요추 추간판탈출증 수술 후 임상 증상의 회복

신병준,김준범,조영훈,권희,서유성,김연일,나수균,최창욱 대한척추외과학회 1997 대한척추외과학회지 Vol.4 No.2

Study Design : The authors retrospectively analysed the recovery of clinical symptoms after surgical treatment of lumbar HIVD. Objectives : To investigate the incidence of clinical symptoms, the recovery rate and time after surgical treatment and the difference between L4-5 and L5-S1 lesion. Summary of Literature Review : There are many reports concerning the clinical result of surgical treatment for the HIVD. They usually describe the result as excellent, good, fair and poor. We can't get any information about the recovery rate and recovery time of each clinical symptom from the reports. Materials and Methods : Thirty-eight patients were treated by one level open discectomy from march 1991 to december 1995. The clinical symptoms and signs including SLR, motor deficit, sensory deficit, change of DTR and severity of radiating pain were periodically followed up on the predesigned protocol, Results : In preoperative examination, SLR was positive in 82%, motor deficit in 76%, sensory deficit in 74%, DTR change in 50%, and radiating pain in 100%. The recovery rate of SLR was 96.8%, motor deficit ; 93.6%, sensory deficit ; 78.6%, DTR change ; 21 % and radiating pain ; 84.2%. The average recovery time of SLR was 3.4 months, motor deficit ; 1.9 months, sensory deficit ; 5.3 months, DTR change ; 4.1 months and radiating pain ; 3.2 months. Motor and sensory deficit was more frequent in L4-5 lesion but DTR change was usually noted in L5-S] lesion. The recovery rate and time showed no great difference between the two level. Conclusions : The recovery rate was higher in SLR, motor deficit and radiating pain rather than sensory deficit and DTR change. The recovery time was fastest in radiating pain but variable nature was noted in sensory deficit. Above results may be helpful to explain the prognosis of the lumbar HIVD.

Cyclosporin A 반복투여에 의한 랫드 간장의 조직학적 변화

윤화중,손무호,장병준,권구범 건국대학교 동물자원연구센터 1998 動物資源硏究誌 Vol.19 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the histological changes of rat liver by repeated treatment of cyclosporin A that has been widely used for treating some autoimmune diseases and immunosuppressive drug in organ transplantation. 70 Sprague-Dawley rats were kept in experimental circumstances for 2 weeks and 50mg/kg B.W of cyclosporin A was injected once a day subcutaneously for 7 days and sacrificed at 1 hour, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days after the last injection. Histological changes were observed by H & E, Oil red O, and Masson trichrome stains and the results obtained were as follows. 1. 26 percent of animals has died during the treatment of cyclosporin A, and the animals survived were observed to be dull and inactivated. 2. The mild cytoplasmic changes of hepatocytes in portal area were observed by H & E stain in 1 hour lapse group and this finding was recovered with time lapse. 3. The lipid accumulation in periportal areas was observed in 1 hour and 1 day lapse groups and this finding was recovered with time lapse. 4. Although the cytoplasmic changes and lipid accumulation were started in the portal area and moved to intermediated and central areas, the changes in the intermediate and central areas were not as severe as that of portal area. 5. No specific increase of connective tissue was observed in all groups. 6. Histological changes of rat liver induced by cyclosporin A were recovered with time lapse, and the entire recovery was observed in 28 days lapse group after the last injection.

