主要農産物流通過程에 있어서의 中間商人의 生態와 機能

夫光植,馬鎭浩,金泰榮 慶北大學校附設 韓國農村社會硏究所 1971 農村硏究 Vol.- No.4

1. Introduction The General Problems of the Middlemen in the Marketing process of the Agricultural Products in Korea The purpose of this study is to analyze and clarify the status and function of the middlemen in the marketing process of the main agricultural products in Korea. In general, the marketing process of the agricultural products in Korea is to greatly inefficient state for reasons that the marketing subjects are usually of too small sized scale and unorganized, and still have so much pre-modern characteristics, and their marketing functions are still in unspecialized state; also there are many defects in institution and policies for the promotion of marketing and fair dealings. In addition, such external factors as the poor facilities of communication and transportation, lacks of financial support system and the unskilled technique of physical distribution, etc. are also to be counted as the important causes of inefficient marketing. All of these causes of inefficient marketing not only interrupt the reasonable distribution of agricultural products but also act disadvantageously upon the farmer's income, price stabilization and the abundant consumption of agricultural products. Also these causes and defects form the basis of the pre-modern action and behavior of the middlemen, which makes their problem more complicated. Here in this preliminary chapter we try to observe some significant phenomena which always come into question in relation to the problem of middlemen in the marketing process of agricultural products. A typical organization in the marketing process of agricultural products in Korea is that of merchants. But in general the various kinds of middlemen in the markets of both production and consumption places are mostly small merchants whose functions are not specialized but rather so complicated that they are not yet organized or systematized according to their functions. So the various functions of selling and buying, physical distribution, sales promotion and so forth performed by these merchant organizations are usually carried out in the pre-modern way. For instance the middlemen in the market of production places are used to do unfair dealings on quantity or price of commodities by taking advantage of the ignorance of agricultural producers on market information or professional knowledge of dealings. Of course we can see the same state of affairs between the middlemen and consumers in the market of consumption places. And, worse still, the organizations of the middlemen in the process of physical distribution such as packing, transportation and processing are also extremely so defective that almost no one makes effects to improve the quality of commodities or the technique of preventing losses and wastes in the process of transportation or storage. These circumstances give unfavorable effects on the consumption promotion, wide distribution and the adjustment of seasonal supply of agricultural products. Particularly, in case of fruits or manufactured products of livestock which are perishable, we can see these circumstances more obviously. Moreover, though the central wholesale market or many other public markets have paid more attention to making physical facilities or places for the promotion of dealings, in reality it is the general state of affairs that most of these facilities are inefficient and inadequate, and many of them are getting worse and worn-out. Particularly, in case of the central wholesale market of grains, it has not been yet institutionalized to organize the speculative merchants besides above defects. Therefore there thrive the unfair and speculative actions through buying-up, unwillingness to sell and price manipulation, etc., which are usually carried out by the middlemen such as brokers, wholesalers or consignment salers. As a result, the equilibrium of the supply and demand of grains in Korea can not be realized in wholesale processes and therefore the prices of grains are always at the mercy of seasonal fluctuations. Next in the viewpoint of marketing functions, the various functions such as standardization, financing, risk charging and market information, etc. in the marketing process of agricultural products have not been yet normalized in the direction of estabishing the marketing order to the advantage of both the producers and consumers. And thus these functions are doing their distorted functions to make the middlemen or the usury profitable. In the first place, considering the problem of the standardization or regularization of agricultural products, not only the fairness and rapidity of dealings, but also the incentives for farming and selling by the differentiated prices are much obstructed, for, on actual activities of dealings, the dealing units and grades of agricultural products are lacking in their unities or standardizations. Secondly, as for the problem of financial function in marketing process, it is indispensable for the promotion of marketing to supply money to the merchants. Nevertheless, in Korea the money supply to the merchants is in great shortage, because the industrial manufacturers have a priority to get loans from the banks. Therefore, most of the merchants, who are petty and poor in their capital power, run into the personal usury debts. These usury debts of the middlemen in their business activities not only encourage their speculative activities or unfair competition and dealings, but only encourage their speculative activities or unfair competition and dealings, but also transfer the increment of marketing cost by the higher interest to the burden of producers and consumers. On the other hand, the money supply to the agricultural producers is also so insufficient that the big merchants very often do the function of money supply in place of financial organizations such as banks or agricultural cooperatives and make the agricultural producers often sell their products before a harvest. Thirdly, as for the function of risk charging, the merchants of Korea are doing their business under the speculative factors, especially under the price risk. Furthermore, even in big