Ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of citrus fruit peels over mesoporous MFI and Al-MCM-41

Kim, Y.M.,Jae, J.,Lee, H.W.,Han, T.U.,Lee, H.,Park, S.H.,Kim, S.,Watanabe, C.,Park, Y.K. Pergamon ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2016 Energy conversion and management Vol.125 No.-

The thermal and ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of different citrus peels, Citrus paradisi peel, Citrus sinensis peel, Citrus unshiu peel, and Citrus limon peel, were studied by thermogravimetric, evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry and tandem micro-reactor-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analyses. Kinetic analysis revealed more complicated reaction steps and a wider range of activation energies of citrus peels than those of wood powder due to the presence of pectin in the citrus peels. Large amounts of methanol formation from each citrus peel were also recorded by evolved gas analysis-mass spectrometry and fast pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry analyses at the main decomposition temperature of pectin, between 150 and 250<SUP>o</SUP>C. Mesoporous MFI was found to be a more effective catalyst for the production of mono aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; 3.06-4.17C%) and light olefins (ethene, propene, butene, and butadiene; 8.13-9.13C%) than Al-MCM-41 (mono aromatic compounds 0.67-0.93C% and light olefins 3.61-4.58C%) because of its higher catalytic activity in deoxygenation and aromatization due to the stronger acidity of mesoporous MFI. The yield of mono aromatic compounds over mesoporous MFI was highest from C. paradisi peel (4.17C%), followed in order by C. sinensis peel (3.83C%), C. unshiu peel (3.61C%), and C. limon peel (3.06C%), due mainly to the different contents and properties of pectin in each citrus peel. The higher activities of mesoporous MFI than Al-MCM-41 were also maintained during the 7 times sequential catalytic pyrolysis of C. paradisi peel, demonstrating the stability of mesoporous MFI catalyst.

Asymmetric dibenzoylated monobenzotetraazacyclo[15]annulenenickel(II) complexes

Kim, E. H.,Kim, D. I.,Park, I. J.,Bae, Z. U.,Byun, J. C.,Na, H. G.,Park, Y. C. Gordon and Breach Science Pub 2007 Journal of coordination chemistry Vol.60 No.4

<P> The 15-membered asymmetric complexes, 3,11-di(p-Xbenzoyl)-2,4,10,12-tetramethyl-1,5,9,13-monobenzotetraazacyclo[15]annulenenickel(II), X = CH3, H, Cl, NO2 and OCH3, were synthesized and characterized. IR spectra of the benzoylated complexes showed an intense C=O stretching mode in the range 1630-1640 cm-1. Hammett plots of [image omitted]of π → π* and LMCT were linear with slopes of +0.379 and +0.339, respectively. 1H NMR signals of methyl groups showed shielding effects due to magnetic anisotropy of benzoyl groups, while other proton signals exhibited deshielding effects. 13C NMR spectra were consistent with 1H NMR. Voltammograms of complexes showed two irreversible oxidation peaks due to the ligands in the ranges +0.35 to +0.44 V and +0.74 to +0.86 V, respectively. A reduction wave involving nickel(II) was found in the range -2.50 to -2.70 V, depending on substituents on the benzoyl group. Hammett plots of the first and second oxidation potentials had linear slopes of +0.071 and +0.104, respectively. The structures of 2,4,10,12-tetramethyl-1,5,9, 13-monobenzotetraazacyclo[15]annulenenickel(II) (monoclinic, C2/c, a = 22.883(6), b = 10.358(3), c = 14.755(4) Å, &bgr; = 102.704(4)°, Z = 8, R1 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0295, wR2 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0744) and 3,11-di(p-methylbenzoyl)-2,4,10,12-tetramethyl-1,5,9,13-monobenzotetraazacyclo[15]annulenenickel(II) (orthorhombic, Pca21, a = 27.829(3), b = 10.3904(11), c = 10.4664(11) Å, Z = 4, R1 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0387, wR2 [I > 2σ(I)] = 0.0840) were determined using single-crystal X-ray methods.</P>

STOCHASTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RESISTANCE OF SM45C STEEL

Park, U.H.,Lee, H.W.,Kim, S.J.,Lee, C.R.,Kim, J.H. The Korean Society of Automotive Engineers 2007 International journal of automotive technology Vol.8 No.5

