Skin entrance dose for digital and film radiography in Korean dental schools

Cho, Eun-Sang,Choi, Kun-Ho,Kim, Min-Gyu,Lim, Hoi-Jeong,Yoon, Suk-Ja,,Kang, Byung-Cheol 대한구강악안면방사선학회 2005 Imaging Science in Dentistry Vol.35 No.4

Purpose : This study was aimed to compare skin entrance dose of digital radiography with that of film radiography and to show the dose reduction achievement with digital systems at 11 dental schools in Korea. Materials and Methods : Forty six intraoral radiographic systems in 11 dental schools were included in this study. Digital sensors were used in 33 systems and film was used in 13 systems. Researchers and the volunteer visited 11 dental schools in Korea. Researchers asked the radiologic technician (s) at each school to set the exposure parameters and aiming the x-ray tube for the periapical view of the mandibular molar of the volunteer. The skin entrance doses were measured at the same exposure parameters and distance by the technician for each system with a dosimeter (Multi-O-Meter : Unfors instruments, Billdal, Sweden). Results : The median dose was 491.2 μGy for digital radiography and 1,205.0 μGy for film radiography. The skin entrance dose digital radiography was significantly lower than that of film radiography (p<0.05). Conclusion : Fifty-nine percent skin entrance dose reduction with digital periapical radiography was achieved over the film radiography in Korean dental schools.

Parthenogenetic Activity of Porcine Sperm Factor to In Vìtro Matured tured Porcine Oocyte

Park, Chun_Gyu,Jin-Ki Parκ,Sung-Woo Kim,Ju-Young Lee,Joo-hee Han,Seung-Eun Lee,Kyung-Nye Baek,Won-Chung Chang 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2004 Reproductive & Developmental Biology(Supplement) Vol.28 No.2s

장기요양노인병원에서 발생한 보라색 오줌 증후군 또는 Purple Urine Bag Syndrome 16예 보고 및 문헌 리뷰

최규동(Gyu-Dong Choi),가혁(Hyuk Ga),박기호(Ki-Ho Park),유병익(Byung-Ik Yoo),김성민(Sung-Min Kim),강문철(Moon-Chul Kang),이은자(Eun-Jah Lee),박승태(Seung-Tae Park) 대한임상노인의학회 2007 대한임상노인의학회지 Vol.8 No.2