wholesale markets these speculative merchants are not institutionalized to act openly, so that they get loss very often from the price fluctuation and shift this loss to the burden of producers or consumers who are ignorant of the market information or prices. Finally some words must be said about the function of market information which is one of the most important factors to promote and normalize the dealings. As the producers and the middlemen in Korea have not yet the functions to collect and treat their own specialized informations, all the necessary informations can't be transmited to them rapidly. These market informations must be transmited rapidly and exactly to all the people concerned such as producers, every kind of merchants, transporters and consumers, etc. to be used by them at any time. Only by doing this the competition in dealings can be encouraged much more, and the monopolistic and speculative activities can be eliminated. However, there are not any adequate systems to transmit the market informations to those people. Therefore, their judgment of prices is always in uncertaintly and this causes not only the discrepancy of supply and demand, but also the speculation. In the above we have observed some basic problems which usually come into question in relation to the problem of the middlemen in the marketing process of agricultural products in Korea. In the following chapters we will survey and analyze the status and functions of the middlemen in the marketing processes of gains and fruits which are the most typical among all the marketing processes of agricultural products. However, this English summary is to present the mere essential part of our study which is written in Korean and completed in the perfect form. 2. The Status and Functions of the Middlemen in the Marketing Process of Garins Recently, as grain shortage has become serious, the middlemen are blamed for making excessive profits. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the behavior and functions of the middlemen in the marketing process of grain, and to see whether the middlemen should be blamed for their behavior. And then one may ask if the grain shortage become more serious by the behavior of the middlemen. Lastly, one may also suggest how the present marketing system should be reformed. In recent years, Korea, has to import some hundred-thousands metricton's of grain annually, and it costs over one hundred million dollars. It is believed that the grain shortage is partly due to the increase of demand, but it is more fundamentally due to the stagnation in the productivity of grain. One can not see any upward trend in annual rice production during the decade of the 60's, although one can notice some fluctuations owing to the natural weather conditions. Many causes for the stagnation in rice productivity might be suggested, but one of the most important causes is the deterioration in the terms of trade of rice products. This unfavorable position of farmers in their transaction brought about the decrease in the relative money income, and in turn, it hampered the inducement of investment, delayed technological innovations, and again, let farmers depend only on the old primitive agricultual management. And yet, one must take note of the fact that in spite of the deterioration in the terms of trade of farmers, the wholesale price of grain at cities have risen faster than the wholesale prices of the other commodities. One may reasonably explain such contradiction as caused by the seasonal oscillation in grain prices. The grain prices usually mark a sharp fall during several months after the harvest, when it is still in the possession of farmers, but rise up sharply after the most of grain is handed over to the middlemen from farmers. Thus, the rise of grain price at cities pushes up the living cost of working forces, and it in turn pushes up production cost of manufacturing, the prices of manufactured commodities, and the farmer's purchasing prices. As a result of such a cost-push inflation, the terms of trade of farmers have been deteriorated. So long as the seasonal oscillations of grain prices are not controlled, we can not expect to improve the terms of trade of farmers, and thereby increase the supply of grain. On the other hand, however, there is one group of people who do not want the drastic fluctuation of grain prices to be moderated. This group is the middlemen in the grain transaction. Originally, the very function of middlemen was to make producers contact with consumers, to make the circulation of grain smooth, to adjust supply and demand of grain, and to set up the market price of grain. They earn margin in the process of circulation as a remuneration for performing these functions. However, they have never been satisfied with normal margins, and they have been used to pursue endless excessive profit whenever they catch an opportunity to do so, and dare to commit any kind vicious deed for their purpose. Since this is their behavioral pattern, they would not want the grain prices to be stabilized. Whenever the grain prices are fluctuating drastically, they can speculate on a price rise, and also may get some excessive commercial profit. It may be said that the grain prices, in Korea, have not been determined in accordance with the cost of production, but in accordance with the amount of marketable grain. While the seasonal fluctuations and price elasticity of demand is little, the supply of grain is very competitive owing to the disorganization of farmers and to the production of grain being carried out simply as the livelihood of farmers. Thus, the grain prices, in Korea. would be easily handled, if one may regulate the marketable quantity. Under such condition, Korean grain market is very easy for middlemen to make a speculation. Among the middlemen, some big consignees hold considerably great amount of commercial fund, with which they finance forward or backward to suit their marketing line, and there has been a kind of organized vertical line system, and in this system all kinds of middlemen cooperate closely each other. That is to say, the whole marketing lines from gathering to distribution, in which the big consignees take