국산 Lidocaine 알칼리화를 위한 Bicarbonate 혼합시 침전유발 최소량에 대한 고찰

이선호,김현수,곽인숙,안원식,최관호,김광민,손민제 대한마취과학회 2000 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.39 No.5

Background : When local anesthetics for regional anesthesia is used, usually small amounts of bicar-bonate are added for rapid onset. This addition gives the mixed solution a more alkaline pH. The following result is an increased unionized form of the local anesthetic and rapid penetration of the drug into tiissue. Unfortunately, no data about adequate mixing volumes of domestic lidocaine and bicarbonate is available. Methods : We examined six mixing pairs of two kinds of 2% lidocaines and three kinds of 8.4% bicarbonates for minimum volumes of bicarbonate to cause a precipitation of 2% 20 ml lidocaine. Results : The mean volumes of bicarbonate to cause precipitation were 1.54 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 2.90 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate, 2.73 ml for Kwang-Myung lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate, 0.97 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Kwang-Myung bicarbonate, 1.26ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Dae-Won bicarbonate and 1.39 ml for Je-Il lidocaine with Je-Il bicarbonate. Conclusions : We conclude that the Kwang-Myung lidocaine and the Je-Il lidocaine could cause precipitation when mixing with a smaller bicarbonate volume than foreign textbook recommended. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2000; 39: 726-729)

연마방법에 따른 탄성의치의 표면거칠기와 Candida albicans의 부착율 변화

오주원,서재민,안승근,박주미,강철균,송광엽 대한치과보철학회 2012 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.50 No.2

연구 목적: 본 연구는 탄성의치 제작 시 주로 사용되는 polyamide를 수종의 연마방법을 사용하여 처리 후 Candida albicans의 부착정도와 표면거칠기를 비교하고자 하였다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 25×15×2 mm 크기의 polyamide 시편을 4군으로 나누어 연마재를 사용하여 기공용 lathe 연마하는 방법(기공실내 연마방법)과 각기 다른 2종의 실리콘 포인트로 진료실내 연마하는 방법, 그리고 실리콘포인트 연마 후 pumice로 연마하는 방법으로 처리하였다. C. albicans의 부착성을 평가하기 위해 5×106 CFU/ml의 C. albicans 현탁액에 시편을 2시간 동안 침적하였고 5회 수세처리 후 한천배지에서 배양하였다. 그리고 주사전자 현미경(JSM-5900, JEOL LTd., Tokyo, Japan) 촬영을 시행하였다. Profilometer (Surf-pak; Kawasaki, Japan)를 이용하여 표면거칠기를 측정하였고 통계처리를 위하여 SPSS 18.0 프로그램을 사용하였다. 일원변량분석으로 비교 분석하였고 사후검증은 C. albicans의 부착성 검증을 위해 Scheffe test를 시행하였으며 표면조도검증을 위해 Tamhane’s T2 test를 시행하였다(α=.01). 결과: 최대 거칠기 값을 보인 군은 2단계의 연마용 버를 사용한 것으로 0.32 ㎛±0.10 값을 나타냈으며, 가장 낮은 거칠기 값을 보인 것은 tungsten carbide를 사용하지 않고 기공용 lathe로만 연마를 한 군으로 0.02 ㎛±0.00의 거칠기 값을 나타냈다. C. albicans 부착 실험에서는 기공용 lathe만을 이용한 연마방법이 가장 적은 부착수를 보였으며 다른 세 군과 유의한 차이가 발견되었다(P<.01). 결론: 표면거칠기 및 미생물 부착능 실험 결과 기공실 연마만을 시행한 경우 유의하게 낮은 거칠기 값과 부착율을 보였다. Pumice로 추가 연마한 군은 진료실연마를 시행한 군에 비해 낮은 거칠기 값을 보였으나 C. albicans 부착에 있어서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>.01). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of 3 chairside polishing methods and laboratory polishing methods on surface roughness and C. albicans adhesion of polyamide denture base. Materials and methods: Using contact profilometer, the surface of polyamide specimens (25×15×2 mm) was studied after conventional polishing without finishing and after chiarside polishing with 2 chiarside polishing kits and chairside-pumice polishing following finishing with tungsten carbide bur. To evaluate the adhesion of C. albicans, C. albicans suspension was overlayed on the test specimen. And the specimens were incubated for 2 hours. Imprint culture method was achieved and counted the colony on the agar plate. Polished polyamide were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. The statistics were conducted using one-way ANOVA and in case of difference, Scheffe test and Tamhane’s T2 test were used. Results: Surface roughness (Ra) of surfaces polished with 2 chairside polishing kits had higher than conventional polishing and pumice polishing. The highest roughness value was 0.32 ± 0.10 ㎛, and the lowest was 0.02 ± 0.00 ㎛. The adhesion of C. albicans on the specimens polished with chairside polishing group and pumice polishing group were increased than conventional polishing group (P<.01). Conclusion: Conventional laboratory polishing was found to produce the smoothest surface and the lowest adhesion of C. albicans. Two groups polished with Chairside polishing kits were similar with respect to surface roughness. Surface of the specimen polished with pumice is significantly smoother than 2 chairside polishing groups, but the result of C. albicans adhesion is that group polished with pumice was similar with 2 chairside polishing groups (P>.01).

