연료전지 전극의 기공구조와 산흡수도

김성엽,설용건,이태희,노용우 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1991 논문집 Vol.23 No.2

Pore structure and acid absorbancy of carbon electrode of phosphoric acid fuel cell were studied by varying carbon black, PTFE loading, and fabricating method for Denka black. Results showed that the primary pore(micro pore) of the carbon electrode included the micro space formed around the carbon particles regardless of the carbon black(Vulcan XC-72 and Denka black) used, and that addition of PTFE and pressing of electrode influenced mainly the secondary proe. The acid absorbancy of electrode was decreased as PTFE loading was increased and Denka black showed more hydrophobic than Vulcan XC-72 with three times in saturation time and one-half in acid absorbancy.

단면의 성질을 적용한 크기와 회전 변화에 불변인 영상 검사 시스템

이용중,김태원,김기대,류재엽 한국공작기계학회 2001 한국공작기계학회 춘계학술대회논문집 Vol.2001 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to develop image inspection system endows an automatic operating and measuring that the moment values are invariant with respect to variable object size and rotation. In this paper, using these moment feature vector with Hu's 7 invariant moment is also given. The charasteristics of section which is applied in the mechanics used moment descriptor of invariant moment detection algorithm for image inspection system. Corresponding rates between 94% and 96% have been achived for all object tested.

알루미늄 연속주조 용탕의 탈 가스 일체화 장치 개발

이용중,김태원,김기대,류재엽,이형우 한국공작기계학회 2004 한국공작기계학회 추계학술대회논문집 Vol.2004 No.-

It is necessary for managing a perfect process for degasing aluminum molten metal according to the increase of a grade of aluminum and its alloy products. There are some methods that have been used to manage a degasing process in recent years, such as an injection method that uses aluminum molten metal powder and chemicals supplier and input method that supplies argon and nitrogen, or chlorine gas by using a gas blow-tube. However, these methods show some problems, and it shows that it is a difficult process to handle, pollution due to the producing a lot of toxic gases like chlorine and fluoride gas, irregular effects, and lowering work efficiency due to the excessive processing time. The problems that are the most fatal are the producing a lot of sludge due to the reaction of aluminum molten metal with chemicals, loss of metals, and decreasing the life of refractory materials. In order to solve these problems, this paper develops a technology that is related to aluminum continuous casting molten metal and monolithic degasing apparatus. A degasing apparatus developed in this study improved the existing methods and prevented environmental pollution with smokeless, odorless, and harmlessness by using a new method that applies argon and nitrogen gas in which the methods used in the West and Japan are eliminated. The developed method can significantly reduce product faults that are caused by the production of gas and oxidation because it uses a preprocessed molten metal with chemicals. In addition, the amount of the produced sludge can also be reduced by 60~80% maximum compared with the existing methods. Then, it makes it possible to minimize the loss of metals. Moreover, the molten metal processing and settling time is also shortened by comparing it with the existing methods that are applied by using chemicals. In addition, it does much to improve the workers' health, safety and environment because there is no pollution. The improvement of productivity and prevention effects of disaster from the results of the development can be summarized as follows. It will contribute to the process rationalization because it does not have any unnecessary processes that the molten metal will be moved to an agitator by using a ladle and returned to process for degasing like the existing process due to the monolithic configuration. There are no floating impurities due to the oxidation caused by the contact with the air as same as the existing process. In addition, it can protect the blending of precipitation impurities. Because it has a monolithic configuration, it can avoid the use of additional energy to compensate the temperature decreasing about 60? that is caused by the moving of molten metal. It is not necessary to invest an extra facilities in order to discharge the gas generated from a degasing process by using an agitator. The working environment can be improved by the hospitable air in the factory because the molten metal is almost not exposed in the interior of the area.

