한국 대중음악 평론계의 역사적 형성과 변화: 1980년대 이후를 중심으로

김두완(Kim Doowan) 한국대중음악학회 2012 대중음악 Vol.- No.9

이 연구는 한국 대중음악 평론계의 역사적 형성과정과 변화를 살펴본다는 목적을 갖고 있다. 연구자는 대중음악 평론에 관한 연구가 더딘 현실을 인식하고 문헌 조사와 관련자 인터뷰를 병행해 정보를 수집했다. 분석 틀은 피에르 부르디외(Pierre Bourdieu)의 장 이론으로 잡았다. 본론은 전업 평론가의 존속 가능성을 확인한 1980년대부터 상술했다. 논의의 이해를 돕기 위해 후반부에는 대중음악 평론계의 구조적 취약성을 기술했다. 한국 대중음악 평론 장은 전문 평론가, 전문 매체, 아마추어 평론가를 주축으로 한다. 이들은 서로 소통하고 교류하면서 장 내부의 경쟁을 이끌었다. 전문 평론가는 1980년대 『노래』 동인과 1990년대 명문대 출신 평론가들을 통해 전업 평론가의 형태를 구축했다. 이들은 평론 활동에서 비롯되는 경제 자본과 상징 자본을 얻기 위해 서로 경쟁했다. 한편 전문지는 1990년대에 전성기를 누렸고, 웹진은 2000년대부터 종이 매체를 대신했다. 그러나 웹진이 수익 창출에 어려움을 겪으면서 평론 장은 위축된 상황이다. 이 사이에 전문 평론가의 상징 자본을 열망한 아마추어 평론가들은 1980년대 오프라인 동호회지, 1990년대 PC통신 게시판을 통해 대중음악 평론과 담론을 생산하기도 했다. 한국 대중음악 평론의 장을 움직이는 가장 중요한 요소는 상징 자본과 경제 자본이다. 평론가들이 한정된 상징 자본과 경제 자본을 얻기 위해 경쟁하면서 평론 장이 유지되었다. 그러나 행위자 다수는 경제 자본 획득에 실패하면서 장을 이탈하기도 했다. 현재 대중음악 평론 장에서 뚜렷하게 드러나는 위치는 기존의 상징 자본을 바탕으로 활발한 활동을 펼치고 있는 기성 행위자와 경제 자본 취득의 어려움으로 경쟁을 주저하고 있는 신진 행위자라고 할 수 있다. 결국 장 내부의 자본량을 늘리는 일이 한국 대중음악 평론 장의 활성화를 이끄는 요건이 될 것이다. 이 연구는 그동안 학계에서 주목받지 못했던 한국 대중음악 평론계를 다루었다는 점, 그리고 그것의 역사와 특징을 정리했다는 점에 의의가 있다. The purpose of this study is to investigate historic development and changes in popular music criticism in Korea. Recognizing there have been few researchers on popular music criticism, the authors collected data from literature review and interviews on those who are related. The field theory presented by Pierre Bourdieu was selected to be the analysis frame in this study. This article stars with describing 1980s, the time that it could be confirmed that full-time critics can exist, and describes synchronic struggles in popular music criticism later to help to understand the discussion. The field of popular music criticism in Korea consists of three axes - professional critics as persons, professional magazines as media, and amateur critics as the public. They are competing with each other, affecting each other. Professional critics were developed to be full-time critics from the members of “Norae” in 1980s and critics in 1990s who graduated from prestigious colleges. They competed with each other to obtain economic capital and symbolic capital by critical activities. Meanwhile, professional magazines saw their best days in 1990s, and webzines have replaced paper media since 2000s. However, as the webzines have difficulty in making profits, the field of the criticism continues to be shrunk. During the time, amateur critics, who aspired to symbolic capital of critics, produced their own criticism and discourses of popular music on club bulletins in 1980s and on PC communication bulletin boards in 1990s. Symbolic and economic capital is the most important factors influencing the field of popular music criticism in Korea. The field of criticism has been maintained as the critics are competing to obtain limited symbolic and economic capital. However, it is fact that many of them leave the field when they fail to obtain the economic capital. As of the present, there are two positions in the field of popular music criticism - the exist-ing agents who are active based on the existing symbolic capital and the new ones who are hesitant about competition because of difficulty in obtaining economic capital. Enhancing the amount of capital within the field may serve as a significant factor inducing invigoration of the field of popular music criticism in Korea. This study is significant in that it copes with popular music criticism in Korea that has not been focused on by academic fields and identified the history and characteristics of the field.