연구배경: 1978년 란셋 잡지에 보라색 소변에 대한 보고가 최초로 있은 이래, 이 현상에 대한 생화학적, 미생물학적, 임상적 규명이 있었다. 보라색 소변은 환자나 환자 가족에게 불편하거나 걱정스러운 질병이다. 그러나 대개의 경우 환자의 건강에 실제적인 위험이 되는 경우는 거의 없다. 심지어 보라색 소변은 열심히 치료할 필요가 없다고 주장하는 사람도 있다. 이에 대조군 연구를 통하여 보라색 소변의 위험요인과 임상적인 의미(심각성)에 대하여 평가를 하고자 한다. 방법: 2007년 2월부터 4월 사이에 인천은혜병원에 입원하고 있는 381명의 환자들 중 도뇨관을 삽입하고 있는 65명을 대상으로 하였다. 이 65명은 65세 이하이거나 1개월 이하동안 도뇨관을 갖고있는 환자는 제외한 숫자이다. 대상 환자는 모두 실리콘제의 폴리카테터와 일회용 소변주머니를 사용하였고 카테터의 교환주기는 특별한 경우 외에는 1개월마다 교환하였다. 대상환자 중 16명이 보라색 소변을 보여, 멸균생리식염수로 방광세척을 한 뒤 카테터와 소변 주머니를 소독된 새 것으로 무균적으로 교환한 뒤 소변배양을 실시하였다. 관련 환자와 대조군의 비교항목들을 통계처리하여 통계적인 유의성을 확인하였으며, 변수의 분석은 신뢰도 95%로(P value 0.05) 카이스퀘어 가설검정과 만-휘트니 U검사를 실시하였다. 결과: 보라색 소변을 보였던 환자들의 나이 평균은 80세였고 전원이 와상상태의 할머니였다. 대상환자의 진단명 중 가장 많은 것은 치매였다. 평균 도뇨기간은 22개월 이었다. 보라색소변을 보인환자군은 보이지 않은 환자들 보다 평균 도뇨기간이 길었으며, 변비가 더 심하였고 변비치료용 좌약 사용빈도가 높았다. 대조군에서는 조사기간 전 1개월 이내에 항생제를 사용한 빈도가 약간 더 높았으나 통계적인 의미는 확실하지 않았다. 결론: 보라색소변은 장기요양노인병원에서 흔히 발생하는 문제이다. 이전 연구들에서 없었던 보라색 소변과 항생제사용과의 관련성 및 변비치료제로 bisacodyl 좌약사용과의 관련성, 소변 카테터의 삽입기간 등에 대한 정보를 추가하여 얻을 수 있었다. Background: Since the first report of purple urine bag syndrome (PUBS) by Barlow and Dickson in 1978, many researchers have tried to reveal the clinical and bacteriological background of this phenomenon. To the best of our knowledge, most of them were case or case series reports and only three were case-control studies which compared the clinical, biochemical, or bacteriological background between patients with and without PUBS. It is certain that PUBS is an uncomfortable or troubling issue for some patients and their families. However, most of the patients who presented with PUBS were, largely, asymptomatic and it is apparent that PUBS is not a disease per se, nor does it appear to represent any real danger to patient's health, and some authors go so far as to even advocate that it is unnecessary to treat PUBS-affected patients aggressively. In this case-control study, we reviewed risk factors and clinical significance of PUBS in geriatric wards. Methods: Of the 381 hospitalized patients in a hospital specialized in the long term care of the elderly handicapped (Incheon Eun-Hye Hospital, Incheon, Korea), 65 patients who featured urinary catheterization during the period from February 2007 and April 2007 were enrolled in this study. Subjects who were younger than 65 or catheterized duration was less than one month were excluded. The same types of silicone Foley balloon catheter and disposable plastic urine bag were used for all patients. Routine Foley catheter change interval was one month. For the 16 patients who exhibits PUBS, bladder irrigation with normal saline and immediate change of urine bag and catheter were performed. And urine culture was done. Variables were statistically analyzed by chi square test or Mann-Whitney's U-test. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The PUBS patients mean age was 80, and bed ridden female. Most common diagnosis was dementia. Mean duration of the catheterization was 22 months. The PUBS patients were more constipated than non-PUBS control group and used more bisacodyl suppository. Antibiotics usage within one month before this survey in PUBS group is more frequent than control group with borderline statistical significance. Conclusion: PUBS is frequently occurring problem in long-term care geriatric wards. Causative factors are tryptophan putrefaction (decreased intestinal absorption, motility), alkaline urine, oxygen (air, Foley catheterization). All factors are bacterial infection related. Our results were the same as previous results. Relationship with antibiotics usage, bisacodyl suppository and constipation, long term usage of the Foley catheter notified also. Female predomination is related with easy, frequent urinary infection, and more population in old age.

수근관 증후군의 국소 스테로이드 주사

조민규,이성훈,강은영,전평식,최영태 大韓再活醫學會 2000 Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine Vol.24 No.5

금속철 및 산화철의 K - 흡수단 미세구조에 관한 연구

박규은,박종윤 濟州大學校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 1984 科學敎育 Vol.1 No.-

The K-edge absorption spectra of Fe and FeO are measured by X-ray absorption spectroscope Comparisons to theory are made for both the Fe and FeO data. We attempt to interpret origins of the spectral near-edge structure. For themetal Fe, We find agreement between the data and one-electron calculations. Peaks of near edge structure of FeO can not explain with one-electron transition model. For explanation of these peak, we find that the core-exciton and many-body effects must be taken into account. From the extended X-ray absorpticn fine structure (EXAFS), we determined distance to the nearest neighbour. The results agree with the value from the X-ray diffraction experiment.