Effects of Zn Diffusion from (Zn,Mg)O Buffer to CIGS Film on the Performance of Cd-Free Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ Solar Cells

Lee, Chang-Soo,Kim, Suncheul,Al-Ammar, Essam A.,Kwon, HyuckSang,Ahn, Byung Tae The Electrochemical Society 2014 ECS journal of solid state science and technology Vol.3 No.6

<P>A diffusion of Zn into the CIGS film and its effects on the device performance were investigated when the atomic layer deposited (Zn,Mg)O film was used as a buffer layer of CIGS solar cells. SIMS and ICP mass analysis showed that the Zn concentration in the CIGS film was increased with increasing ALD process time. The hole concentration in the CIGS film was decreased by Zn incorporation. It was suggested that open circuit voltage degradation in CIGS cell with Zn incorporation was mainly due to enhanced recombination by Zn defects instead of Fermi-level change. The results suggest that the ALD process should be as short as possible to avoid Zn diffusion. On the other hand, a small amount of Zn incorporation on the surface of the CIGS film by post rapid thermal annealing of a (Zn,Mg)O/CIGS cell at 200°C showed an increased cell performance. However, excess Zn incorporation on the surface of the CIGS film caused degradation of cell performance due to the generation of a new defect. The generation of a deep-level defect and the change of the minority carrier lifetime were characterized by low-temperature PL and time-resolved PL, respectively. The cell performance was correlated with these results.</P>

Characteristics on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop for a low GWP refrigerant in brazed plate heat exchanger

Shon, Byung Hoon,Jung, Chung Woo,Kwon, Oh Jin,Choi, Chang Kyoung,Tae Kang, Yong Elsevier 2018 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER - Vol.122 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Refrigerants have been continuously developed to improve their thermal performances and to deal with relevant environmental issues. Recently, regulations on refrigerants are being intensified due to the global warming. To meet the enhanced environmental standards, low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants have been developed. In this study, experimental studies are conducted to investigate the characteristics of condensation heat transfer and frictional pressure drop for R-1233zd(E). The experiments are carried out under partial condensation conditions in a plate heat exchanger to measure temperature, pressure and mass flow rate. Heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drops with respect to mean vapor qualities are yielded. During the partial condensation process, the heat transfer coefficients increases as the mass and heat fluxes increase. However, no significant change in frictional pressure drop is observed when the heat flux changes. It is concluded that other correlations for Nusselt number and pressure drop from the literature cannot be applied for the low GWP refrigerant, R-1233zd(E), and the present experimental correlations agree well with the experimental results with the error bands of ±20%.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The condensation heat transfer and pressure drop in PHE with R-1233zd(E) are experimentally tested. </LI> <LI> No significant change in frictional pressure drop is observed when the heat flux changes. </LI> <LI> The present experimental correlations agree well with the experimental results with the error bands of ±20%. </LI> <LI> Other correlations from the literature cannot be applied for the low GWP refrigerant, R-1233zd(E). </LI> </UL> </P>

편도중심핵의 dopamine성 체계가 스트레스성 위궤양에 미치는 영향

장현갑,윤병수,박순권 한국심리학회 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.4 No.1

본 연구는 스트레스성 위궤양발생과 편도중심핵의 dopamine(DA)와의 관계를 알아보기 위해 두가지 실험을 실시했다. 실험1에서는 DA성 신경원을 손상시키는 6-OHDA를 편도중심핵에 주입하여 DA성 신경원을 손상시킨후 저온-구금스트레스에 의한 스트레스성 위궤양발생정도를 비교하였고, 실험2에서는 DA효능물질인 apomorphine과 DA길항물질인 haloperidol을 편도중심핵에 주입한 후 저온-구금스트레스에 의한 위궤양발생정도를 비교하였다. 실험1의 결과에서는 6-OHDA처치에 의한 편도체 중심핵 손상집단이 saline통제집단 보다 유의미하게 높은 위궤양발생을 보여주었고, 실험2에서는 DA효능물질인 apomorphine처치집단이 saline통제집단보다 유의미하게 낮은 수준의 위궤양발생을 보여주었지만, DA수용기 차단물질인 haloperidol처치집단은 saline통제집단과 apomorphine처치집단에 비해 유의미하게 높은 위궤양발생을 보여주었다. 위의 두실험의 결과로 미루어 볼때 편도중심핵의 DA성 신경원과 여기에서 분비하는 DA가 스트레스성 위궤양발생에 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 추측할 수 있다. To investigate the effects of central amygdala dopamine on immobilization stress-induced gastric ulcer in rats, two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, 6-OHDA(10㎍) was injected bilaterally into central amygdala to destroy dopaminergic neurons. On 7 days after drug treatment the rats were immobilized individually in supine-restraint devicers at 4℃ for 3hrs. The results of experiment 1 were as follows: lesion of dopaminergic neurons in central amygdala aggravated the gastric ulcer induced by stress. In experimemt 2, apomorphine(10㎍), haloperidol(10㎍) and saline were injected bilaterally into central amygdala. At 30min after drug treatment the rats were restrainted at 4℃ for 3hr. The results were as follows: apormophin had an attenuating effect on the gastric ulcers, but haloperidol had an aggravating effect. These results indicate that dopaminergic neurons and dopamine of central amygdala does play an important role in the stress-induced gastric ulcer.

