoke inhalation, one from extensive burns, and one from sepsis during treatment. 2) Among the 76 injured, 70 patients suffered from smoke inhalation, 53 from burns, and 9 from several types of trauma (sprains, contusions, lacerations, abrasions, fractures, etc.). 3) Later complications were laryngeal edema, pulmonary edema, scar contracture, and hypoxic brain damage, and so forth. 4) Post traumatic stress syndrome was unexpectedly more prevalent in mildly to moderately injured survivors and witnesses than in seriously injured survivors. Conclusion: Many complications exist after a fire. Some may be resolved in time, but others may result in permanent sequelae. Early rescue, early triage, and early management during transport by emergency medical service (EMS) personnel can result in fewer complications and a lower mortality rate. Therefore, we propose the establishment of plans to be followed during various major disasters.