Reliability analysis based on fracture mechanics requires knowledge of the on statistical parameters m and C in the fatigue crack growth law $da/dN=C({\Delta}K)^m$. The purpose of the present study is to investigate if it is possible to explain the change of parameter m by the fluctuation of C only. In this study, we apply the Paris-Erdogan law treating the parameter C as random and the parameter m as constant. Fluctuations in crack growth rate are assumed to be dependent only on C. The material resistance to fatigue crack growth(Z=1/C) is treated as a spatially random process, that varies along the crack path. The theoretical crack growth rates at various stress intensity factors are discussed. Additionally, the results of constant ${\Delta}K$ fatigue crack growth tests are reported for the structural steel, SM45C. The experimental data have been analyzed to determine the probability distribution of fatigue crack growth resistanc.

Possible involvement of hippocampal immediate-early genes in contextual fear memory deficit induced by cranial irradiation

Son, Y.,Kang, S.,Kim, J.,Lee, S.,Kim, J.C.,Kim, S.H.,Kim, J.S.,Jo, S.K.,Jung, U.,Youn, B.,Shin, T.,Yang, M.,Moon, C. Academic Press, Inc 2016 INC. Vol.133 No.-

Cranial irradiation can trigger adverse effects on brain functions, including cognitive ability. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying radiation-induced cognitive impairments remain still unknown. Immediate-early genes (IEGs) are implicated in neuronal plasticity and the related functions (i.e., memory formation) in the hippocampus. The present study quantitatively assessed changes in the mRNA and protein levels of the learning-induced IEGs, including Arc, c-fos, and zif268, in the mouse hippocampus after cranial irradiation using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Mice (male, 8-week-old C57BL/6) received whole-brain irradiation with 0 or 10Gy of gamma-ray and, 2weeks later, contextual fear conditioning (CFC) was used to induce IEGs. In the CFC task, mice evaluated 2weeks after irradiation exhibited significant memory deficits compared with sham (0Gy)-irradiated controls. The levels of mRNA encoding IEGs were significantly upregulated in the hippocampus 10 and 30min after CFC training. The mRNA levels in the irradiated hippocampi were significantly lower than those in the sham-irradiated controls. The IEG protein levels were significantly increased in all hippocampal regions, including the hippocampal dentate gyrus, cornu ammonis (CA)1, and CA3, after CFC training. The CFC-induced upregulation of Arc and c-fos in 10Gy-irradiated hippocampi was significantly lower than that in sham-irradiated controls, although there were no significant differences in the protein levels of the learning-induced zif268 between sham-irradiated and 10Gy-irradiated hippocampi. Thus, cranial irradiation with 10Gy of gamma-ray impairs the induction of hippocampal IEGs (particularly Arc and c-fos) via behavioral contextual fear memory, and this disturbance may be associated with the memory deficits evident in mice after cranial irradiation, possibly through the dysregulation of neuronal plasticity during memory formation.

Ionic and thermo-switchable polymer-masked mesoporous silica drug-nanocarrier: High drug loading capacity at 10^oC and fast drug release completion at 40^oC

Eltohamy, M.,Seo, J.W.,Hwang, J.Y.,Jang, W.C.,Kim, H.W.,Shin, U.S. Elsevier 2016 Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces Vol.144 No.-