農村人의 精神疾患에 대한 認識과 態度

元鎬澤,金明正,金光日 大韓神經精神醫學會 1977 신경정신의학 Vol.16 No.2

In this opinion survey at a rural community in Korea the authors have tried to seek for a changing pattern of public knowledge and attitude toward mental illness from the viewpoint of acculturation. The survey was conducted to 288 adult subjects residing in two villages of Ui-sung-gun, Kyong-buk with structured interview form of Terashima version originally constructed by Star. The materials of a previous study from 292 adult subjects, born in urban areas and resided in Seoul at least for the past 10 years were used in this study for comparison. Age and educational level of both groups were duely controlled. Identification rates of the rural subjects for Star's three hypothetical cases were 39% for paranoid schizophrenia, 18% for simple schizophrenia, and 10% for alcoholism, whereas those of the urban subjects were 86%, 34%, and 20% respectively. Educational level seemed to be positively proportional to the identification rate. Psychotic patient was perceived as dangerous, not understandable and violent person in 40% of rural subjects and in 42% of the urban, as lonesome person in 26% and 18% respectively, and as having deep-seated mental trouble in 9% and 30% respectively. Sharp contrasts were seen in this feeling among groups of different age and education; the younger in age, the more prevalent tendency that psychotic person is dangerous, not understandable and violent, whereas the higher in education, the more psychologically oriented having deep-seated mental trouble. Neurotic person was perceived as the physically weak in 57% of rural subjects and 17% in the urban, and as mild mental disease in 7% of the rural and in 48% of the urban. The older in age and lower in education, the somatically oriented. The younger in age and the higher in education, the more psychologically oriented. Prognostic view of mental illness in rural community was more pessimistic than in the urban, whereas their expectation for psychiatric treatment was more affirmative. The older in age and higher in education, the more humanistic and optimistic in attitude. Consequently, cultural influence on knowledge and attitude toward mental illness could be tentatively hypothesized as followings. 1) Heavier the influence of traditional culture, the lower the public recognition and the more somatically oriented in the concept of mental illness. The influence of traditional culture facilitates more affirmative and humanistic attituaes for the mental illness. 2) The heavier the influence of Western culture, the higher the public recognition and the more psychologically oriented in the concept of mental illness. 3) Intermediate group between traditional and Western cultures seems to misunderstand and be more negative in attitude toward mental illness. The authors expect these hypotheses to be tested in the forth-coming studies.