한 농촌 지역사회의 성인 임의예방접종 실태조사

신영수,김용익,김창엽 대한감염학회 1994 감염 Vol.26 No.3

성인 임의예방접종의 중요성이 점차 증가함에도 불구하고 이에 대한 실태파악은 매우 미흡한 상태이다. 이에 지역조사를 통하여 성인 임의예방접종의 실태를 파악하기 위한 연구를 시행하였다. 연구는 경기도 1개군을 대상으로 층화집락표본추출에 의해 선정된 가구에 대해 가구방문 및 설문조사를 시행하였다. 조사는 훈련된 면접원이 직접 가정을 방문하여 시행하였고, 조사대상 예방접종은 보건사회부가 정한 정기예방접종을 제외한 B형 간염, 일본뇌염, 장티푸스, 콜레라, 신증후출혈열, 렙토스피라증 등 10종의 예방접종을 15세 이상 인구가 접종한 경우로 하였다. 15세 이상의 총 조사대상자는 3,715명이었다. 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1)임의예방접종의 범위에 해당하는 예방접종은 전체 3,715명의 조사대상 중 597명에서 시행하여, 1년간 16.1%의 인구가 임의예방접종을 시행한 것으로 나타났다. 전체 임의예방접종 시행 횟수는 711회였다. 2)711회의 예방접종을 종류별로 구분하면 신증후출혈열이 전체의 43.3%로 가장 많고 일본뇌염과 B형간염이 그 다음으로 많았다. 이는 신증후출혈열이 연간 100명당 8.3회, 전체적으로는 100당 19.1회에 해당하는 것이다. 3)임의예방접종의 횟수를 조사대상의 특성별로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 연령별로는 19세 이하와 40-69세 군이 임의예방접종을 받는 비율이 높고, 20-39세 사이의 청년층에서 시행률이 상대적으로 낮다. 직업별로는 무직을 제외하면 농업에 종사하는 사람에서 24.4%로 가장 높은 시행률을 보였다. 교육수준에 따라서는 대체로 교육수준이 높아질수록 시행률이 높은 경향을 보였다. 그러나 고졸 이상의 고학력군에서는 시행률이 오히려 낮아지는 것으로 조사되었다. 거주지에 따라서는 농촌지역에 거주하는 인구의 시행률이 압도으로 높았다. 가구의 월별 지출수준에 따라서는 지출수준이 낮아질수록 오히려 예방접종의 시행률은 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 이들 특성들은 교차분석 결과 모두 예방접종 횟수와 통계적으로 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.(p<0.01). 4)연령, 성, 직업, 교육수준, 거주지, 가구의 평균 지출 등을 종속변수로 하고 예방접종의 시행여부를 독립변수로 하는 다변량 로짓분석 결과, 높은 연령, 여자, 농업 종사자, 낮은 교육수준, 도시지역 거주자, 저소득자(낮은 월지출액)일수록 예방접종을 시행할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 통계적으로 유의한 변수는 없었다. 신증후출혈열, 렙토스피라증 등 풍토병 예방접종의 시행 여부를 종속변수로 하고 같은 방법으로 로짓분석을 시행한 결과, 낮은 연령, 여자, 농업 종사자, 낮은 교육수준, 도시지역 거주자, 높은 월지출액일수록 예방접종 시행 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 중 연령과 거주지는 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 5)전체 임의예방접종의 65.8%가 보건지소에서 이루어져 압도적인 다수를 차지하였고, 다음이 보건의료원의 8.7%였다. 한편, 546명의 조사대상자가 지출한 임의예방접종 비용은 연간 3,651,900원이었다. 이는 접종자 1인당 평균 6,688원에 해당하는 금액이며, 이를 접종 횟수로 환산하면 1회당 5,621원이다. 향후 성인 임의예방접종에 대해서는 권장지침 개발과 함께 실태 파악이 광범위하게 이루어져야 할 것이며, 특히 농촌지역의 경우 보건지소를 적극적으로 활용한 성인예방접종 관리체계 구축이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 임의예방접종에 영향을 미치는 요인으로서의 사회심리적 요인들에 대한 추가 연구가 필요할 것이다. Background : The objective of this survey was to estimate voluntary vaccination status of adults in a rural county in Kyounggi Province Korea and analyze related socioeconomic factors that affected immunization behavior. Methods : For 10 days from July to August in 1993, the survey was conducted with randomly sampled inhabitants aged from 15 years in 20 clusters. Structurred questionnaire were given to a memeber of visited households by trained interviewer and answers were complemented by interview. The total number of subjects was 3,715 adults. Results : Major findings were as follows; 1) Vaccination rate was estimated based on the history of immunization, irrespective of completeness of predetermined immunization rules. The rate on the person-base estimate was 16.1% of total target population in a year, with total numbers of vaccination of 711. 2) Of 711 vaccination, Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome vaccine was most frequently administered(43.3% of all), which reflected the nature of survey area, one of the famous endemic area of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and leptospirosis in Korea. 3)With multiple logistic regression, we could find that variables such as lower age, female farmer(vs. non-farmer), urban inhabitants, and lower income group were positively correlated with the implementation of voluntary vaccination, but without statistical significance. Being vaccination of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome or leptospirosis as dependent variable, age, female, farmer, urban inhabitants, higher income group were positively correlated, with statistical significance(p<0.05) of age and urban inhabitants. 4)Of all voluntary vaccinations of adults, 65.8% were performed in Health Subcenters. Conclusions : Socioeconomic variables included in this study could not completely explain the immunization behavior of adults in rural area. Further study would be in-depth analysis of various factors which are closely related to adult voluntary vaccination in terms of socio-psychological and cultural characteristics as well as other socioeconomic variables.

