함석헌 노장이해의 특징

김형석(Kim, Hyeong-seok) 한국양명학회 2016 陽明學 Vol.0 No.45

이 글의 목적은 노장사상이 현대 사회에 어떠한 의의를 가질 수 있는지, 어떠한 역할을 할 수 있는지 모색해보기 위한 작업의 일환으로, 한국 근현대를 살았던 함석헌의 사상에 대하여 특히 그의 노장관을 중심으로 고찰하는데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 함석헌의 철학적 기반으로서 종교적 다원주의 및 씨알사상을 검토하였고, 이러한 철학적 기반 위에서 함석헌 노장이해의 특징을 ‘自治의 이념’ ‘비폭력 평화주의’ ‘씨알사상에 근거한 역사철학’이라는 세 측면으로 분석하였다. 선행연구를 통해 밝혀진 함석헌 노장관의 가장 큰 의의는 현실의 국가주의와 제국주의에 맞서며 비폭력평화주의를 주장하고 있다는 점이다. 본 고에서는 이러한 선행연구를 기반으로, 노장사상과 맞닿아 있으며 동시에 그의 씨알사상, 기독교사상과도 연결되어 있는 ‘하수구’라는 독특한 개념을 중심으로 함석헌이 제시하는 세계사적인 비젼의 내용과 의미를 고찰하였다. Ham Seok-heon (13 March 1901~4 February 1989) was a civil rights activist committed to human rights and non-violence during the period of Japanese colonial rule, Soviet military government, and Korean military dictatorship. His commitment to human rights, democracy, non-violence, and pacifism earned him the name, ‘the Gandhi of Korea,’ and the Religious Society of Friends (Quaker) nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and 1985. Ham was also a Korean liberal thinker who tried to combine Christianity with various Eastern philosophical perspectives in order to find Korea’s spiritual identity and produce new values. He considered Japanese imperialism and Korean dictatorship as a product of modern totalitarianism, and he found and developed important ideas to overcome totalitarianism and keep pacifism among East Asian thoughts, especially in Taoism, although his ideological foundation was Christianity. This paper mainly analyzes this point with a focus on Ham’s idea of ‘Sewer’. In his view of Korean history, Ham uniquely interpreted the historical experiences and mission of Korean people, referring to Korea as the ‘Sewer’ of World History. The idea of ‘Sewer’ can be construed as a ‘Place’ in Ham’s thought and teleological view of history, in that it refers to a convergence of Korean past historical-cultural experiences and future ideals, and in a way, it means the ultimate goal, salvation of humanity, throughout history. To illuminate this idea, above all, I investigate Ham’s distinctive concept of Ssial (seed grains), which means ‘the people’ as the historical subject, who keep fundamental life in themselves like seed grains. Ham also matched it with some concepts of ‘weakness’ ‘humbleness’ ‘benevolence’ in Laozi. Ham believed only suffering people can sympathize with other people’s suffering, and that is why God gave the Korean people lots of adversities in their history, as a ‘Sewer’ of World History. Therefore, ‘weak’ and ‘humble’ Korean people, groaned under despotism and totalitarianism, could carry their cross, ‘love’ other people, and so achieve world peace in the truest sense. Ham was also an inspiration to many various anti-authoritarianism or pro-democracy movements in Korea, in terms of suggesting various approaches including ecology, syncretism, liberation theology, and so on.

폐굴껍질을 혼입한 콘크리트의 기초적 성질에 관한 실험적 연구

어석홍,이형진,황규한 國立 昌原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2002 産技硏論文集 Vol.16 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental properties of concrete mixed with crushed oyster shells(OS) as coarse or fine aggregates. For this purpose, five reference mixes with W/C ratios of 0.4∼0.6 at intervals of 0.05 were considered. The replacement proportion of OS was varied with ratios of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100% by volume of fine or coarse aggregate in the reference mixes. OS was washed and crushed for using as aggregates. New chemical reaction between crushed OS aggregate and and cement paste was tested through XRD and SEM analysis. The compressive and flexural strength properties were considered. Strength tests were carried out at the ages of 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The variation of workanility, air content and density, drying shrinkage of the specimens with different proportions of OS were also studied. Finally, the hollow concrete block using OS as a substitute material for fine aggregate was made for testing the application of OS. Experimental results showed that any new chemical reaction did not occur due to mixing crushed OS in ordinary concrete. The workability and strengths decreased with increase in proportion of OS. The same trend was observed in density and unit weight, but air content increased due to the inherent shape and texture of OS, which showed a possibility to produce light weight concrete with low strength by using OS as coarse aggregates for concrete. Tests on hollow concrete block showed that the compressive strength and absorption ratio were satisfied with quality requirements when the fine aggregate was substituted with OS up to 50% in volume.