charge of the core of the group, have been composed in Korea. There are considerably many groups like this, and they, sometimes, may compete each other, but they do not always compete; they are, frequently, combined each other to pursue some common profit. When their efforts combined, the Korean grain markets are almost entirely handled by them. If the middlemen, whose desire is only to pursue excessive profit, holds the manipulating power of the marke, one would easily suppose what the result would be like. There should only be a drastic oscillation of the grain prices. It is evident that the effect of such a price manipulation done by middlemen might be furious in a bad harvest year. For example, the seasonal price oscillation in 1963 was about 131 per cent in that year. Towards the end of the 60's, however, when the grain shortage became serious, the Korean government could not help importing more grain, and interfered in grain market more actively. Owing to such a government policy, the drastic price oscillation of grain have been moderated to a certain degree, and the profiteering of the middlemen have also been diminished a little. But, as the quantity of grain sold by the government was not enough to sweep out the middlemen's market manipulation completely, there has occurred another type of profiteering by the middlemen. This new type of excessive profit made by middlemen have been brought by the fact that there is a certain gap between the selling price of government owned rice and the actual market price, so that the middlemen used to disguise the government owned rice as privately-owned rice, and sell at the market price which is considerably higher than the selling price of the government rice. It is a very strange phenomenon that the middlemen, not consumers, get a great excessive profit by selling the government-owned rice which are supplied to stabilize the market price of grain to relieve livelihood of consumers. One may say that such an ill-founded policy is due to the misunder-standing by the government officers about the behavior of the middlemen whose motive of dealing is only to make profit, and to their easy thinking that if the supply of government-owned grain is increased, the price should be easily get to the stabilization, so that the middlemen's marketing system may be sufficiently useful. One may point out that it is very foolish to depend on the middle's marketing system without a certain elaborate counter-measure to stabilize the grain price. Since the behavioral pattern of the middlemen, to begin with, tend to pursue endless profit, any they are used to doing immoral transactions, one should not depend on them, rather deprive them of their manipulation power of the market and should set up a new distribution system which is managed for the national interest, and not for profit motive. Finally, one may propose a reformed system of grain distribution as follow. (1) Divide the administrative work regarding grain into two parts: (a) planning and (b) operation, and establish a new government office (it may be called Grain Administrative Office) which will undertake the later business only. (2) The new office sets up its own distributing net works which will be supervised by itself, while the gathering organizations can still be the existing Agricultural Cooperative Association system to save the government expenses. (3) If the new office undertake only the partial control of grain and sell rice only at the time of shortage, as done at present, the business volume of the new office is too little to save the government expenses and it can not bring about efficient price stability. So that, it should be expected that the proposed new office might sell the government-owned rice all the year round at three major cities, Seoul, Pusan, and Taegu. (4) Since about ten million Suks of rice are necessary to meat this purpose, the government needs to charge forward to contract or allocate the amount with farmers in addition to the imported rice. (5) As an enormous fund is necessary to purchase such a vast quantity of rice, and there might be a dangerous to provoke an inflation when the enormous fund is poured into circulation in a short time, it would necessitate the government to purchase rice every day of the year. At the same time, the purchased rice should be sold at once in the above mentioned three big cities, and the returned fund will be used for the further purchasses. (6) To make the government purchase the equivalent amount in each month during the year, the government should adopt some method: (a) an advance delivery system―granting purchase funds to farmers before they hand over the rice to the government, (b) varying the government purchasing price according to the time of the purchase; that is, the later purchasing time is, the higher the price, so that the farmers would not concentrate in selling their grain at a certain time of the year, for example, soon after the harvest, and at the same time the middlemen would not be able to induce their immoral behaviors. (About 20 per cent differences in purchasing price might be enough.) (7) The price of rice sold by the government should be fixed throughout the year at a level in which the operating costs are added to the original purchasing price. If, however, the burden of government expenses becomes heavy because of the increased costs of the latter, the selling price might be set a little higher so that the burden of of the government expenses may be lightened. It has been the attempt of this paper to analyze the behaviors of the middlemen, and to point out that their behaviors contribute to the worsening of the Korean grain shortage, and then to propose an immproved system in the distribution of rice. Here, one should like to emphasize that if we want to make the grain shortage relieved, the government should take off the middlemen's power of manipulating grain market and take charge of the responsibility tos tabilize the market directly. At the beginning the operation should start in three big cities, and later extend the policy to the other cities along with the increasing of the government revenues. In the long run, it may be expected to carry out the Dual Grain Price System, which is the best way to induce the increase of farm products, and to exclude the violence of the middlemen and thereby one hopes to stabilize livelihood of citizens. 