공기 중 혼합 유기용제 측정실태와 성분 분석

원정일,이광목 가톨릭 대학 산업의학 쎈타 산업의학연구소 1994 韓國의 産業醫學 Vol.33 No.2

This study was performed to investigate ingredients of organic solvents and present status of environmental measruements with official records of working environmental measurements of 799 workplaces in 179 workshops used organic solvents. The result were as follows: 1. The mean of total sampling time and actual time measuring organic solvent were 158?80 min and 72?37 min. In 62.5% of 799 sample the air flowrates were above 0.2?/min. 2 Thirty kinds of organic solvent were detected in the working environments. The most common organic solvent was toluene(95.4%) and followed by xylene(47.1%), MEK(36.5%) and n-hexane(35.3%) in descending order. 3. The average number of species detected per a mixed organic solvent sample was 4.4?2.6, and there was no significant difference in the detection number among type of workplaces. 4. The mean exposure concentrations was the highest in acetone(86.6?167.8ppm) and followed by MEK(37.7?59.6ppm) and toluene(28.7?48.4ppm). While considering the TLV, the mean exposure concentrations were 7.9?10.8ppm(TLV:10ppm) in N.N-dimethy1 formamide, 4.9?5.0ppm(TLV:10ppm) in benzene and 2.1?1.5(TLV:5ppm)in methy1 cellosolve acetate in descending order. 5. Among the 799 workplaces, 20% workplaces were evaluated with exceed TLV in case of sample organic solvents. In case of mixed organic solvents, the TLV exceed rate of workplaces was 40.0%. 6. 72.1 of workplaces were received two consecutive environmental measurements a year and 57.3% of them was not exceeded TLV. The average concentration of organic solvents in the 1st half year was 1.16?1.09 and most of them were above 1.0 TLV. The average concentration of the 2nd half year period was 0.81?0.59 which was somewhat lower than those of the 1st half period. 7. The percentage of workplaces with local ventilation was 65.1%. Among them 25.2% local ventilation was evaluated with poor and 34.9% workplaces was not in-stalled and local ventiliator. According to the performance of ventilator, the concentration of the organic solvents was 0.44?0.30 at well-instituted ventilator, that with poorly-instituted was 1.32?0.66 and that with unistitutied was 1.75?1.27. On the basis of about data, ingradient analysis of mixed organic solvents should be perform prior to eveluation of organic solvents and should evaluated with mixed organic solvent TLV.

Microwave Absorption Characteristics of U-Type Ferrite Powders According to Substitution Elements and Its Compositions

Kwang‑Pil Jeong,Su‑Won Yang,Jin‑Hyuk Choi,Jeong‑Gon Kim 대한금속·재료학회 2021 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.27 No.8

In this study, partially substituted U-type ferrite (Ba4MexCo2-xFe36O60, Me: Mn, Ni, Zn, x=0.5 and 1.0) powders weresynthesized by sol–gel method. The powders were analyzed for phase formation, morphology and magnetic properties byXRD, FE-SEM and VSM respectively. The synthesized ferrite powders were pressed into a series of toroidal shaped samples,in which the weight ratio of parafn to powder was 1:5. The complex scattering parameters were measured by using vectornetwork analyzer in the frequency range of 2–18 GHz and were employed in the calculation of refection loss with variousthicknesses. The minimum refection loss was observed in the substituted nickel sample as−24.4 dB (absorption rate 99.6%)with a thickness of 2.5 mm and the bandwidth was achieved 4.8 GHz (from 7.5 to 12.3 GHz) for refection loss≤ −10 dBin the substituted zinc sample.

精神分裂症患者의 Schneider 一級症狀과 思考障碍

元鎬澤,朴東洙,吳相宇,金光日 漢陽大學校 精神健康硏究 1983 精神健康硏究 Vol.1 No.-

여성 고령자의 심폐지구성 평가를 위한 3분 속보의 타당성

원영두,장욱형,이광호 조선대학교 스포츠과학연구소 1998 스포츠科學硏究 Vol.9 No.-

The purpose of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity of the 3-min fast walking field test, and to estimate V0_2max by a equation derived from the test. The subjects were 28 healthy elderly women aged between 60 and 80. A prediction equation was developed by the 3-min fast walking field test. For validation of the reliability and the validity, V0_2max was directly measured by a exercise stress test. And the 3-min fast walking field test, the step test, and the 2-km walking test were conducted. A regression equation for predicting V0_2max was derived from the moving distance, heart rate age, weight and height during the 3-min fast walking field test. And the equation was: V0_2max=0.062934(HR)+0.044271(moving distance)+4.880780(r^2=0.465) For evaluating the reliability of the 3-min fast walking field test, the test-retest technique was employed. The relationship between test and re test was γ=0.607(p<001) and the alpha level was 0.756. For evaluating the validity of the 3-min fast walking field test, the relationships between V0_2max directed measured and the 3-min fast walking field test, the step test, and the 2-㎞ walking test were analyzed. The results showed the relationship between the 3-min fast walking field test and V0_2max directly measured was γ=0.681(p<01). This indicates that, for the prediction of V0_2max in elderly women, the 3-min fast walking field test was more reliable than both of the step test and the 2-㎞ walking test.