곡선교에서의 실험적 모드 추정과정의 특성연구

이형진,어석홍 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2003 공업기술연구 Vol.3 No.-

In structural health monitoring, the identification of modal properties can be one of the important issues. However, the identifiability of modal parameter hasn't been usually checked before the installation of hardware. In this paper, the identifiability of modal parameter particularly for the real existing curved bridge was investigated. The results show that curved bridges are very sensitive to the way to be modelled and usual number of measurements are not enough for the curve bridge.

개화기 근대 체육 및 스포츠의 수용과 전개

송형석 師範大學 體育硏究所 1997 서울大學校 體育硏究所論集 Vol.18 No.1

This study trys to understand development of the civilized period modern physical education and sports in the view of historical-cultural and socio-political. Western modern pysical education and sports broadly diffused to all parts of society through the school athletic meet. The chracteristic of the development of civilized period modern physical education and sports can be described in the following. First, though cultural heterogeneity, the physical education and sports is accepted to Korea without big trouble. Second, the physical education and sports is rapidly spread to Korea. Third, development of the physical education and sports with competition is sticking out of many traits. Forth, school athlectic meet which definitely plays a role in deffusing to Korea. Modern pysical education and sports is focibly abolised Japanese after Japanese annexation of Korea. We can reach conclusion through the analysis of historical-cultural background and socio-political circumstances of the Korean society at that time to understand charateristics of the development of civilized period modern physical. education and sports. Buddhism, Confucionism, Shamanism are complexitic factors which make korean historical-cultural background at the time. Traditional Koreans acquire ascetic life style through the buddhism, the way of thinking based on anti-individulism through the confucianism. Korean traditional competition is reflected by these charateristics. Korean traditional competition have ascetic attitude, collective charateristics of the way of athletic. Strong stick to victory in Korean traditional competition is worth special mention. Because shamanic thinking that victory in competition makes a good harvest naturally can be expressed. In this way, Korean traditional competition which developed in historical-cultural background-buddhism, confucianism, shamanism-have simillar charateristics with those of modern physical education and sports. These same nature significantly makes Korean society western modern physical education. sports to accept. And strong stick to victory in traditional athlectics is major factor which explain competition emerged in development of modern physical education and sports. The relationship of the socio-political circumstance in civilized period and development of modern physical education and sports is well understood under case of two thinking that active acceptance and repulsion about inflow of foreign civilization. Active acceptance and repulsion about foreign civilization are expressed by modernization movement, and by nationalism movement, Modern physical education and sports are positive and active expression of life through first of all various physical activity. So civilization group positively support acceptance and development of modern physical education and sports. And nationalists endeavor to politically enlighten the people with various means. People around school athlectic meet gave good chance to enlighten at that time. In this reasn, we think that nationalists positively have supported school athlectic meet. And Japenese forcibly abolised school athlectic meet after Japenese annexation of Korea on the same reason.

유한요소법을 위한 초기요소망 구성에 관한 연구

김형석,최관순 순천향대학교 1993 논문집 Vol.16 No.3

This paper describes a method for mesh generation of arbitrary polyhedra. This method is based on Delanuay's triangulation whose dual is well-known Vornoi's diagram. Firstly, this algorithm divides analysis model into a finite set of elements using minimum input data for depicting its boundary shape. And interior node placement can being using a proposed strategy . Finally, the connectivities are fixed and the nodes are repositioned to produce elements with somewhat improved shapes. The technique we use is called Laplacian smoothing.