3. The Status and Functions of the Middlemen in the Marketing Process of Fruits 1) Foreword Fruits are one of the indispensable food for Koreans. As the income of people increases and the level of food life uprises, the demand of fruits also increases. And we see a steady growth of fruits production every year. Though the fruits industry has the promising ground as a growing industry, in reality many of unreasonable factors in the marketing process are disturbing the rapid growth of this fruits industry. Therefore in this chapter we have attempted to study the unreasonable factors which usually come out in relation to the behaviors and functions of the middlemen in the marketing process of fruits, and to present some better policies for the improvement or removal of there unreasonable factors. 2) The Structural Characteristics of the Fruits Marketing. Comparing with other agricultural products, fruits are very perishable ones. And their freshness is indispensable factor to the value of fruits as commodities. To keep their freshness, the system of speedy distribution must be established. Therefore, the distribution of fruits is usually carried out through the large wholesale market. But structurally the production and consumption of fruits are in small scale. So, it is difficult for an individual producer to transport the small quantity of his products directly to the consumer market. Such a situation gives the middlemen a chance to participate in the distribution process. On the other hand, consumers don't have dealings in the wholesale market because the quantify of their dealings is very limited. This, too, makes the middlemen come to intermediate between the wholesale market and consumers, and do their role to distribute the fruits to the consumers. In a word, the fruits arrive at the hands of consumers through the three steps, that is, collection, intermediation and dispersion. The large wholesale markets operate as a center of collection and dispersion. 3) The middlemen in the Marketing Process of the Production Place. Those who take part in the marketing process of the production places are mainly the producers, merchants and the agricultural cooperatives. Their status and functions can be summarized as follows. <The Producers> The farmers are not only the producers but also the sellers of fruits at the production place. So they are the persons concerned in the marketing process at the beginning. By a survey it was proved that the average size of the management per household is from 5 Banbo to 1 Cheongbo (200-300 acres), which are so small as the units of fruits production. More than 70% of fruits producers are in debt to the merchants. Agricultural machines are not used for their cultivation. And they are lacking in the storage facilities. This has an unfavorable effect on the marketing process at the production place. In fact, the capacity of the storage facilities in Kyung-pook district can store now the mere 30% of fruits which are necessary to be stored. Somentimes the producers sell their fruits in the consumers' market by themselves. But lack of money, knowledge on the market, and necessary expenses of storage, selecting, packing and transportation hinder them to sell their products at the consumers' market with the exception of the farmers whose fields are located nearer to the market. In case of Kyungsan county, 30% of all products are sold by the producers themselves. So it is quite natural that the merchants have come to do the important role in the marketing process at the production places. It should be, however, pointed out that the merchants control the producers in premodernistic way by taking advantage not only of their lack of money and knowedge on the market, but also of their traditional customs. This fact gives rise to a serious problem. <This Merchants at the Production Place> The merchants at the production place may be classified as the consignment merchant, the collection merchant or pedlar and the agricultural cooperatives at the production place. The amount of fruits sold by the consignment merchants in about 25% of all products but that of the agricultural cooperatives is only 5%. The consignment merchants at the production place have relatively sufficient money and various facilities, and they have dealings with the merchants of the large consumers' market who sometimes give the former financial helps. The commission of consignment sale is usually 2 or 3% of fruits prices. On the other hand, the collecting merchants come into the production place from many places in the harvest season and purchase fruits from the consignment merchants or directly from the producers. As they buy fruits in cash, the needy producers tend to sell their products to this kind of merchants. But recently these collecting merchants are handing over their places to the consignment merchants. The sales through the agricultural cooperatives also has been insignificant because of the strong linkage between the producers and the merchants at the production places and the insufficient money supply of agricultural cooperative. Finally it must be pointed out as an important fact that the producers sell their products before the harvest. The big merchants supply money fund to the needy fruits producers and get the right to purchase all of the products at extremely low price. This custom acts on the producers disadvantageously. 