CMIT/MIT 성분 가습기살균제로 인한 사망 사건 판결의 형사법적 쟁점 ― 서울중앙지방법원 2021. 1. 12. 선고 2019고합142,388,501 판결을 중심으로 ―

김재윤 ( Kim¸ Jae Yoon ) 한국환경법학회 2021 環境法 硏究 Vol.43 No.2

대한민국 역사상 최악의 화학 참사인 가습기살균제 사건을 지칭해 흔히 ‘안방의 세월호’ 사건이라고 한다. 대형 인명피해가 발생했다는 점, 골든타임(가습기의 경우 2006~2011년)을 놓쳤다는 점, 정부의 위기관리 실패, 피해자 구제 등 사후 수습 부실, 피해자 피해배상을 두고 [대상판결]과 [참조판례]의 두 사건은 여러 문제를 드러냈다는 점 등에서 서로 다른 두 사건이 너무나 유사하기 때문이다. [대상판결]의 사건은 SK케미칼, 애경, 이마트, 필러물산에서 제조하거나 판매한 CMIT/MIT 성분의 가습기살균제에 관한 것으로 2018년에 유죄판결([참조판례])이 난 PHMG/PGH 성분의 가습기살균제 사건과는 원료물질의 성질이 다르다. 당초 이 사건은 ‘가습기 메이트’ 제품 사용과 폐질환 발생 사이의 인과관계를 증명하지 못해 형사기소에 이르지 못하였으나, 검찰은 CMIT/MIT 원료의 유해성에 대한 학계의 역학조사 자료가 쌓이고, 환경부가 뒤늦게 관련 연구 자료를 검찰에 제출하면서 본격적으로 수사를 재개하여 2019년 2월 SK케미칼과 애경산업의 전ㆍ현직 임직원 14명을 기소를 하였다. [대상판결]의 재판부는 2년 가까운 기간 동안 심리를 진행하였는데, 피고인들이 제조ㆍ판매한 이 사건 각 가습기살균제의 사용과 이 사건 피해자들의 상해 또는 사망 사이에 인과관계가 인정되지 않음을 이유로 무죄를 선고하였다. 제조ㆍ판매업자가 주의의무를 충실히 이행하지 아니하여 결함 있는 제품이 생산, 유통되고 이로 인하여 소비자에게 사망, 상해라는 침해결과가 발생할 때에 제조ㆍ판매업자는 당연히 그에 대한 형사책임을 부담하여야 한다. 이러한 형법상 제조물책임은 대부분의 경우 업무상과실치사상죄라는 과실범의 성립 여부가 문제된다. 이때 주의의무 위반행위에 대한 심사가 형법상 제조물책임 여부를 검토하는 데 출발점이 된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 [대상판결]의 재판부는 주의의무 위반 행위와 침해결과 사이의 인과관계가 아닌 그 이전 단계인 결함 있는 제조물의 위해성에 대한 인과관계 증명에 초점을 맞춰 재판을 진행함으로써 공판정이 CMIT/MIT 원료 물질의 위해성에 관한 과학시험 결과의 검증장으로 변질된 것은 아닌가 한다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 형법상 제조물책임의 책임귀속과 관련하여 가죽보호분무기 사건과 목재보호제 사건에서 독일연방대법원이 인과관계 확정의 문제와 [대상판결]에서 재판부가 선택한 인과관계 확정 방식의 문제점을 살펴보았다. 그리고 이러한 논의를 바탕으로 형법상 제조물책임의 책임귀속을 위한 인과관계 확정에 있어 제조물 그 자체의 ‘위해성’에 대한 인과관계의 엄격한 증명이 아닌 주의의무 위반행위와 사망, 상해의 침해결과 사이의 상당인과관계에 대한 엄격한 증명에 보다 초점을 맞추어야 함을 결론으로 도출하였다. The humidifier disinfectant incident, the worst chemical accident in South Korean history, is often referred to as “another Sewol ferry disaster.” This is because the two different incidents are very similar in that large-scale casualties occurred, that the golden time (2006-2011 in the case of humidifiers) was missed, and that the government failed to manage the crisis. Seoul Central District Court Decision 2019Gohab142,388,501 decided January 12, 2021 concerns the humidifier disinfectant containing CMIT/MIT ingredients manufactured or sold by SK Chemicals, Aekyung Industrial Co., Ltd., EMART Inc.. The nature of the raw material is different from the case of the humidifier disinfectant containing PHMG/PGH, which was already convicted by the Supreme Court in 2018. In this case, it did not lead to criminal prosecution as it failed to prove the causal relationship between the use of “Humidifier Mate” and the occurrence of lung disease. In 2019, the prosecution indicted 14 former and current executives and employees of SK Chemicals and Aekyung Industrial Co., Ltd. based on epidemiological investigation data from academia on the harmfulness of CMIT/MIT raw materials and research data submitted by the Ministry of Environment. The Seoul Central District Court held the hearing for two years and acquitted the defendants. This is because the causal relationship between the use of each humidifier disinfectant manufactured and sold by the defendants and the injury or death of the victims has not been proven in this case. When manufacturers and distributors fail to faithfully fulfill their duty of care and produces or distributes defective products, and this results in an infringement such as injury or death to a consumer, manufacturers and distributors shall naturally bear criminal responsibility for it. In most cases of product liability under the criminal law, the issue of whether or not a negligence offense is established. At this time, the examination for a breach of the duty of care is the starting point for examining whether product liability is recognized under the criminal law. Nevertheless, the Seoul Central District Court proceeded with the trial, focusing on the proof of the causal relationship to the harmfulness of the defective product. As a result, the trial court has been transformed into a verification ground for the results of scientific tests on the harmfulness of CMIT/MIT raw materials. Therefore, this paper examines how the German Federal Supreme Court dealt with the issue of determining causality in the leather protection spray case and the wood protection product case in relation to the attribution of responsibility of product liability under the criminal law(Ⅱ). In addition, in [2019Gohab142,388,501 Decision], the method of determining the causal relationship selected by the Seoul Central District Court was examined in what way it was problematic(Ⅲ). And finally, based on these discussions, the following conclusion are drawn: In order to recognize product liability under the criminal law, the causal relationship is required. At this time, it is more important not to rigorously prove the causal relationship with respect to the “harmfulness” of the product itself, but rather to prove the causal relationship between the breach of the duty of care and the consequences of the infringement of injury or death(Ⅳ).