정신분열병 환자의 반응시간

최형식,정범석,김한규,송현주,이재원,김창윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.5

연구배경: 주의력은 인지적인 정보처리과정(information processing)의 가장 기본적인 단계이다. 반응시간 (reaction time)은 주의력을 가장 잘 반영하는 검사 중 하나로서, 자극이 제시된 후 반응이 시작되기까지 반응 여부를 결정하는데 걸리는 시간인 판단 시간(decision time)과 반응이 시작되면서 목표에 도달할 때까지 시간인 운동시간(motor time)으로 나누어 볼 수 있다. 기존의 연구결과로는, 정신분열병 환자군에서 반응시간의 수행이 떨어져 있다는 보고는 많이 되어왔으나 차이가 없다는 보고도 있으며, 판단시간과 운동시간 중 어느 부분에 장애가 있는지 명확하지 않다. 또한 반응시간 측정값은 질병의 진단적 유형(diagnostic subtype), 증상, 경과 등의 영향을 받으며 개체간의 변동(inter-individual variation)이 크고, 같은 피험자라도 측정시점이 다를 때마다 차이를 보이는 개체내 변동(intra-individual variation)이 커서 검사결과마다 차이를 보이고 있는 상태이다. 목적: 환자군은 개체간 변동이 크고 다른 임상적 요소에 의해 영향받는 점을 고려하여, 임상적으로 안정적인 경과에 있는 정신분열병 환자만을 대상으로 정상인 군과 반응시간의 차이를 비교하고자 하였다. 또한 반응시간을 판단시간과 운동시간으로 나누어 측정하여 각각을 비교분석 하고자 하였고, 개체내 변동이 큰점을 고려하여 25회 반복 측정을 실시하고 이에 따른 변동의 경향성을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법: DSM-Ⅳ에 의해 '정신분열병'으로 진단된 환자로서, 급성기 이후 항정신병약물을 유지하고 있으며BPRS(brief psychiatric rating scale) 30점 이하의 임상적으로 안정적인 상태가 3개월 이상 유지된10명이 환자군으로 포함되었고, 정상인은 자원자 10명이 포함되었다. 검사도구는 비엔나 테스트 시스템 반응유닛(Reation Unit) 파라미터 S8을 이용하였다. 총 6가지의 자극이 무작위로 1측정시기(session) 당 총 32회 주어지고, 피험자는 이중 특정 자극에 8번만 반응하도록 되어 있다. 시작 전 1회 연습 후 총 25측정시기를 5분 간격으로 반복하였다. 반응 시간을 판단시간과 운동시간의 합으로 정의하고 세 가지 모두 컴퓨터를 이용하여 자동 측정되었다. 반응·판단·운동 시간의 비교에는 반복 측정을 고려한 분산분석(repeated measures analysis of variance)을 사용하였다. 결과: 환자군은 정상인에 비하여 유의하게 반응시간의 수행속도가 저하되어 있었다(p<0.01). 판단시간과 운동시간으로 나누어 볼 때, 환자군에서 판단시간이 유의하게 느렸고(p<0.01), 운동시간은 수행저하의 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 25회 반복측정시 양군 모두 측정시기에 따른 유의한 변화를 보였고(p<0.01), 환자군의 반응시간은 개체간의 차이뿐 아니라 개체내 변동이 큰 경향을 보였다. 옳게 반응한 횟수(correct response)는 환자군에서 저하되는 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다. 고찰: 정신분열병 환자군에서 판단시간이 유의하게 저하된 것은, 반응시간의 저하가 운동요소 보다는 인지적 요소에 의한 것임을 시사하는 것으로, 정보처리과정의 기본적인 단계인 주의력 장애를 보여주는 것으로 생각된다. 비교적 안정적이고 임상적인 특성이 동일한 환자군에서도 반응시간이 대조군에 비해 큰 개체간 차이와 개체내 변동성의 경향을 보였으며, 이는 단순한 측정오차라기 보다는 정신분열병 환자군의 인지기능의 특성을 반영하는 것으로 생각된다. 중심단어:정신분열병·반응시간·판단시간·운동시간·개체간 변동·개체내 변동. The reaction time(RT) has been known to reflect attention that controls the flow of information processing. Extensive research has demonstrated cognitive impairment in schizophr-enia subjects using RT taske. However, little work has been done examining the relative contribution of DT(decision time) and MT(motor time) to slowed RT in schizophrenics. Also, recent investigators have observed that schizophrenic patients exhibit larger intra-individual variability in RT than do normal comparison subjects. The purpose of this study, using multi-stimulus convergent RT task, was to explore the speed of RT, relative contribution of decision time(DT) and motor time(MT) to slowed RT, overall sequential profile in 25 repeated-time measurements in 10 schizophrenic out-patients and 10 normal control subjects. Overall reaction time and decision time were slower in schizophrenic subjects than in normal controls. The motor time was not shown to be significantly different between the two groups with 0.05 significance level, although there was some trend indicating schizophrenic subjects were slower consistently in repreated measurements over time. These results suggested that the slower reaction time in schizophrenic subjects was mostly determined by cognitive component, decision time rather than motor time. Sequential profile of repeated measurements showed greater intraindividual and interindividual variations in schizphrenics than in normal controls. These results indicate that high variabilities are not merely measurement errors but characteristic of schizophrenic psychopathology. KEY WORDS: Schizophrenia·Reaction time·Decision time·Motor time·Inter-individual variation·Intra-individual variation.