4) The Middlemen in the Marketing Process at the Consumption Place. Fruits reach the hands of consumers passing through the various hands such as the central wholesale market or the common sales market of the agricultural cooperative, the brokers, the appointed dealers, the wholesalers and the retailers. Here we are to study the status and functions of these middlemen in the marketing process of the consumption places. <The Large Wholesale Market> There is only one central wholesale market in one city where the city government is located. It does the function of collecting the fruits from the production places and that of selling at an open auction to the buyers. By brokers we mean the merchants who are qualified to participate in the auction at the central wholesale market. The brokers transfer the fruits to the wholesalers or to the retailers by getting some commission. The facilities and the services of the central wholesale market are so bad that it can not perform its original functions. Comparing with the quantity of the fruits that the big consignment merchants deal with, that of central wholesale market is very limited because of the lack of its close linkage with the producers or collecting merchants. In Seoul city, only about 20% of all fruits imported from the production places are transacted at the central wholesale market. Commission of services is 7%, but in case of apples it is 6%. The common sales market of agricultural cooperative does the functions of collecting the fruits from the affiliated cooperatives of production places or the collecting merchants and producers, and of selling them at auction to the wholesalers or retailers. This common sales market has the better and larger facilities than the other wholesalers, and it affords favorable price to both the producers and consumers. However it can not give financial support in advance to the producers sufficiently, comparing with the case of other merchant. In Seoul, about 20% of all fruits imported from production places are dealt with at the common sales market where the commission of transaction is 6%. Next, we are to mention on the other merchants at the consumption place who perform the similiar functions. Having long experience and career, they have strong linkage with the merchants at the production place. They lend them money without interest, and get the exclusive right to purchase the products. About 60% of all apples imported to Seoul are transated by the hands of these merchants. It takes usually 3 or 4 days to pay for the fruits, and the commission for their services is 7 or 8%, 1% of which is paid back to the sellers as a bounty. Some of the merchants pay even for the travelling expenses of these sellers who come from the production places. <The Wholesalers and Retailers> The wholesalers have their own stores in the wholesale market at a city. Most of them are the brokers working at the central fruits market, the appointed dealers of the common sales market of agricultural cooperative or the brokers working for the big consignment merchants. They sell their fruits to the retailers or the local merchants in the country by wholesale, or sometimes to the consumers by retail. The margin they get is about 10% when they sell to the retailers. But when they sell to the consumers they get 15% of margin. In this marketing margin, such expenses as carriage, packing, personal expenditure and the business tax are included. On the other hand, the retailers are those who perform the functions of the final process of marketing, where they always deal with the consumers, According to the form of sales shop they may be classified as a storeretailer, a stand retailer, a peddlar, a small shop retailer, the retailer in train and the saler in the department, etc. Usually they are small merchants, most of whom are grocers. They sell fruits to the consumers by retail. Their margin is usually about 20%. Now, the important problems involved in the marketing process at the consumption place are : firstly, the central wholesale market and the common sales market of Agricultural Cooperative do not have yet enough facilities to take possession of the business of other similar merchants; secondly, the employees of these public markets are the salaried men who act very passively as compared with other similar merchants; and thirdly, in the view point of ability the brokers who belong to the central whole sale market or the appointed dealers who belong to the common sales market are inferior to the wholesalers who have tight linkage with the above mentioned merchants who do the similar functions at these markets. Another important problem is the fluctuation of price through the year due to the lack of facilities for refrigeration to keep the freshness of fruits. This gives damages both to the producers and consumers. Finally, it is also a serious problem that the inadequate function of market information causes the fluctuation of price and that the unreasonable margin of marketing fosters the speculative actions evermore. 5) Concludings Remarks The first of the important problems to be solved in the marketing process of fruits is to equalize the quantity of sales through the year to prevent the concentrated sale just after the harvest. To solve this problem it is necessary for the producers to have sufficient facilities for storage and to get more financial helps from the banks or public finance sources. It will be also necessary for the producers to have the rapid and correct informations of the market. Next problem is to prevent the speculative actions of the middlemen in the marketing process of fruits. This problem may be solved by the improvement of facilities and services of the central wholesale market, that is, by the larger and more speedy dealings. If this is possible, the speculative middlemen will be eliminated from the marketing process steadily. In other words, the central wholesale market should be helped to perform its function to control the quantity of supply and demand of fruits more completely and to fix the proper price system. Finally it should be pointed out that the standardization of dealing unit and the regularization of qualities are also the basic tasks to prevent the speculative actions and illegal dealings of the middlemen. Consequently, in order to solve these basic problems, the government must take some measures to meet the situation. In short, if the government can make up the institutional basis for the fair dealings, and does its best to improve the facilities or the external factors of dealings, and at the same time it can organize the speculative merchants insttutionally to be controlled, the unorgainized merchants will be weeded out from the process of competition and the problem of disturbing the marketing process by the middlemen will be also solved accordingly.