TCD를 이용한 뇌사의 판정기준

권양,김창진,임승철,권병덕,황충진 대한신경외과학회 1990 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.19 No.4

It is generally known that demonstration of absence of cerebral blood flow is necessry to confirm brain death. Transcranial Doppler(TCD) is an accurate method of monitoring the blood flow velocities of the cerebral vessels. We performed transcranial doppler(TCD) examinations on 15 patients in brain death. Anterior criculation was examined through the temporal window or transorbiral window and basilar arteries were examined through the suboccipital window. All of the patients fulfilled the criteria for determination of brain death by clinical criteria, EEG and/or Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response(BAER) or clinical criteria alone, were mechanically ventilated. A TCD waveform abnormality consisting of reversed diastolic components was found in all brain death patients. The net flow veloicties of <10 ㎝/sec were present in all brain death patients. TCD may be a rapid and convenient alternative to cerebral angiography for confirming brain death when institutional protocols require such comfirmation.

계층분석방법을 이용한 온천지구 개발요소의 중요도 평가

장병문,권은숙 영남대학교 지역발전연구소 1997 새마을지역개발연구 Vol.20 No.-

The purpose of this research is to design a hierarchy of development elements for mountain type of spa district to evaluate relative importance of the elements to answer the two research questions, i.e., what elements compose a development hierarchy related to development of spa district and what is the relative importance of the elements? After analyzing 220 questionnaire employed analytical hierarchical process, we have found that 1) the relative importance of such element as characteristics of spa water, site plan, facilities related to development of spa have been turned out to be 0.545, 0.183, and 0.273 respectively, 2) the relative importance of such characteristic as quantity, temperature and quality of water resources have the value of 0.382, 0.242, and 0.376, respectively, 3) land subdivision, transportation and circulation plan, and supply in infrastructure facilities have the value of 0.384, 0.293, and 0.322 respectively, and 4) the relative importance of main facilities using spa, supplementary facilities for main facilities, and facilities for visitors convenience have been turned out to be 0.548, 0.178, and 0.274, respectively. From this research we have found the implications that 1) characteristics of spa water turned out to be the primary factor to be considered for development of spa district 2) the quantity and quality of water in spa, and main facilities using spa are relatively important elements 3) the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) employed in this research has been turned out to be a highly useful tools for evaluation of planning and design alternatives for development of spa district. In addition, the AHP method provide a frame of reference for systematic understanding existing literature and it may be used for an useful tool in landscape planning and design.

마이크로 그루브 가공의 특성 평가

권동희,박진효,김정석,김병민,정융호,강명창 한국공작기계학회 2007 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

As demands for micro parts are on the increase in recent industries such as aerospace, biomedical, electronics, environment, information technology and display, the need for manufacturing such parts is also increasing. Major methods of manufacturing micro parts are based on semiconductor process technology such as lithography and etching and non-traditional machining using lasers, ultrasonic, ion-beams or electrical discharge. However, these methods require lots of time, workpiece materials are limited, and such methods are only applicable to the machining of two-dimensional shapes. Therefore, mechanical machining methods are required for the manufacturing of micro parts with complex shapes. This paper presents an investigation on the characteristics for micro groove machining by using the ultrahigh-speed air turbine spindle, and verifies the properties of mechanical method in fabricating molds for micro barrier ribs. As a result, the optimal machining condition could be found from the investigation of surface roughness according to the kinds of burr shapes in the fabricating of iron mold by using micro endmill.