<P>The preparation of the ideal smart drug-delivery systems were successfully achieved by the in situ co-polymerization of a vinyl group-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle (f-MSN) with 1-butyl-3-vinyl imidazolium bromide (BVIm) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) monomers. The thickness of the capping copolymer layer, poly(NIPAAm-co-BVIm) (p-NIBIm), was controlled at between 2.5 nm and 5 nm, depending on the monomers/f-MSN ratio in the reaction solution. The finally obtained smart drug-delivery systems are named as p-MSN2.5 and p-MSN5.0 (MSNs integrated by 2.5 nm and 5 nm p-NIBIm layer in thickness). The key roles of the mesoporous-silica-nanoparticle (MSN) core and the p-NIBIm shell are drug-carrying (or containing) and pore-capping, respectively, and the latter has an on/off function that operates in accordance with temperature changes. According to the swelling- or shrinking-responses of the smart capping copolymer to temperature changes between 10 degrees C and 40 degrees C, the loading and releasing patterns of the model drug cytochrome c were studied in vitro. The developed system showed interesting performances such as a cytochrome-c-loading profile (loading capacity for 3 h = 26.3% and 19.8% for p-MSN2.5 and p-MSN5.0, respectively) at 10 degrees C and a cytochrome-c-releasing profile (releasing efficiency = > 95% within 3 days and 4days for p-MSN2.5 and p-MSN5.0, respectively) at 40 degrees C. The cytotoxicity of the drug delivery systems, p-MSN2.5 and p-MSN5.0 (in the concentration range of <0.125 mg/mL without drug), for human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells were minimal in vitro compared with that of a blank MSN. These results may be reasonably applied in the field of specified drug delivery. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

산란계 사료내 CLA 함유 Oil (CLAzen 80) 첨가가 난황내 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향

황보종,장종수,정일병,이병석,김동운,조성백,김희도,배해득,손진혁,홍의철,최낙진,Hwangbo J.,Chang J. S.,Chung I. B.,Lee B. S.,Kim D. U.,Cho S. B.,Kim H. D.,Bae H. D.,Son J. H.,Hong U. C.,Choi N. J. 한국가금학회 2005 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구는 oil 형태의 conjugated linoleic acid(CLAzen 80)를 산란계 사료에 수준별로 첨가 급여하였을 때 산란율과 난황내 지방산 조성의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 59주령의 산란계 72수를 완전임의배치법으로 4개 처리구에 6주간 공시하였다. 처리구는 CLAzen 80를 첨가하지 않은 대조구와 각각 1, 2 및 $3\%$를 첨가구를 두었다. 연구 결과를 살펴보면 산란율은 처리구별 통계적 유의차가 없었지만, 난황내 지방산 조성은 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하게 크게 영향을 받았다. 난황내 C16:0과 C18:0과 같은 포화 지방산 함량은 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하여 증가하였으나, 일가불포화지방산인 C18:1 함량은 오히려 감소하였다. 한편, 난황내 C18:2와 C18:3와 같은 다가불포화지방산은 CLAzen 80 급여 2$\~$4주사이에는 모든처리구들에 있어서 그 함량이 일정하게 유지되었다. 그러나, 대조구와 비교하여 CLAzen 80 급여 6주 째에는 난황내 C18:2 함량이 감소하였다. 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율과 n-6:n-3 불포화지방산 비율은 2$\~$4주 사이에는 처리구별간에 통계적 유의차가 없었고, 6주째 불포화지방산:포화지방산 비율이 CLAzen 80 첨가에 의하여 감소하였다. 한편, 난황내 CLA 함량은 CLAzen 80 첨가수준에 비례하여 증가하였다. 따라서, 산란계 사료 내 CLAzen 80 첨가는 난황내 CLA 함량을 증진시키는 것으로 요약할 수 있다. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of varying levels of dietary oil containing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the egg production and fatty acid composition of egg yolk. Seventy-two 59-wk-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments, each consisting of three replicates with six birds per replicate. There were four treatments that consist of diets containing 0, 1, 2, or $3\%$ commercial CLA-containing oil. Egg production was not significantly different among the dietary treatments at 0, 2, 4, and 6 week. The proportion of saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 in egg yolk were increased, but that of monounsaturated fatty acid C18:1 was decreased by feeding CLA-containing oil supplementation. However, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as C18:2 and C18:3 in egg yolk were not different among dietary treatments at 2 and 4 wk of the experiment. At 6 week, the proportion of C18:2 in egg yolk was decreased by feeding CLA-containing oil compared with the control. Polyunsaturated fatty acid:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio and n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio were similar across the treatments between 2 and 4 week. The P:S ratio was decreased by dietary CLA-containing oil supplementation at 6 week. The proportion of CLA in egg yolk was linearly increased with increasing levels of CLA-containing oil supplementation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of CLA-containing oil to laying hens increased beneficially increased CLA content in their egg yolk.