적절성 평가지침과 이유목록의 적용 가능성 평가

신영수,김용익,김창엽,김윤,김은경,송윤미,이영성 한국의료QA학회 1994 한국의료질향상학회지 Vol.1 No.1

Background: An appropriate use of hospital beds can improve productivity of hospital significanlly. The authors previous study revealed that approximately one third of Korean hospital bed days and one sixth of admissions were inappropritely used, when it was measured by Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol(AEP) and Delay Tool modified into Korean situation by the authors. This study aims to evaluate applicability of the instruments in a new hospital. More specifically the study aims to measure appropriateness of the instruments used by newly trained nurse reviewers at a new hospital setting. Methods: In order to evaluate applicability of these instruments, agreement rates of the scores recorded by newly trained nurse reviewers with by skilled nurse reviewer and also compared with the scores recorded by physician's implicit decision were assessed. Agreement rates were derived from concurrent application of AEP and Delay Tool to 52 admissions and 104 patient days from internal medicine, pediatrics, and general surgery of one university hospital. Oversall agreement rate, specific nonacute agreement rate, and kappa statistics were used to indicate level of agreement. Results: Overall agreement rates on appropriateness between newly trained nurse reviewers and skilled nurse reviewer were 100% in admission and 98% in bed days. Overall agreement rates on reason for inappropriateness between newly trained nurse reviewers and skilled nurse reviewer were 96% in admission and 91% in bed days. Overall agreement rates between newly trained nurse reviewers and physician reviewer were 86% in admission and 87% in bed days. Conclusion: Results indicated that AEP and Delay Tool were applicable to a new hospital in detecting inappropriate utilization of beds and reasoning of the inappropriateness. Thess instruments could contribute to enhance efficiency of hospital use, through continuous monitoring of level of inappropriate hospital use at national or individual hospital level.

일부 다빈도 입원 및 수술례에서 항생제 사용의 의료기관별 처방실태와 적정성에 관한 연구

신영수,김용익,이영성,김창엽,최강원,이환종 대한감염학회 1992 감염 Vol.24 No.4

The purpose of this study is to probe the patterns of antibiotic prescriptions among the hospitals in Korea; such as drug cost, prescription rate, duration and appropriateness. Five clinical cases which are Cesarean section, appendectomy, cholecystectomy, cataract extraction, and pediatric pneumonia, were selected for this study. The selected clinical cases were sampled from the medical insurance claim bills (total 2,136 cases) and medical records(total 414 cases). The prescribing variation of the hospitals (total 70) were analysed as the frame of hospital bed size (tertiary hospital, general hospital (A, B), hospital) and their ownership (public tertiary, private tertiary, public general, private general private). The results are as follows; 1) The consumption pattern, proportion of antibiotics in total drug cost, showed significant difference among hospital groups. For example, the proportion of antibiotic cost in pediatric pneumonia was highest hospital group A(28.1%). 2) The prescription rate of general antibiotics ranged from 96.5% to 100%. For the reserved antibiotics, The rate was 74.7% in cataract extraction, 66.5% in Cesarean section, 62.6% in cholecystectomy, 51.6% in appendectomy and 42.0% in pediatric pneumonia. The rate also varied significantly among hospitals. The variation of inter-hospital groups was highest in pediatric pneumonia. The general hospital B and the private tertiary hospital groups prescribed the reserved antibiotics more frequently. 3) In all cases, the average duration of antibiotic administration was more than five days, which was differ little from average length of stay (ALOS) of each cases. For example, the mean durations of Cesarean section and cholecystectomy were 6.9 and 14.3 days respectively, while the ALOS of this cases were 8.8 and 15.7 days. Most of the prescribed antibiotics were not therapeutic, but prophylactic. 4) Considering the principles of prescribing prophylactic antibotics, these findings on the pattern of antibiotic prescription, especially on the aspects of prescription rate, duration, and its variation among the hospitals have particular significance for the quality of hospital care. The results of this study imply a strong probability of antibiotic over-utilization, which lead to the following perspectives. First, well designed further research on this topic should be followed, including analysis of behavioral factors affecting the drug prescription. Second, it is necessary to develop quality improvement programs such as drug utilization review for the proper and efficient use of antibiotics.