식중독균 항원(Salmonella typhimurium)에 의한 계란항체(IgY) 생산성과 항체특성 및 항균효과

백경연,손규목,배만종,백반석,한준표 경산대학교 생명자원개발연구소 1999 생명자원과 산업 Vol.3 No.-

본 연구는 식중독균을 항원으로 하여 산란계에 면역시킨 후 계란 항체(IgY)의 생산 가능성을 검토하고, 그 항체의 특성과 항균성을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 그 방법으로는 항원으로 사용된 Salmonella typhimurium(ATCC 14028) 등을 incomplete Freund's adjuvant와 동량으로 혼합하여 면역시킨 후 10주간 생산된 계란을 수집하여, 계란항체(IgY)의 분리 및 식중독균 항원에 대한 항체의 특성, 항균성, 생화학적 특성을 측정하였다. S. typhimurium 항원에 면역된 산란계의 계란항체(IgY)생산 및 증가를 측정한 결과, 산란계가 이들 항원에 면역반응을 일으켜 2주 후 혈청과 난황에서 각각 normal군에 비하여 뚜렷한 항체가 생성능을 보였으며, 혈청내의 IgG생성에 비하여 계란항체(IgY)의 생성이 다소 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 혈청 및 난황내의 단백질 함량은 normol군에 비하여 약간 높은 경향을 나타내어 산란계의 혈청 및 난황내의 단백질이 이들 항원에 의하여 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. DEAE-Sephacel column을 통과한 fraction은 두 개의 peak를 나타내었다. 각 fraction의 IgY농도를 ELISA법으로 확인한 결과 두 번째 peak에서 대부분 측정되었다. 분리 정제된 IgY의 분자량을 SDS-polyacrylamide 전기영동법으로 측정한 결과, heavy chain 72∼75KD, light chain 30∼40KD정도였다. Anti-S. typhimurium 항체의 온도에 대한 활성은 60℃에서 30분 가열시 91.5%, 65℃에서 15분 가열시 각각 73.2%의 활성도를 나타내었으며, 80℃에서 15분간 가열시는 거의 활성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. pH에 대한 안정성은 pH 7부터 pH 4까지는각각 98.7%의 활성도를 유지하다가 pH 3부터 급격히 감소하여, pH 2에서는 9.6%로 거의 활성도를 나타내지 않았다. 항균활성을 응집가, 생균수, disc diffusion susceptibility test 등으로 측정한 결과 anti-S. typhimurium 항체의 항균활성도는 매우 미약하게 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서, 본 실험에서 사용된 IgY는 항원에 대한 특이성 및 생화학적 특성 등을 고려해 볼 때 앞으로 식중독균 제거 및 예방 치료뿐만 아니라 식품산업 소재, 각종 질병예방을 위한 의약품 소재, 연구용 kit와 진단용 kit 및 축산분야 등 여러 분야에 응용될 수 있으리라 기대된다. This study was carried out to investigated to get a industrial information from discussion about productive a possibility if IgY antibody, antimicrobial activity and properties of IgY antibody in egg yolk. Immunoglobulin Y in egg yolk and immunoglobulin G in serum were obtained from gens which were immunized with Salmonella typhimurium(ATCC14028). These antibody titers were evaluated in serum and egg yolk by ELISA. After the initial immunization the anti-Salmonella typhimurium IgY antibody level gradually were decreased from firth week to tenth week. On the other hand, the antibody level in the serum were increased from the first week, reaching its peak in the sixth week. The residual antibody activities of IgY were 91.5% after heating for 30min at 60℃. At the same time, were 73.2% after heating 15min at 65℃ and decreased vapidly at 70℃ and little antibody activity was left after heating for 15min at 80℃. When the prepared IgY was stable from pH 7 to 4 and remained to 69.8% at pH 3, respectively.

저압전로의 단락사고에 대한 보호협조 연구

이은우,조규판,김이국,김동희,이광식 영남대학교 공업기술연구소 2000 工業技術硏究所論文集 Vol.28 No.2

This paper describes the protection from line to line fault current caused by the trouble of source the low voltage power line. The decision of interrupting capacity in the low voltage circuit breaker is based on foreign rules, environment and actual condition within a country. Congregation of full capacity rating, selective breaking method and cascade breaking method is based on relevance reference and catalog of a manufacturing company. From above result, we obtain the method of optimum coordination and contrive the convenience of actual experience application according to the importance of electricity installation. The calculation of breaking capacity and the application of breaking method investigate actual condition in the case of design of electricity installation established and enlarged for personal use in Gumi, Chilgok area recently and present the point at issue and countermeasure. In the future, I think that this data contribute not only the preventing of electricity installation accident but also of electricity installation accident.