The distribution of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in Lake Soyang

Kim, B.-C 韓國陸水學會 1998 생태와 환경 Vol.31 No.1

자기조직화 지도를 이용한 반도체 패키지 내부결함의 패턴분류 알고리즘 개발

김재열,윤성운,김훈조,김창현,송경석,양동조 한국공작기계학회 2002 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2002 No.-

In this study, researchers developed the est algorithm for artificial defects in the semic packages and performed to it by pattern recogn technology. For this purpose, this algorithm was i that researcher made software with matlab. The so consists of some procedures including ultrasonic acquisition, equalization filtering, self-organizi backpropagation neural network, self-organizing ma backpropagation neural network are belong to metho neural networks. And the pattern recognition tech has applied to classify three kinds of detective pa semiconductor packages, that is, crack, delaminat normal. According to the results, it was found estimative algorithm was provided the recognition r 75.7% (for crack) and 83.4% (for delamination) 87.2%(for normal).

해외근로자에 있어서 산업재해 발생 원인

김용완,김병수,김성천,김준연,이채언,전진호,문덕환,배기택 인제대학교 1985 仁濟醫學 Vol.6 No.4

해외근로자 1,250명에 대한 재해원인(미국 표준연구소와 국제노동기구의 분류법에 의함)을 조사 분석하여 산업재해 예방 대책의 기초 자료를 얻고자 한 것이다. In order to obtain basic reference materiols for the estabishment of effective industrial safety programmes in oversea workers, accident causes were investigated among 1,250 injured workers, The data were analized according to the USA Standards Institute and International Labour Organization method. The results were as follows: 1.The most prevailing injuries were fractures, contusions, strains, cuts, lacerations and punctures, which were 72% of the total 1,250 cases of occupational injuries. 2.The parts of body most frequently injured were spines, upper extremities (including fingers), head and lower extremities. 3.The most responsible source of injuries were building construction, transport and power machine equipments. 4.According to the accident type, fall from elevation, over exertion, caught-in, struck-by and fall on same level were most frequently observed which were 70% of the total number of injuries. 5.According to the unsafe acts, carelessness and unsafety information were most frequently observed which were 80% of the total number of injuries. 6.Unsafety acts were mot responsiable causes of injuries, accounting for 49%. The major hazardous conditions in or about causes were approach of hazardous sites handling of hazadous matrials and carelessness of work motion. 7.Practically all oversea workers accident records could produce the causes of accident which fell into the categories. The moat hazadous conditions were unsafety acts and building construction materials were the most responsible sources of injuries. 8.There were close associations between the nature of injuries and injured body parts, the types and of causes injuries, unsafety acts and kinds of work among injured workers.

부산시 우암동 일부지역의대기오염에 관한 연구

김돈균,김준연,김용준,이채언,이종철,유병호 부산대학교 1972 論文集 Vol.13 No.1

During the period from April to August 1971, a survey was carried out to find the state of atmospheric pollution on U-am Dong, Pusan. The obtained results were as follows : 1. The mean temperature, relative humidity, air movement and barometric pressure of U-am Dong area were 20.8℃, 65.9%, 2.0m/sec and 1005.4 mb respectively. 2. The mean value of sulfur oxides was 2.930 mg/SO₃/day/100㎠ PbO₂ ranging from 0.140 to 5.110. 3. The mean value of sulfur oxides by month showed increasing trend from April and it reached peak in July. 4. The mean value of sulfur oxides by area showed peak, 4.361mg/SO₃/day/100㎠ PbO₂ at H. 5. The mean value of dust fall was 44.6ton/㎢/month ranging from 18.8 to 78.8 ton/㎢/month. 6. The mean value of dust fall by month showed peak in June and a trend of decreasing order of April, May, July and August. 7. The mean value of dust fall by area showed peak, 52.1ton/㎢/month at k. 8. The mean value of sulfur dioxide was 0.436 ppm ranging from 0.020 to 4.261 ppm. 9. The mean value of sulfur dioxide by month showed increasing trend from April and peak in August. 10. The mean value of sulfur dioxide by area showed peak, 1.976 ppm at N ranging from 0.501 to 4.261 ppm. 11. The mean value of sulfur dioxide by surveyed hour showed peak at 10:00 to 10:20 during A. M/ and 13:00 to 13:20, P. M.