xV_2O_5:(1-x)Fe_2O_3 燒結體의 電氣的 Switching 效果

朴泰永,金富吉,庾基洙 圓光大學校 基礎自然科學硏究所 1982 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.1 No.1

Electrical Switching pheonomenon was revealed in x V_2O_5:(1-χ)Fe_2O_3 sintered at 600~600℃ for two hours in air when the values of x are in the range of 0.85~1. Ⅰ-Ⅴcharacteristics of the samples was measured in DC tests ranging from 0 to 500V and the conductivity increases with increasing the ambient temperature and with decreasing the values of x. With the normalized I-V current channel between the knife-edged tungsten electrodes of the sample surface was analyzed as the thin planar model and the switching filament was observed with electron microscope. The switching mechanism was considered to be mainly thermal.

植物油의 불감화물 利用에 關한 硏究 : 第1報 Sterol과 Tocopherol의 定量 Quantitative Analysis of the Free Sterol and Tocopherol

鄭泰明,李富永,趙武濟 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

米糠油, 大豆油, 참깨油, 들깨油, 산초 및 菜種油의 불감화물중에 存在하는 free sterol을 column chromatography法과 T.L.C法에 의해 分溜 定量하였고 total tocopherol에 對해서는 Emmeri-Engel法에 의해 定量하였다. 1. Free steol을 용출할 때는 n-hexane-20% benzenedyddor에서만 용출됨을 확인하였다. 2. 이들 植物油의 不??化物中에 存在한 free sterol와 total tocopherol의 含量은 다음과 같다. Free Sterol(㎍/g) Total Tocopherol(㎍/g) 米糠油 1300 490 大豆油 1500 565 참깨油 773 425 들깨油 516 635 산초油 520 740 菜種油 640 470 Free sterols contained in unsaponifiable matters of vegetable oils such as, rice bran oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, japanes pepe oil, rape seed oil. and perilla oil are determined by the column chromatographic and thin layer chromato raphic methods. And also total tocopherols are investigated by Emmerie-Engel Procedure 1. For the elution of free sterol, it is only eluted when the n-hexane-20% benzene solution were added on the column paked silica gel. 2. Quantities of free sterol and total tocopherol contained in unsaponifiable matters of these oils are as follow, Free Sterol Total Tocopherol (㎍/g) (㎍/g) Rice Bran Oil 1300 490 Soybean Oil 1500 565 Sesame Oil 773 425 Japanes Peper Oil 516 635 Rape Seed Oil 520 740 Perilla Oil 640 470