금리 변동이 주택가격 순환변동에 미치는 영향

김재윤 ( Kim¸ Jae Yoon ),최창규 ( Choi¸ Chang Gyu ) 한국부동산분석학회 2021 不動産學硏究 Vol.27 No.3

2008년 금융위기 후 금리와 주택가격 관련 연구에 변화가 일어났다. 금융위기 전에 발표된 연구들에서는 금리와 주택가격이 음(-)의 상관관계를 나타내었으나 금융위기 이후 발표된 연구에서는 금리와 주택가격의 상관관계가 음(-)이 아니거나 상호 독립적이라는 결과가 나타났다. 그러나 최근 HP필터를 활용하여 순환변동을 변수로 활용한 연구 및 미국 기준금리를 모형에 포함시킨 연구들의 결과는 여전히 금리가 주택가격에 음(-)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구는 미국 기준금리를 구조 벡터자기회기 모형에 포함시킨 후 HP필터를 적용하여 금리 변동이 주택가격 순환변동에 미치는 영향을 실증분석 하였다. 시간적 범위는 2000년 1월부터 2020년 12월로 전체 기간, 금융위기 전, 금융위기 후로 나누어 분석하였고 변수는 미국 기준금리, CD금리, 통화량, 산업생산지수, 소비자물가지수, 서울 및 6대 광역시 주택가격의 순환변동 자료를 활용하였다. 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, CD금리 변동은 주택가격 순환변동에 음(-)의 영향을 미치지 않거나 그 영향이 제한적이다. 둘째, 미국 기준금리 변동은 주택가격 순환변동에 음(-)의 영향을 미치지 않거나 제한적이다. 셋째, 금리 변동에 대한 주택가격 순환변동은 시기(금융위기 전·후)와 지역(서울, 6대 광역시)에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 넷째, 주택가격 순환변동의 분산분해 결과 주택가격 순환변동 자체가 가장 높은 설명력을 갖고 미국 기준금리, 통화량이 높은 설명력을 갖는 것으로 나타났다. Since the 2008 global financial crisis, there have been changes in research on the relation between interest rates and house prices. Studies published before the financial crisis show a negative correlation between interest rates and house prices, but studies published after the financial crisis a non-negative or independent on. However, recent studies whice use HP filter and include the US federal fund rates in the empirical model show the results that interest rates still have a negative impact on house prices. This study includes the US federal fund rate in the Structural Vector Auto Regression(SVAR) model, and then applies the HP filter to empirically analyze the effect of interest rate changes on house price cycles. The study period covers from January 2000 to December 2020, and the empirical analysis is conducted on the three different periods the entire period, before the financial crisis, and after the financial crisis. The variables used in the empirical model include the US federal fund rate, CD rate, money supply M1, industrial production index, consumer price index, and house price index (Seoul, 6 metropolitan cities). The main findings are as follows. First, the CD rate has no negative impacts or limited impacts on house price cycles. Second, the US federal fund rate has no negative impacts or limited impacts on house price cycles. Third, the impacts of interest rate changes on house price cycles depends on time(i.e., before and after the financial crisis) and region(i.e., Seoul and 6 Metropolitan cities). Fourth, the variance decomposition results of house price cycles suggest that house price cycles themselves has the highest explanatory power, and the US federal fund rate and money supply M1 also has high explanatory power.