혈액관류를 받은 파라콰트 중독환자 47례에 대한 임상적 고찰

김성호,이용국,이두영,이용엽,이숭 全南大醫大 2003 전남의대학술지 Vol.39 No.4

선도농업인의 홈페이지 운영 및 전자상거래 활성화 방안

이순석,윤석규,김용희,이계엽 한국식품유통학회 2004 食品流通硏究 Vol.21 No.1

This study aims to suggest an activating programs through leading farmers' preference analysis for homepage operation and e-commerce using binary logit model. The results showed that leading farmers' preference for homepage operation increased more as the period of internet using and livestock raising was longer, the intention of e-commerce was higher. They also showed that leading farmers' preference for e-commerce increased more as the period of internet using was longer, as age level was higher and non-livestock raising. Therefore the strategies for the activating programs of homepage operation and e-commerce are the strengthening of education about homepage operation and e-commerce for leading farmers, the linkage with a e-commerce, the enlargement of budget for them, the considerations of age level and items of crops or livestock, the support for leading farmers for e-commerce.

정신장애인 치료에 중요 역할 담당자의 정신질환에 대한 태도조사

김병후,정선욱,강연화,김윤,김창엽,홍진표,한오수,조맹제,김용익 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.5

Objectives : Attitudes of families of mentally ill, health personnels and community leaders to the mentally ill after the development and utilization of the community mental health program and reintegration of the chronically ill patients into society. This study was designed to compare the attitudes toward the mentally ill patient of the persons who have important role in treating the mentally ill and to find the variables influencing the attitudes. Methods : We measured attitudes toward mental illness in psychotic patients' families(N=139), community leaders(N=180) and health personnels(N=324) including mental health personnels before the implementation of community mental health services in Yonchon county and Seodaemun district area. The instrument used to measure attitudes was Opinion about Mental Illness(O. M. I.) scale. Results : 1) Health personnel showed lower Authoritarianism(Factor A) and higher Benevolence(Factor B) scores on the average than community leaders and psychotic patients families. 2) Current residence affect the attitudes in psychotic patients' families, not in community leaders and health personnels. Families in urban area showed lower Authoritarianism(Factor A) and Social Restrictiveness(Factor D) and higher Benevolence(Factor B) scores than in the rural areas. 3) Many patient variables were correlated to the attitudes of families. Duration of illness, number of recurrence, number of admission, age of patient and family burden were positively correlated mainly to Social Restrictiveness(Factor D). 4) Sex and religion of respondents showed no or weak relationship with the factor scores. Conclusions : Education for community leaders and families is required to achieve successful community mental health services. Community support program should be developed for chronic, recurrent and burdensome psychiatric patients in the first place.

한국의 한 농촌 지역에 거주하는 노인에서의 치매의 유병률

우종인,이정희,유근영,홍진표,김창엽,김용익,이강욱 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.1

본 연구는 한국의 농촌지역인 경기도 연천군에 거주하는 65세 이상 노인인구를 대상으로 치매의 유병률을 산정하였다. 선별검사로서 MMSE-K를 실시한 후 NINCDS-ADRDA 기준에 따라 치매의 임상 진단을 확정하였고, 치매의 정도는 DSM-Ⅲ-R 기준에 의하여 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 치매의 유병률은 9.5%로 추산되었으며, 알쯔하이머병과 혈관성 치매의 유병률은 각각 4.5%와 2.5%이었다. 2) 치매의 유병률은 연령증가에 따라 증가하는 소견을 보였으며, 성별차이는 알쯔하이머병의 경우 여자에서 유병률이 더 높았으나 혈관성 치매는 남자에서 더 높았다. 3) 치매의 정도에 따른 유병률은 경도의 치매는 6.2%, 중등도 및 중증 치매가 3.3%이었다. 이상의 결과에서 본 연구는 한국에서의 치매의 유병률 양상이 종래의 북미나 유럽에서와 유사하고, 중국이나 일본 등 다른 아시아권의 국가에서와는 차이를 보이는 소견을 나타냈다. The authors investigated the prevalence and risk factors of dementia among 1,674 elderly residents in Yonchon county of Kyonggi-do, a rural area of Korea who were above 65 years of age, in 1993. The primary screening was done with MMSE-K(Korean version of Mini-mental State Examination), and the final diagnoses of dementia for 436 subjects were made by NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. The prevalence of total dementia was 9.5%, and it increased with advancing age. Particularly, it rapidly increased in the elderly above 75 years of age. The prevalence of dementia in female as a whole was higher than in male, but this was not shown in each age group. The prevalences of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia were 4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Assessing the degree of dementia with DSM-Ⅲ-R criteria, the prevalence of moderate and severe dementia was 3.3%. Our result showed the similar finding to the prevalence of dementia in western countries, but was different from those of the previous studies in other Asian countries, China and Japan.