Evaluation of synbiotics as gut health improvement agents against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from the pig

( Bo-ra Kim ),( Kyung Jin Cho ),( Doowan Kim ),( Jin Ho Cho ),( Jun Hyung Lee ),( Robin B. Guevarra ),( Sun Hee Lee ),( Jung Sun Kang ),( Won Tak Cho ),( Suphot Wattanaphansak ),( Bit Na Kang ),( Jong 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.2

Colibacillosis is one of the major health problems in young piglets resulting in poor health and death caused by Escherichia coli producing F18 pili and Shiga toxin 2e. It is pivotal to reduce colibacillosis in weaned piglets to enhance production performance. In this study, we evaluated synbiotics as the gut health improvement agents in the mouse model challenged with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) isolated from piglets. Prebiotic lactulose was formulated with each 5.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15, Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17, and Lactobacillus plantarum GB 1-3 to produce 3 combinations of synbiotics. A total of 40 three weeks old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 10): a control group and 3 synbiotics treated groups. Each treatment groups were daily administrated with 5.0 × 10⁶ CFU/mL of one synbiotics for the first week, and every 3 days during the second week. All the mice were challenged with 8.0 × 10⁸ CFU/mL of STEC 5 days after animals began to receive synbiotics. Mice treated with synbiotics based on Pediococcus acidilactici GBU15 and Lactobacillus plantarum GB-U17 significantly improved daily weight gain compared to mice in other groups. While mice treated with GB-U15 showed better fecal index, no significant differences were observed among groups. Gross lesion and histopathological evaluations showed that mice treated with GB-U15 moderately improved recovery from STEC infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the synbiotics formulated with lactulose and Pediococcus acidilactici GB-U15 have potential benefits to prevent and improve colibacillosis in weaned piglets.

Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

( Yejin Min ),( Yohan Choi ),( Younghwa Kim ),( Yongdae Jeong ),( Doowan Kim ),( Joeun Kim ),( Hyunjung Jung ),( Minho Song ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.4

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs (initial body weight, 34.8 ± 0.62 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01 % of protease (PRO). Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments with a 2-phase feeding program for 12 weeks. Pigs fed PRO had higher average daily gain (ADG; phase I, 866.38 vs. 821.75 g/d; overall, 910.96 vs. 866.30 g/d; p < 0.05) and gain to feed ratio (G:F; phase I, 0.345 vs. 0.363 g/g; p < 0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on blood constituents and carcass characteristics between CON and PRO of growing-finishing pigs. In conclusion, dietary protease supplementation in the typical diet for growing-finishing pigs improved growth rate.

Effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs

( Yejin Min ),( Yohan Choi ),( Jeehwan Choe ),( Younghwa Kim ),( Yongdae Jeong ),( Doowan Kim ),( Joeun Kim ),( Hyunjung Jung ),( Minho Song ) 한국축산학회 2019 한국축산학회지 Vol.61 No.5

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics on growth performance, blood constituents, and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 48 growing pigs were randomly allotted into 2 dietary (6 pigs/pen; 4 replicates/treatment). The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.01% of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics (MULTI). No differences were found on growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; overall, 874.06 vs. 881.14 g/d; p > 0.05), blood constituents (white blood cell, WBC; phase I, 17.51 vs. 19.96 × 10³ /μL; phase II, 19.65 vs. 21.95 × 10³ /μL; p > 0.05), and carcass characteristics during overall experimental period between CON and MULTI. In conclusion, the addition of dietary mixture of protease and probiotics in growing-finishing pig diet did not have any beneficial effects.