의료인 형사범죄에 대한 형사제재로서 직업금지 도입에 관한 연구

김재윤 ( Kim¸ Jae Yoon ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2021 一鑑法學 Vol.- No.49

의료인은 독점적 면허·자격을 부여받아 환자의 생명·신체를 다루고 환자는 의료인에게 전적으로 의존할 수밖에 없는 의료행위의 특수성과 의료인의 직무수행이 국민 건강에 미치는 중대한 영향 등을 고려할 때 의료인에게는 높은 수준의 전문성과 직업윤리가 요구된다. 그러나 현행 의료법 제8조 제4호에 따르면 의료인(의사, 치과의사, 한의사, 조산사, 간호사)은 의료법, 의료관련법 위반 이외에 형법 제233조(허위진단서작성죄), 제234조(위조사문서행사죄), 제269조(낙태죄), 제270조(의사등의 낙태, 부동의 낙태죄), 제317조 제1항(업무상비밀누설죄), 제347조(사기죄: 허위진료비 청구에 한함)의 경우에만 면허취소 사유로 하고 있다. 이에 의료인은 일반 형사범죄(절도, 강도, 횡령, 배임, 강간, 업무상과실치사상, 살인 등)나 형사특별법 위반 등으로 금고 이상의 형을 선고받더라도 의사면허에 별다른 규제가 없어 의료행위를 하는데 아무런 지장이 없는 법률 형태를 유지하고 있다. 이 때문에 사체를 유기하거나 심지어 살인죄를 범하더라도 의료법상 의사면허를 취소할 수 없다. 그러나 변호사, 법무사, 공인회계사, 세무사 등 우리나라 대부분의 전문직 종사자의 경우 범죄행위로 인해 금고 이상의 형을 선고받는 경우 전문직과 관련된 등록이나 면허·자격이 취소되는 형태의 법률 규정을 두고 있다. 그리고 의료법과 달리 아동·청소년의 성보호에 관한 법률, 특정경제범죄 가중처벌 등에 관한 법률, 아동복지법 등에서는 형사제재로서 ‘직업금지(Berufsverbot)’로 이해될 수 있는 ‘취업제한’ 규정을 두고 있다. 이러한 직업금지로서 취업제한은 독일, 프랑스, 스위스 등 유럽 각국의 형법에서 규정하고 있는 직업금지를 일정부분 도입한 것으로, 실제 직무 관련 범죄의 경우 가장 효과적인 범죄예방책으로 알려지고 있다. 따라서 이 글에서는 다른 전문 직업인은 형사범죄로 인해 금고 이상의 형을 선고받으면 자격이나 면허가 취소되는데 유독 의료인만 금고 이상의 형을 선고받더라고 의사면허에는 아무런 영향이 없다는 문제의식 아래 의료인 형사범죄에 대한 현행 법적 규제의 문제점, 독일과 미국에서 의사의 형사범죄에 대한 자격 규제의 내용과 시사점, 의료인 형사범죄에 대한 형사제재로서 직업금지제도의 도입 여부를 검토하고, 이를 바탕으로 입법론적 차원에서 장기적 관점에서 의료인, 변호사, 법무사, 공인회계사 등 전문 직업인의 직업 관련 범죄행위에 대한 새로운 보안처분으로서 독일과 유사한 직업금지제도를 형법에 도입할 필요가 있음을 결론으로 도출하였다. Medical personnel are granted exclusive licenses and qualifications to treat patients’ lives and bodies. A high level of professionalism and professional ethics are required for medical personnel in consideration of the specificity of medical practices in which patients have no choice but to rely entirely on medical personnel and the significant impact that medical practitioners have on public health. However, according to Article 8, No. 4 of the current Medical Act, medical personnel (doctors, dentists, oriental doctors, midwives, nurses) can have their license revoked only in cases of certain crimes under the Criminal Act (e.g., false diagnosis, doctor’s abortion, unwilling abortion, leakage of business secrets, fraud: only for false medical expenses claims), except for violations of the Medical Act and medical-related laws. As a result, even if a medical practitioner is convicted of a general criminal offense (theft, robbery, embezzlement, breach of trust, murder, etc.) or a violation of the Special Criminal Act, his or her doctor’s license is maintained and he/she can continue to practice medicine. On the other hand, in the case of most professionals in Korea, such as lawyers, certified public accountants, tax accountants, if they are convicted of criminal offense, their professional registration, license, or qualifications are revoked. And unlike the Medical Act, restriction on employment as a criminal sanction are stipulated in the 「Act on the Protection of Children and Juveniles against Sexual Abuse」, 「Act on the Aggravated Punishment, etc. of Specific Economic Crime」, 「Child Welfare Act」, etc. This restriction on employment is the introduction of occupational ban stipulated in the penal code of European countries such as Germany, France and Switzerland. Restriction on employment is actually known as the most effective crime prevention measure for job-related crimes. Therefore, in this article, the problem of current legal regulation on criminal offenses of medical personnel (Ⅱ), the contents and implications of qualification regulations for criminal offenses of doctors in Germany and the United States (Ⅲ), the introduction of the occupational ban as a criminal sanction for criminal offenses of medical personnel (Ⅳ), are reviewed. And based on this discussion, the following conclusion are drawn: From a legislative point of view, it is necessary to introduce occupational ban as a new security measure against occupational criminal offense, similar to Germany, into the penal code.