환경문제에 관한 대학생들의 인식에 관한 연구

손부순,정용택,문정숙,박태술 한양대학교 환경및산업의학연구소 2000 環境과 産業醫學 Vol.9 No.1

비강비호즈킨 림프종의 전산화단층촬영 소견 : CT Features

노태연,백호길,원종부,박성호,박오봉,백승국,신미정,김봉기,최한용 침례병원 1998 浸禮病院學術誌 Vol.14 No.-

有機化合物의 放射線 分解에 關한 硏究 : (第 2 報) 空氣포화시킨 CH₃OH과 CH₃OH-H₂O混合溶液의 放射線 分解 Radiolysis of CH₃OH and CH₃OH-H₂O Mixture Solution Saturated with Air

李富永,鄭泰明,趙武濟 慶尙大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

純粹 메탄올과 메탄올-물 混合溶液에 空氣를 飽和시켜 Co??-γ線을 照射하여 H₂O₂, HCHO을 測定하였다. 本 實驗에서 얻어진 G값과 眞空中의 값을 比較검토하고 이를 토대로 Scavenger의 影響을 照射하였다. Yields of gydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde by Co??-gamma radiolysis of pure methanol-water mixture solution saturated with air have been investigated at room temperature. The G-values obtained by the present study and degassed mixture solution is compared and the effect of scavenger is discussed, on the basis of the observed date.

PMDA-ODA 폴리이미드의 합성 및 특성에 관한 연구

정용재,한태성,최성부,남석태,김병식 동국대학교 산업기술연구원 1996 산업기술논문집 Vol.8 No.-

Pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) 와 Oxydianiline(ODA)를 N, N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc)에 녹여 Polyamic acid(PAA)를 2단계 열이미드화법으로 제조하였다. 제조된 폴리이미드 막의 이미드화도는 FT-IR에 의하여 분석되었다. 또한 PAA의 농도를 10~30wt%로 변화시키며 합성하여 열이미드화 시킨 후 농도에 따른 단면의 상태를 SEM사진을 통하여 관찰하였다. 농도 변화에 따른 밀도와 T_g의 변화는 혼합액체부상법과 DSC로 분석되었다. 열처리 온도를 증가시킬수록 이미드화도는 증가되었고 PAA의 농도가 증가할수록 필름의 단면이 치밀해짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한 제조된 PMDA-ODA 폴리이미드의 T_g는 215℃ 이었다. Polyamic acid(PAA) was synthesised with Pyromellitic dianhydride(PMDA) and Oxydianiline (ODA) in N, N-dimethylacetamide(DMAc). PMDA-ODA polyimide membranes were obtained by two step thermal imidization, and the degree of imidization of polyimide membranes was observed by the FT-IR. After the thermal imidization through the concentration of varied synthesis of PAA, 10~30wt%, SEM photographies of section state were observed. The density and glass transition temperature on the varied concentration were replace with investigated test of density and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). With increasing thermal treatment temperature, the degree of imidization was increased. While the concentration of PAA increases, the section of membrane was densed. The glass transition temperature was maintained to be constant(215℃) within the PAA concentration range.

아세토니트릴 용매 중에서 Copper-1,5,9,13-Tetrathiacyclohexadecane 착물의 전기화학적 거동과 그 분석적 응용

徐戊龍,李富永,崔明子,裵俊雄,朴泰明 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1992 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.8 No.-

비수용매인 아세토니트릴 중에서 Cu(Ⅱ)dhk 1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane[16-ane-S_4]의 착물에 대한 전기화학적 거동으로서 직류폴라로그램과 미분펄스폴라로그램으로부터 환원전류의 유형과 가역성을 조사하고, 이들 화합물의 분석적 응용으로서 수용액에 있는 Cu(Ⅱ) 이온을 염석추출법으로 정량하였다. 또한 아세토니트릴 용매 중에서 착물의 안정도상수를 구하고, 분석적 응용으로 수용액 중의 Cu(Ⅱ)를 염석추출법으로 정량하기 위하여 추출 조건 곧 킬레이트와 염석제의 효과, pH 범위를 구하고 또한 Cu(Ⅱ)이온을 정량하는데 있어서의 검량성과 공존이온 효과를 조사하였다. 실험결과로부터 환원 과정은 비가역적이었으며 환원전류는 확산지배적임을 알았다. 또한 아세토닐트릴 용매 중에서 착물의 log K_f 값은 3.51이었으며 Cu(Ⅱ) 이온을 정량하는데 있어서 공존하는 이온의 영향을 별로 받지 않아 선택성이 좋았으며 본 실험방법에 의한 정량한계는 60ppb 이었다. The electrochemical behaviors and analytical application of copper-1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyc-lohexadecane[16-ane-S_4] complex in acetonitrile(AN) solution have been investigated by the use of Dc polarogaphy and differential pulse polarography. Thus the formation constant of copper complex was 10^3.51. Copper (Ⅱ) ion was found to form complex of 1-to-1 composition with [16-ane-S_4]. In addition, reduction step was irreversible and the reduction current was diffusin controlled. And the effect of concentration of the salting-out reagent and chelating agent and pH of aqueous phase on the determination of copper(Ⅱ) was investigated and diverse ion effect was discussed. By salting-out extraction technique, we can be determined until the concentration of cooper (Ⅱ) of 60 ppb.

