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        Method for Simultaneous Determination of Anatoxin-a and Microcystins in Korean Water Systems by Using LC/MS/MS

        문정숙,김화빈,박혜경,이재정,박종환,이혜진 한국하천호수학회 2011 생태와 환경 Vol.44 No.1

        This study was purposed to develop an effective LC/MS/MS method for simultaneously determining five pre-treated cyanotoxins (anatoxin-a, microcystins-RR, -YR, -LR and -LA) of cyanobacteria blooms. Cyanobacterial bloom samples were collected from 11 major lakes and three downstream areas of river around Korea during 2005~2009. Cyanotoxins were identified in 38 samples from the lakes. The validity of the method was evaluated and the recovery rates were found ranging from 83~87%. The MDL turned out to be 0.046 μg L^-1 for anatoxin-a and 0.066 μg L^-1 for microcystins (RR, YR, LR and LA), which indicates that the method has high sensitivity and accuracy. The most dominant genus of the cyanobacterial blooms was Microcystis, which accounted for 71% of the analysed samples. Microcystis also contained the largest amount of microcystins (398.5 μg gDW^-1) among the analyzed cyanobacteria. The analysis of the five cyanotoxins showed that anatoxin-a ranged between 0~41.833 μg gDW^-1 and microcystins ranged between 6.311~2,148.786 μg gDW^-1. Among the microcystins, micocystin-RR took up 58.3%, the largest portion. Anatoxin-a was found to account for 77.8% of the samples. This study has its significance in that it allowed the establishment of toxin criteria appropriate for the Korean water systems. Further studies may be necessary to conduct for improving water treatment methods.

      • KCI등재
      • KCI등재

        Economic Status of the Korean Elderly Women: How Secure Are They?

        문정숙,이영애 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2010 Asian Women Vol.26 No.1

        This study examined the economic status of elderly women and specified risk factors for elderly women in poverty. The contributions of this study were to improve the understanding of the economic conditions of older women and to provide considerable policy implications for elderly demographic changes in the future. The data for this study were from the baseline wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) and the sample consists of 2,419 elderly women. To examine the economic status of older women, poverty rates based on absolute and relative poverty thresholds were used, and income portfolios were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to provide an estimate of the extent to which older women correlated with poverty. The major findings were: (1) the poverty rate for elderly women was more than 40 percent in a given year; (2) older women living alone were economically vulnerable in terms of poverty rate and income distribution; (3) private transfers were the main source of income for older women living alone and for poor elderly women in general; (4) elderly women’s living arrangement, current employment status, holding of income from assets, pensions, and private transfers, net-worth level, and educational attainment correlated with elderly women poverty; (5) incomes from government transfers were not sufficient to preclude poverty among older women in later stages of life. Thus, income maintenance programs for poor elderly women need to be strengthened in order to prevent older women from becoming poor. In addition, improving younger women’s life chances by expanding their lifetime work is needed in order to make possible their financial security in later life. This study examined the economic status of elderly women and specified risk factors for elderly women in poverty. The contributions of this study were to improve the understanding of the economic conditions of older women and to provide considerable policy implications for elderly demographic changes in the future. The data for this study were from the baseline wave of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) and the sample consists of 2,419 elderly women. To examine the economic status of older women, poverty rates based on absolute and relative poverty thresholds were used, and income portfolios were analyzed. Multivariate analysis was used to provide an estimate of the extent to which older women correlated with poverty. The major findings were: (1) the poverty rate for elderly women was more than 40 percent in a given year; (2) older women living alone were economically vulnerable in terms of poverty rate and income distribution; (3) private transfers were the main source of income for older women living alone and for poor elderly women in general; (4) elderly women’s living arrangement, current employment status, holding of income from assets, pensions, and private transfers, net-worth level, and educational attainment correlated with elderly women poverty; (5) incomes from government transfers were not sufficient to preclude poverty among older women in later stages of life. Thus, income maintenance programs for poor elderly women need to be strengthened in order to prevent older women from becoming poor. In addition, improving younger women’s life chances by expanding their lifetime work is needed in order to make possible their financial security in later life.

      • KCI등재후보

        레저시설에 대한 회원제거래에서의 소비자 문제에 관한 연구

        문정숙 한국소비자정책교육학회 2011 소비자정책교육연구 Vol.7 No.3

        레저시설의 다양화는 회원제거래의 활성화를 동반하였다. 이에 따라 최근 수년간 레저시설 이용 분야에서 회원제거래와 관련한 소비자문제가 다발하고 있다. 그러나 회원제 거래에 대한 주 법령이 모호하여, 회원제거래에 대한 용어와 정의, 유형 등을 명확히 할 필요성이 제기된다. 이를 위하여 산재되어있는 개별법령과 기존에 선행되었던 문헌연구들을 고찰하여 회원제 거래의 용어의 정리와 유형화를 시도하였다. 가장 근본적인 원인은 회원제 거래를 직접적으로 규정하고 있는 국내 법률의 부재에서 찾을 수 있다. 국내에서 회원제 거래에 대한 관련 법률은 방문판매 등에 관한 법률, 관광진흥법, 체육시설의 설치 및 이용에 관한 법률 등이다. 그러나 이러한 다원화되어있는 간접적 법령만으로는 다발하는 소비자문제를 해결하기 어렵다. 따라서 관련 법령에 대한 고찰과 동시에 레저시설 이용과 관련된 회원제거래를 경험해보았고, 소비자불만이 강력하게 나타난 소비자를 대상으로 심층면접조사를 실시하여 국내법령이 소비자문제를 해결하는데 부합하는지의 여부에 대해 알아보았다. 레저시설 중 회원제거래 형태를 취하고 있는 대표적인 업태인 골프장, 휴양콘도미니엄, 스포츠센터에 대해 조사를 실시한 결과, 각 분야의 소비자문제 유형은 상이하게 나타났지만 이를 보완하기 위해 이용자의 계약상의 권리보장과 계약후의 재산권의 정립, 시설이용 정보제공 및 교육, 회원권 프리미엄 보장 및 매뉴얼의 제공 등의 도입 필요성이 제기되었다. The purpose of this study is to investigate current conditions of membership transaction where there is growth of membership business for leisure facilities, such as golf clubs, condominiums, and sports centers, and to classify consumer problems using the memberships. Due to little modified laws and regulations of the membership transactions for leisure facilities, various consumer problems and damages were involved in this transaction. Therefore, the consumer problems related to the transaction were classified, and policy implications for the membership transactions were suggested for consumers using the leisure facility membership. The method of this study was to conduct literature reviews to find out current status of membership transaction and its problem, and to understand consumer problem through in-depth interview method based on the cases of consumer's damages. In addition through comparative analysis (with the law of Japan) attempted to prepare ground of legislation and amendment of law for membership transaction Policy implications are as following; First, “Facilities use information opening system” where transparent transaction can be done through field of information opening of period of use and the fees of the members; Second, “Minimum quality assurance system” that guarantees benefit through membership contract should be considered; Third, “Consumer Information Manual” should be provided as a method of solution following the high variety of the type of consumers` damage and extent of the damage in each of memberships.

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