Solubilization status for coenzymeQ10 in nanoparticle

Jaeyoon SHIN,Dae-hyuk KWEON 한국생물공학회 2009 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2009 No.4

Study on the Cases of the Tibia Injury Occurrence and Avoidance during the Offset Crash

Jaeyoon Jung 한국자동차공학회 2012 한국자동차공학회 Workshop Vol.2012 No.10

New BER Expression of Hierarchical M-ary Phase Shift Keying

Jaeyoon Lee,윤동원,Kyongkuk Cho 한국전자통신연구원 2007 ETRI Journal Vol.29 No.6

In-phase/quadrature (I/Q) imbalances, which are generated by non-ideal transceiver components, are inevitable physical phenomena that cause the performance of practical communication systems to be degraded. In this paper, we provide a new closed-form expression for the bit error rate of hierarchical M-ary phase shift keying with I/Q phase and amplitude imbalances and analyze the effect of I/Q imbalances on BER performance over an additive white Gaussian noise channel.

Changes in Depression and Stress of the Middle-Aged and Elderly through Participation in a Forest Therapy Program for Dementia Prevention

Jaeyoon Hong,Sujin Park,Jungwon Lee 인간식물환경학회 2019 인간식물환경학회지 Vol.22 No.6

Various health and social issues related to the elderly are emerging in line with the rapid aging of the population. In particular, dementia currently has a prevalence of about 10 percent of the elderly population in South Korea, which increases financial and social burdens to not only individual patients but also their caring family. To assess the effects of participating in the forest therapy programs for dementia prevention, this study recruited participants aged 50 and above and tested their depression (Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale; KGDS) and stress response (Modified form of Stress Response Inventory; SRI-MF), which are emotional aspects of dementia. As a result, KGDS showed a significant decrease of 3.2 points from 8.4 to 5.2 points, and SRI-MF showed a significant decrease of 7.2 points from 40 to 32.8 points, indicating a statistically significant improvement in both. In addition, participants with minor depression and high level of stress in the pretest showed statistically significant improvements in the SRI-MF for men, and the KGDS and SRI-MF for women. Furthermore, there were statistically significant improvements in KGDS for participants in their 60s and in SRI-MF for those in their 70s in terms of age, and in both KGDS and SRI-MF for participants with chronic diseases and in KGDS for participants without chronic diseases. This study confirmed the effects of forest therapy on the prevention of the emotional aspects of dementia and laid the groundwork for increasing the applicability of forest therapy by obtaining a place for dementia prevention as a field of forest therapy.