Effects of loose farrowing facilities on reproductive performance in primiparous sows

( Yohan Choi ),( Yejin Min ),( Younghwa Kim ),( Yongdae Jeong ),( Doowan Kim ),( Joeun Kim ),( Hyunjung Jung ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2020 한국축산학회지 Vol.62 No.2

The present study investigated the effects of loose farrowing type during gestation and after farrowing on reproductive performance and of lactating sows. A total of 22 primiparous sows (Landrace; average initial body weights [BW], 228.54 ± 12.79 kg) were allotted to one of two treatments on the basis of body weight. Sows were divided into two experimental groups, conventional farrowing crates (CON), and loosed-farrowing pens (LFP). The experiment duration was around 38 days ranging from 10 days before parturition to 28 days after parturition. Gestating sows at the age of 105 d were placed in gestational stalls (group housing). All the sows were fed a common diet according to the National Research Council requirements for lactation. Cross-fostering was performed within 1 day of parturition. From 1 day after weaning, estrus detection was performed twice-daily (0900 and 1730 h) for 10 min by boar exposure. There were significant effects of LFP housing type on the farrowing duration, and farrowing interval. At the farrowing time, none of the litter parameters including total born, stillborn, mummy, born alive piglets and total litter weight and piglet weight were affected. There were no effects of housing type on the mortality of piglets at d 1, 3, 7, 21, and 28. In conclusion, the result of this study showed that there is no performance difference between the crated or LFP sows, which indicate that the LFP housing has the potential to be used as an alternative to the crated house without any detrimental effects in reproduction performance of lactating sows.

Graphene synthesis by chemical vapor deposition on Cu foil

Sung-Jin Kim,Kwonjae Yoo,E.K. Seo,Doowan Boo,Chanyong Hwang 한국진공학회 2011 한국진공학회 학술발표회초록집 Vol.40 No.0

Effects of cooling systems on physiological responses and intestinal microflora in early gestating sows exposed to high-temperature stress

( Yongdae Jeong ),( Yohan Choi ),( Doowan Kim ),( Yejin Min ),( Eunsuk Cho ),( Joeun Kim ) 한국축산학회(구 한국동물자원과학회) 2021 한국축산학회지 Vol.63 No.4

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cooling systems on reproductive performance, body temperature, blood metabolites, and the intestinal microbiome in early gestating sows exposed to high ambient temperature. In total, 39 pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; 2 parities) were randomly assigned to and maintained in the following three treatment groups (13 sows per group) over days 0 to 35 of pregnancy: (i) air cooling (AC; 26.87 ± 1.23℃), (ii) water-drip cooling (WC; 28.81 ± 0.91℃), and (iii) a lack of cooling with heat stress (HS; 30.72 ± 0.70℃). Backfat thickness was measured before and after HS. Feces were collected on day 0 and 35 d of the trial for microbiome analysis, whereas blood was taken at day 35 of pregnancy and analyzed. Reproductive performance and physiological responses were identified at day 35. Respiration rate along with rectal and skin temperatures were lower (p < 0.05) in the AC group than in the HS and WC groups. Serum blood urea nitrogen values were increased (p < 0.05) in the WC group compared with those measured in the AC and HS groups. Triiodothyronine was found at greater levels (p < 0.05) in the AC than in the HS group. Reproductive performance was not affected by the cooling systems. At the phylum level, fecal pathogenic Spirochaete and Euryarchaeota were found in higher numbers (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. Similarly, at the genus level, the amount of Treponema was greater (p < 0.05) in all groups after HS. In conclusion, our results suggest that AC or WC can ameliorate or mitigate the adverse effects of HS on the physiological parameters of pregnant sows reared under high temperatures.