하악 제1대구치 이소맹출의 치험례

소정원,이광희,라지영,안소연,김윤희,반재혁 大韓小兒齒科學會 2010 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.37 No.1

Ectopic eruption is caused by an abnormal direction of eruptive path, most common in maxillary first molar, mandibular lateral incisor, and maxillary canine, and sometimes mandibular first molar. Ectopic eruption of first molar leads to abnormal root resorption of second deciduous molar, which, if left untreated, could cause premature loss of second deciduous molar; mesial tilting and rotation of first permanent molar; lack of space for eruption of second premolar; and occlusal problems. Therefore early treatment is advised when diagnosed as ectopic eruption. Treatment of ectopic eruption in the first permanent molar involves providing proper guidance for the direction of eruption using interproximal wedging and distal tipping methods while preserving second deciduous molar. This case report shows satisfactory results of the ectopic eruption of mandibular first molars in young patients who were treated with Humphrey appliance and Halterman appliance. 이소맹출은 치아가 비정상적인 위치로 맹출하는 경우를 말하며, 주로 상악 제1대구치, 하악 측절치, 상악 견치에서 발생하며 하악 제1대구치에서는 드물게 발생한다. 제1대구치의 이소맹출은 흔히 제2유구치의 비정상적인 치근흡수를 야기하며, 이를 방치하게 되면 제2유구치의 조기상실, 제1대구치의 근심경사 및 회전, 제2소구치의 맹출 공간 부족 및 교합문제 등을 야기하게 되므로 이소맹출로 진단될 경우 조기 치료가 추천된다. 이소맹출은 대개 통상적인 방사선검사를 통해 발견되나, 간혹 제2유구치의 치근흡수가 심할 경우 치수가 감염되어 동통을 야기하는 경우도 있다. 이소맹출의 치료는 제2유구치를 보존하면서 제1대구치의 맹출 방향을 바로 잡아 주는 것으로 크게 치간이개(interproximal wedging)와 원심경사이동(distal tipping)을 이용한 방법을 사용한다. 본 증례들은 하악 제1대구치의 이소맹출을 보이는 환아들로, Humphrey appliance와 Halterman appliance를 이용하여 양호한 치료 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다.