삼보감(Citrus sulcata Hort. et Takahashi) 유실물체에서 유도된 캘러스의 체세포배 형성과 식물체 재분화

박수영,허인옥,부지현,한태완,송관필 濟州大學校 基礎科學硏究所 1998 基礎科學硏究 Vol.11 No.1

삼보감에 있어서 기내 체세표배 발생을 통한 다량증식을 도모하기 위해서 캘러스 증식 및 체세포배 발생, 배로부터 식물체 재분화에 미치는 배지 및 Polyamine, 생장조절제의 효과를 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 삼보감 과실에서 채집된 종자를 호르몬이 첨가되지 않은 MS배지에서 무균발아시켰다. 발아된 유식물체의 줄기에서 캘러스를 유도하기 위해 NAA와 BA가 첨가된 MT 배지에서 배양하였고 5mg/L 2,4-D와 1mg/L BA가 첨가된 배지에서 계대배양하였다. 캘러스를 증식시키기 위한 배양조건 설정으로 배지별과 Polyamine(Spermidine, Spermine, Putrecine) 농도별(0 - 1mM)에 따른 생장량을 좌하였다.배지별에 따른 생장율은 MT배지에서 0.968g(fr wt)으로 가장 높았고, Polyamine의 영향은 0.01 mM Putrecine 처리구에서 0.78g으로 가장 높게 나왔다. 배발생 캘러스는 0.1mg/L NAA와 0.5mg/L BA가 첨가된 MT배지에서 유도하였으며 유되된 체세포배를 식물체로 재분화시키기 위해서 0.1mg/L NAA와 1mg /L BA가 첨가 된 MT배지에서 배양하였다. This study was performed to investigate the culture condition induction of somatic embryo and plant regeneration in callus induced from Citrus sulcata leaf and stem as a basic research for breeding of new plant. The seeds of Sambokam were germinated in hormone free MS medium under sterile condition. Callus induced form stem and leaf geminated young plant in MT supplemented with NAA plus BA and subcultured in MT supplemented with 5 ㎎/ L 2,4-D and 1 ㎎/L BA. As a investigation of culture condition for callus proliferation, growth rate of callus were investigated in various medium and polyamine concentrations. The effect of medium was most effective in MT medium as 0.968g and polyamine was most effective of in 0.01mM putrecine among various concentration. Formation of embryogenic callus induced from MT medium containing 0.1 ㎎/L and 0.5 ㎎/L BA. The geminated embryos developed to complete plantlet when cultured on MT medium supplemented with 0.1 ㎎/L NAA and 1㎎/L BA.

다형홍반증에서 각질형성세포의 ICAM-1, TNF-α 및 IL-1α 발현에 관한 연구

황규왕,정현,이종석,박준홍,부태성,이성열 순천향의학연구소 1998 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.4 No.1

The pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the developement of erythema multiforme(EM) are still largely unknown. The histologic and immunopathologic changes in erythema appear to be due in part to cellular immune mechanisms with the cytotoxic T cell. Especially cytotoxic T cell/ICAM-1 positive-keratinocyte adherence plays an important role in the pathogenesis of EM. In this study, we investigated the expression of TNF-a, IL-1 a by immunohistochemical stain and ELISA. In skin tissue of EM, strong basal cell expression of ICAM-1, TNF-a and IL-1 a was found, and we detected more TNF-a from supernatants of cultured human keratinocytes with serum of EM patient than normal control. Our results may suggest possible relationship between the pathogenesis of EM and cytokine from keratinocyte.