Analysis of Frequency of Use of Different Scar Assessment Scales Based on the Scar Condition and Treatment Method

배성환,배용찬 대한성형외과학회 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.2

Analysis of scars in various conditions is essential, but no consensus had been reached on the scar assessment scale to select for a given condition. We reviewed papers to determine the scar assessment scale selected depending on the scar condition and treatment method. We searched PubMed for articles published since 2000 with the contents of the scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale with a Journal Citation Report impact factor >0.5. Among them, 96 articles that conducted a scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale were reviewed and analyzed. The scar assessment scales were identified and organized by various criteria. Among the types of scar assessment scales, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was found to be the most frequently used scale. As for the assessment of newly developed operative scars, the POSAS was most used. Meanwhile, for categories depending on the treatment methods for preexisting scars, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 studies following a laser treatment, the POSAS was used in 7 studies following surgical treatment, and the POSAS was used in 7 studies following a conservative treatment. Within the 12 categories of scar status, the VSS showed the highest frequency in 6 categories and the POSAS showed the highest frequency in the other 6 categories. According to our reviews, the POSAS and VSS are the most frequently used scar assessment scales. In the future, an optimal, universal scar scoring system is needed in order to better evaluate and treat pathologic scarring.

Analysis of Frequency of Use of Different Scar Assessment Scales Based on the Scar Condition and Treatment Method

Bae, Seong Hwan,Bae, Yong Chan Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surge 2014 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.41 No.2

Analysis of scars in various conditions is essential, but no consensus had been reached on the scar assessment scale to select for a given condition. We reviewed papers to determine the scar assessment scale selected depending on the scar condition and treatment method. We searched PubMed for articles published since 2000 with the contents of the scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale with a Journal Citation Report impact factor >0.5. Among them, 96 articles that conducted a scar evaluation using a scar assessment scale were reviewed and analyzed. The scar assessment scales were identified and organized by various criteria. Among the types of scar assessment scales, the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was found to be the most frequently used scale. As for the assessment of newly developed operative scars, the POSAS was most used. Meanwhile, for categories depending on the treatment methods for preexisting scars, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was used in 6 studies following a laser treatment, the POSAS was used in 7 studies following surgical treatment, and the POSAS was used in 7 studies following a conservative treatment. Within the 12 categories of scar status, the VSS showed the highest frequency in 6 categories and the POSAS showed the highest frequency in the other 6 categories. According to our reviews, the POSAS and VSS are the most frequently used scar assessment scales. In the future, an optimal, universal scar scoring system is needed in order to better evaluate and treat pathologic scarring.

음질 저하의 정도에 따른 말명료도 연구

표화명(Hwa Young Pyo),심현섭(Hyun Sub Sim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2007 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.12 No.2

배경 및 목적: 음성의 문제를 주소로 내원하는 음성장애 환자들이 자신들의 발화의 불명료성을 종종 호소해 왔으나, 음소 및 운율산출이 정상적인 이들의 발화의 명료성에 대한 고려는 등한시되어왔다. 이에, 음질 저하의 문제만을 가지고 있는 음성장애 환자의 발화를 대상으로 명료도 연구를 실시함으로써 이들의 저하된 음질이 명료도에 어떤 영향을 미치고 아울러 이들의 명료도가 정상 화자와 어떤 차이를 보이는지 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 3명의 정상 화자와 음질 저하의 정도가 다른 음성장애 환자 12명(GRBAS 평정에 따른 G1, G2, G3군 각 4명)의 문단 낭독 중에서 단어 및 문장목록을 추출하였다. 정상청력을 가진 청취자 32명을 대상으로 단어목록으로는 단어인식검사를, 문장목록으로는 시각적 아날로그(visual analog scale: VAS)기법을 이용한 척도평정을 실시하였다. 결과: 단어인식검사 결과, 음질 저하 정도가 약한 G1군의 명료도가 가장 높고, 그 다음으로 정상 화자, G2군, 음질 저하가 가장 심한 G3군의 순서를 보였다. 척도평정 결과, 명료도와 전반적 인상의 점수는 정상 화자가 가장 높았으며 G3군이 가장 낮았던 반면, 청취노력과 음성강도 일탈성은 G3군이 가장 높고 정상 화자가 가장 낮았다. 명료도는 전반적 인상과는 정적 상관을, 청취노력 및 음성강도의 일탈성과는 부적 상관을 보였다. 논의 및 결론: 심각한 음성장애 환자들은 정상적인 조음 및 운율에도 불구하고 매우 낮은 말명료도를 보였다. 본 결과는 음성장애환자 치료시에 말명료도 증진을 위한 치료노력을 기울여야 하는 것이 필요함을 시사한다. Background & Objectives: Many patients with voice disorders have complained of their unintelligible speech, but their speech intelligibility has been beyond the experts’ interests due to the normal phoneme production and prosody of the patients. This study investigated speech intelligibility affected by voice quality degradation in patients with voice disorders. Methods: Lists of words and sentences were extracted from the paragraph produced by the 3 normals and 12 patients with Voice disorders. The 12 patients were further divided into 3 groups comprising 4 patients in each group according to the GRBAS scale: G1 group with mild, G2 group with moderate, and G3 group with severe severities. Then, 32 people with normal hearing wrote down the words that they heard and rated the sentences using the visual analog scale. Results: For the word identification test, the G1 group had the highest intelligibility and the G3 group the lowest. The results of rating scales showed that, in intelligibility and overall impression, the normal group had the highest score and G3 the lowest. In listening effort and deviation of loudness, the G3 had the highest score and the normal group the lowest. Speech intelligibility had a positive correlation with overall impression and a negative correlation with listening effort and deviation of loudness.Discussion & Conclusion: Patients with severe voice disorders showed very low intelligibility in spite of their intact articulation and prosody. This result may imply that we should put more treatment efforts in improving the intelligibility of patients with voice disorders.