金붕어 肝 細胞의 미토콘드리아에 對한 溫度 影響에 관한 硏究

朴殷圭 圓光大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.15 No.1

Carassius auratus were subjected to varying degrees of temperature from 0˚ to 60℃.; livers were fixed and stained cytologically to show the effects of temperature on mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, intracellular fats and the vacuome. These effects are correlated with certain physiological changes such as increase in acidity, water content, etc. 1. After subjection to heat rigor and lethal temperatures(37˚ to 42℃.) the mitochondria vesiculated fragmentized, globulated and dissolved. The Goigi apparatus became swollen, broke into small dictyosomes which migrated to the peripheral cytoplasm and dissolved. Osmicated fat and fat stainable with Sudan Ⅲ increased in amount. The vacuoles increased in number. 2. Evidence was presented to show that dissolution of mitochondria took place by three different methods: namely, 1)vesiculation, 2)fragmentation, 3)globulation. It is belived that not all mitochondria have the same chemical constitution, and that they do not all dissolve in the same manner for the same reason. This idea is called the hypothesis of the mixochondriome. 3. It is believed that the semi-lunar vesicles appearing in liver cells of the Carassius auratus are not of mitochondrial origin. 4. By reason of differences in blackening with osmic acid, it is suggested that fat is synthesized by the semi-lunar vesicles and the Goigi apparatus, rather than by the mitochondria. 金붕어(Carassius auratus)를 0℃에서 60℃까지 各各 溫度를 달리하여 處理하여 보았다. 미토콘드리아, 골기체, 細胞質 內部의 脂肪과 液胞에 對한 溫度의 影響올 알아보기 위해서 金붕어 肝組織을 細胞學的으로 固定하여 梁色하였다. 溫度影響은 酸性度 및 水分含量의 增加와 어떤 生理的인 變化要因과 相互關係를 나타내 보였다. 1. 痲痺 및 致死溫度인 37℃~42℃의 溫度로 處理한 結果 미토콘드리아는 小囊, 破片, 小球體로 되여 分解되었다. 골기체는 부풀어진 다음 細胞質 주변으로 이동하여 작은 딕티오좀으로 부서진 뒤에 分解되었다. 오스뮴을 含有한 脂肪과 슈단Ⅲ로 着色될 수 있는 脂肪은 量的으로 增加하였으며 液胞도 數的으로 增加하였다. 2. 미토콘드리아의 分解는 주로 小囊化, 破片化, 그리고 小球體化등의 方法에 依해서 일어나는 뚜렷한 現象을 보여주었다. 따라서 모든 미토콘드리아는 同一한 化學的 組成을 가지고 있는 것은 아니므로 同一한 方法으로 모든 미토콘드리아가 分解되는 것이 아닐것으로 믿어진다. 이런 생각은 소위 믹소콘드리움(Mixochondriome)의 假說을 立證하여 주고 있다. 3. 金붕어의 肝 細胞에서 나타나는 半月 小胞는 미토콘드리아의 起源이 아닐것으로 看做된다. 4. 오스뮴酸에 依한 黑化差로 보아서 脂肪은 미토콘드리아에 依해서 보다는 오히려 半月 小胞와 골기체에 依해서 合成되어지는 것으로 思料된다.

《大方廣佛華嚴經疏 (卷35)》 설독 입겿문의 동사 '삼-'에 대하여

이은규 한국어문학회 2003 語文學 Vol.0 No.81

The purpose of this study is to confmn the ipgyeoch character '三' and to analyze the function of meaning of the verb 'sam-(삼-)' which was used in Daebang gwangbul hwaeomgyeongso (35th volume). The ipgyeoch character '三', is different apparently from the character '(sa, 사)' in the graphic form point of view, and it represents the verb 'sam-(삼-)' which was used in the Old Korean. And it is a sort of 'initial syllable representation (어두 음절 표기)'. The verb 'sam-' is transitive and governs the objective case '-??을)'. But when the verb represent the meaning of 'for the sake(爲함)', it governs the genitive case '??(의). It is supposed that this phenomenon is caused by the feature of meaning [-honoric] of the objective noun. The verb 'sam-' has three function of meaning; [make], [for the sake], [cause]. When the character ,三, combined with Chinese character '爲', the verb 'sam-' represents [make] or [for the sake], and combined with Chinese character '以, 因, 由 ', the verb 'sam-' represents [cause]. When the verb 'sam-' represents [for the sake], there are two different structures; the adverbial clause '衆生?? 爲三[jungsaengui sam, 중생의 삼]' and adverb '爲??[samo, 삼오]. Expecially '爲??[samo, 삼오] was used in desirable sentence. There is a possibility that '由三' is read 'malmuisam-(말�憑�' which is a compound word. The function of meaning [for the sake] remained in the Idu(이두) as like '爲只爲, 爲於爲, 爲乙爲, 爲乎爲' etc. But in the Middle Korean, the verb 'samta' represents only the feature of meaning [make]. In this time, the verb '爲하-' took the place of the function of meaning [for the sake] and the verb "因하-, 지즐-, 말�憑�' also took the place of the function of meaning [cause]. For the diachronic study of the verb 'sam-', it is necessary to analyze the seokdok ipgyeoch and the another transcription with borrowed characters materials.

濟州地域의 風向 및 風速의 年變化

朴奎殷 제주대학교 1980 논문집 Vol.12 No.-

1. In the speed of wind, mean value was 3.6m/sec at Jeju-Do during the years 1970∼1979. Each value of wind speed at Jeju city and Seogwipo were 4.0m/sec and 3.4m/sec respectively. In consequence of topographical form of Halla Mt., the declination of wind speed between Jeju city and Seogipo was 1.4m/sec during the period from December to March. Each value at Jeju city and Seoguipo were 4.8m/sec and 3.4m/sec respetively. 2. The direction of wind was northwesterly wind at Jeju city in winter but it was not to be at Seoguipo due to topographical form of Halla Mt.