워터마킹 영상의 비가시성 개선에 관한 연구

고석만,김형균,오무송 조선대학교 전자정보통신연구소 2002 電子情報通信硏究所論文誌 Vol.5 No.2

The use of digital imaging technique and digital contents based on internet has grown rapidly for last several years, and the needs of digital image protection become more important. For the purpose of copyright protection on digital image, the verification of authentication techniques like content authentication, ownership authentication, illegal copy and etc are needed. Digital watermarking, the invisible encryption technique to insert digital watermark into image, the sophisticated perceptual information should be used for providing transparency and robustness of images on watermarking process. In this paper, we implement the algorithm for preventing forged attack, ownership protection and authentication by transforming the wavelet algorithms in frequency domain in terms of human visual system.

지도영상으로부터 심볼 추출과 인식

김형석,최관순 순천향대학교 1991 논문집 Vol.14 No.3

In Geographic Mapping system, Facility administration is going to be computerized for secure and efficient maintenance, and it is needed to input many already existing geographic map into computer system. Then it is required to extract symbols and recognition them. Thus we developed an automatic symbol extraction and recognition system for geographic map. which enabled to input such map, at recognition rate over 85%.

파괴역학에 근거한 철근콘크리트 보의 휨 파괴거동

어석홍,이형진,최덕진 국립7개대학공동논문집간행위원회 2002 공업기술연구 Vol.2 No.-

An analytical fracture mechanics approach was used to investigate the fracture behavior of reinforced concrete beams. By use of this approach based on fracture mechanics concepts, the crack width and length as well as the strength and cracking stability of reinforced concrete beams were investigated. The results obtained from the analytical studies were also discussed in terms of the minimum reinforcement ratio and crack width specified in design code provisions. The analytical approach based on fracture mechanics concepts are very useful to predict the fracture behavior of reinforced concrete beams.

대형구조물의 실험적 지진피해 예측을 위한 비선형 구조추정법 개발

이형진,어석홍 창원대학교 산업기술연구소 2001 産技硏論文集 Vol.15 No.-

This paper deals with the identification of parameters of a smoothed hysteretic model(Bouc-Wen model) as well as the estimation of hysteretic histories of each structural members, related to experimental seismic damage prediction of existing large structures. The structural damages can be classified into global and local (element-level) damages. In damage assessment of real structures, emphasis is usually placed on seismic damages of each structural members since information about the locations and quantities of structural damages is more useful for further applications. For the reason, a method is proposed to estimate hysteretic histories of each structural members from measured response histories of the structure. These histories can be used to evaluate various kinds of damage indices. Secondly, the parameter estimation method is applied to construct the nonlinear mathematical model of these hysteresis. To demonstrate the proposed techniques, several numerical and experimental example analysis are carried out. The results indicate that the proposed method can be very useful to assess local seismic damages of structures.