유럽의 계급 정치 변화를 평가하는 상이한 시각

강원택 서울대학교 국제지역원 2001 국제지역연구 Vol.10 No.3

精神症狀에 대한 韓國人의 態度調査

元鎬澤,洪元植,張煥日,陳聖太,金光日,李基南,嚴龍燮,金明正 大韓神經精神醫學會 1973 신경정신의학 Vol.12 No.1

Korean psychiatrists are more apt to take the abnormal drinking behavior lightly and regard the psychosomatic symptoms as more serious, comparing with American psychiatrists. On the other hand, physicians as well as adults from the population in Korea are less concerned about the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms and alcoholic behavior as psychiatric problems. It is the authors' concern to understand such differences in opinion about abnormal behaviors from the cultural and social psychiatric view point. The authors used Dohrenwend's questionaire form of 45 mental symptoms and three additional items i. e., homosexual behavior, symptom of senile psychosis and delusion of jealousy following the authors' interests. Each item was rated by three point cale (psychiatrically very serious=2 points, somewhat serious=1, not serious at all=0) and evaluated with critical ratio. As a preliminary study, the reliability of this questionaire was confirmed by the test-retest method; Spearman's rho was 0,93. The subjects in this study consist of 50 psychiatrists, 49 physicians, 54 herb practitioners and 154 adults from the normal population(60 urban samples and 94 rural samples). The collection was carried out by individual interviews for the physicians and normal samples, by letters for the psychiatrists and the herb practitioners. And the data of American psychiatrists compared in this study were quoted from Dohrenwend's report(27). This study has two parts: one is the cross-cultural comparison between American psychiatrists and Korean ones, the other is intracultural comparison among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. Inspite of the general notion that Korean psychiatry has been much oriented to American psychiatry for over twenty years, there are definite differences in opinion about the severity of abnormal behaviors between American and Korean psychiatrist, especially about alcoholic behavior and psychosomatic symptoms. Such differences are possibly interpreted as arising from the cultural differences. The American psychiatrists seem to be more concerned about alcoholic behavior probably due to the strict attitude of people and/or the fact that the United States reveals the highest incidence of alcoholism throughout the world. The Korea psychiatrists, however, have much tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior according to the cultural tradition. Solitary drinking is hardly found in Korea; drinking in Korea is a suitable way of interpersonal contact. They drink slowly and are not so intensively dependent upon alcohol itself. Dependency need to alcohol can be diffused to the other persons. And they take alcohol with many kinds of side-dishes. These drinking manners seem to be cultural virtues for low incidence of alcoholism in Korea. Thus, Korean psychiatrists as well as adults from normal population have highly tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. Even when some person reveals a destructive behavior after drinking, they grant it as a personal charm. Korea psychiatrists, therefore, are not so nervous about the alcoholic behavior. On the other hard, the psychosomatic problems seem to be serious in Korean mental patients. They are easily apt to express their emotional problems as somatic symptoms possibly due to the disease concept of oriental herb medicine that has a high tendency of projection of emotional conflicts unto the soma. So most of Korean people are not aware that psychosomatic symptoms are originated from the emotional problems, and quite contrary to it, the psychiatrists may be highly conscious of psychosomatic symptoms. Another significant difference is seen in suicidal idea and suspiciousness: American psychiatrists regard them as more serious, and reversely Korean psychiatrists regard them as less serious. Such a pattern may also be derived from the socio-cultural differences. When Koreans are either dissapointed or delighted, they say frequently "I want to die" or "It's funny to death" and so on. This idiomatic expression is far from the real death wish but rather an expression of magnification. And the suicidal idea itself is frequently seen in normal population even suicidal attempt is evaluated as abnormal in Korea. With such reasons, Korean psychiatrists may notice suicidal idea as less serious than American psychiatrists. And the suspiciousness may be a way of living for the people under the historical turmoil and vigorous aculturation, that it is perceived as not so abnormal. The next problem is the marked discrepancy of opinion about abnormal behaviors among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and normal population samples. The agreement of physicians, herb practitioners, urban samples and rural samples with the psychiatrists on the relative severity of symptoms revealed as Spearman's rho of 0.79, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.44 respectively. It is the main point of problem that physicians are less aware of neurotic symptoms which can appear in the somatic illness, and of psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problem. Possible reason is that Korean physician have been oriented to the somatic medicine without proper psychosomatic orientation. On the other hand, the herb practitioners are apt to ignore the severity of psychotic symptoms and on the other, regard the neurotic and psychosomatic symptoms as much as psychiatrists' opinion. And the samples of normal population regard the neurotic symptoms as more serious than the psychotic symptoms, and are not aware of the psychosomatic symptoms as psychiatric problems. Physicians, herb practitioners and samples from the normal population underestimate the alcoholic behavior more than psychiatrists do. The alcoholism according to physicians' opinion is rather somatic problem than psychological one. The herb practitioners and adults from normal population manifest the prominently tolerable attitude toward alcoholic behavior. In conclusion, two kinds of problems can be suggested. One is that the difference between Korean and American psychiatrists in the evaluation on the severity of abnormal behaviors, is possibly due to sociocultural differences. The other is the intracultural difference among psychiatrists, physicians, herb practitioners and adults from normal population. Such a difference suggests that there is a considerable cultural lag in the disease concept and attitude between the modern psychiatry and the cultural tradition. This discrepancy can result in the undesirable wandering of patients for seeking the treatment and some hardship in modern psychiatric practitioning in Korea.