A study on the bearingless switched reluctance rotation motor with improved motor performance

Jaeyoon Wang,김낙수,김상조 대한기계학회 2013 JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Vol.27 No.5

Optimum product design can be realized through applying reasonable design of experiment (DOE) using state of the art computer simulations. The bearingless motor is a product combing the conventional electromotor with the active magnetic bearing (AMB) which rotates without a contact area. Therefore, it does not yield friction and there is no energy loss. The bearingless motor has a simple structure which enables high speed and precise positional controls. This study proposes an AMB with a new structure, which offers more stabilized rotations by enhancing flows of magnetic flux density. Also, this study provides optimum design of a bearingless motor which maximizes the torques, a general indicator of motor performances given conditions. For the purpose of designing a bearingless motor,proper design parameters have been selected. Design of experiment has been constructed using orthogonal arrays. Also, using the response surface method, an objective function which depicts the performance of a motor is obtained. The objective function which evaluates the performance of the motor has been optimized, and a bearingless rotation motor with the improved performance has been designed. By comparing the performance of the actual motor produced from the optimum design, the reliability is validated.

A cryopreservable cell-laden GelMa-based scaffold fabricated using a 3D printing process supplemented with an in situ photo-crosslinking

JaeYoon Lee,GeunHyung Kim 한국공업화학회 2020 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.85 No.-

Scaffolds consisting of cylindrical struts are one of the high-potential tissue engineering materialsbecause the highly porous structure can easily induce cell infiltration/migration and efficiently delivernutrients to the cells. In addition, cryopreservable scaffolds have attracted much interest in tissueengineering because they can be prospective ready-to-use “living” biomaterials consisting of a patient’sown cells. In this study, we investigated a cryopreservable cell-printed scaffold consisting of microscalecylindrical struts. To fabricate the scaffold, we developed a 3D cell-printing system supplemented withmicrofluidic channels, a core-shell nozzle, UV treatment system, and low-temperature working plate. The scaffold consisted of a cell-laden collagen/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixture in the core region anda methacrylate gelatin (GelMA)/DMSO mixture in the shell region. After cryopreservation, thepreosteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) loaded in the scaffold showed reasonable cell viability ( 85%). Moreover,no significant difference was observed in the cell proliferations and ALP activities of the cryopreservedscaffold and non-cryopreserved scaffold. Based on these results, we believe that the fabrication processcan be one of the potential techniques for fabricating cryopreservable scaffolds consisting of cylindricalstruts.

A study on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior ofinjection molded PMMA-TSP laminated composite

Jaeyoon Wang,이문규,박선미,홍석무,김낙수 한국유변학회 2012 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.24 No.1

To evaluate the deformed features of a polymer and touch screen panel laminated material and to secure a reliability of the design method, it is crucial to predict a thermo-mechanical behavior of the polymers. The reliability problems of polymer-TSP laminated module subjected to temperature and humidity changes mainly occur due to features with time-dependent material properties as well as differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion between the polymer and TSP. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the viscous behavior which causes changes in material properties which include temperature-dependent properties along with the time-dependent properties. In this study, a tensile test is conducted to obtain fundamental material properties and a creep test is used to characterize viscous properties of the polymer. Material properties from the tensile and the creep test are verified by the tensile and creep simulations. Also, the finite element analysis is used to simulate the time-dependent behaviors during a high temperature conditions while predicting thermal deformations. Numerical results are compared with experimental results. The result shows that the shape deformations of the polymer-TSP laminated module calculated by the finite element analysis with visco-elastic-plastic material model are in a good agreement with the experiment. Based on analytical results, we predict the thermal deformation of the PMMA-TSP composite plate in consideration of the effect of viscous features and set up the organized numerical analysis procedure using FE analysis.