데이터베이스 감리 개선 방안에 관한 사례 연구

김창관,박병권 동아대학교 정보기술연구소 2007 情報技術硏究所論文誌 Vol.14 No.2

Database Auditing examines whether the database has been developed suitably for the purpose of business, and presents problems and recommendations to support the successful construction of database. The examination also ensures the integrity, the availability, the confidentiality of the database constructed. Since Database Auditing is strongly related with many other fields, each auditing company has its own auditing method. In other words, all the auditing companies adopt their own independent auditing system. As a result, there cannot be presented a consistent recommendation for the same problem. In this thesis, we propose an automation method of Database Auditing for obtaining consistency in auditing, and present a case study to show the automation scope of Data Auditing. In particular, we present a specific automation method for the following examination points: coherency of data items, logic/physical database consistency, database performance. As a future research, we will establish data quality requirements, complete the guideline of Database Auditing, and develop the tools necessary for the automation of Database Auditing.

광섬유를 이용한 고감도 압력센서의 개발

김창원,권대혁,김진섭,이정희,손병기 경북대학교 센서기술연구소 1995 연차보고서 Vol.1995 No.-

KOH 수용액을 이용하여 실리콘 식각공정기술을 확립하였으며, 이를 이용하여 실리콘 기판 위에 스트레스 균형이 이루어진 150 ㎚-Si_3N_4/300 ㎚-SiO_2/150 ㎚-Si_3N_4 두께를 가지는 구조의 평탄한 3층 유전체 멤브레인을 제작하였다. 본 실험에서 사용되는 파장인 1.3 ㎛ 근방에서 다이아프레임의 광투과도는 약 50 %로 광반사막으로 사용이 불가능하였다. 따라서, 다이아프레임 뒷면에 약 1000 Å의 금을 증착하여 N/O/N/Au박막의 광투과도를 수 %정도로 감소시킴으로써, 센서의 광반사막으로 사용할 수 있었다. source fiber를 단일모드로 했을 때 다이아프레임의 크기에 따라 감도는 각각 0.52㎻/torr(3×3 ㎟), 0.65 ㎻/torr(4×4 ㎟), 0.77 ㎻/torr(5×5 ㎟)였다. 광손실을 최소화하기 위해 광전송용 다모드 광섬유를 사용하였을 때는, 2×2 ㎟의 다이아프레임의 크기에 대해 0∼800 torr의 넓은 측정범위에서 거의 선형적인 압력특성을 나타내었다. Using KOH solution, silicon etching technology has been established and stress-balanced flat 600 ㎚ thick triple dielectric membrane(150 ㎚-Si_3N_4/300 ㎚-SiO_2/150 ㎚-Si_3N_4) on silicon substrate has been fabricated. At the wavelength of the sensor light source near 1.3 ㎛, the optical transmittance of the diaphragm was about 50 %, it was impossible to be used as a reflecting film. To decrease to a few percents, the back-side of the diaphragm was deposited 1,000 Å thick gold layer, which is sufficient enough to be used as a light reflection layer of the sensor. When was used 8/126 ㎛ single-mode fiber, the respective sensitivities for diaphragm size were 0.52 ㎻/torr(3×3 ㎟), 0.65 ㎻/torr(4×4 ㎟), 0.77 ㎻/torr(5×5 ㎟). When was used 62/126 ㎛ multi-mode fiber for the light transmission to minimize optical loss, the pressure characteristics was showed almost linearly curve in a wide pressure range, 0 torr∼800 torr, for the 2×2 ㎟ diaphragm in dimensions.