Practical statistics in pain research

( Tae Kyun Kim ) 대한통증학회 2017 The Korean Journal of Pain Vol.30 No.4

Pain is subjective, while statistics related to pain research are objective. This review was written to help researchers involved in pain research make statistical decisions. The main issues are related with the level of scales that are often used in pain research, the choice of statistical methods between parametric or nonparametric statistics, and problems which arise from repeated measurements. In the field of pain research, parametric statistics used to be applied in an erroneous way. This is closely related with the scales of data and repeated measurements. The level of scales includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. The level of scales affects the choice of statistics between parametric or non-parametric methods. In the field of pain research, the most frequently used pain assessment scale is the ordinal scale, which would include the visual analogue scale (VAS). There used to be another view, however, which considered the VAS to be an interval or ratio scale, so that the usage of parametric statistics would be accepted practically in some cases. Repeated measurements of the same subjects always complicates statistics. It means that measurements inevitably have correlations between each other, and would preclude the application of one-way ANOVA in which independence between the measurements is necessary. Repeated measures of ANOVA (RMANOVA), however, would permit the comparison between the correlated measurements as long as the condition of sphericity assumption is satisfied. Conclusively, parametric statistical methods should be used only when the assumptions of parametric statistics, such as normality and sphericity, are established. (Korean J Pain 2017; 30: 243-9)

Exploratory Study of Dimensions of Health-related Quality of Life in the General Population of South Korea

Kim, Seon-Ha,Jo, Min-Woo,Ock, Minsu,Lee, Sang-il The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2017 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.50 No.6

Objectives: This study aimed to explore dimensions in addition to the 5 dimensions of the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) that could satisfactorily explain variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population of South Korea. Methods: Domains related to HRQoL were searched through a review of existing HRQoL instruments. Among the 28 potential dimensions, the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L and 7 additional dimensions (vision, hearing, communication, cognitive function, social relationships, vitality, and sleep) were included. A representative sample of 600 subjects was selected for the survey, which was administered through face-to-face interviews. Subjects were asked to report problems in 12 health dimensions at 5 levels, as well as their self-rated health status using the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and a 5-point Likert scale. Among subjects who reported no problems for any of the parameters in the EQ-5D-5L, we analyzed the frequencies of problems in the additional dimensions. A linear regression model with the EQ-VAS as the dependent variable was performed to identify additional significant dimensions. Results: Among respondents who reported full health on the EQ-5D-5L (n=365), 32% reported a problem for at least 1 additional dimension, and 14% reported worse than moderate self-rated health. Regression analysis revealed a $R^2$ of 0.228 for the original EQ-5D-5L dimensions, 0.200 for the new dimensions, and 0.263 for the 12 dimensions together. Among the added dimensions, vitality and sleep were significantly associated with EQ-VAS scores. Conclusions: This study identified significant dimensions for assessing self-rated health among members of the general public, in addition to the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L. These dimensions could be considered for inclusion in a new preference-based instrument or for developing a country-specific HRQoL instrument.

침도침 시술이 견관절 질환에 미치는 영향에 관한 임상적 고찰

김연미,홍권의 대한침구의학회 2008 대한침구의학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of acupotomy for patients with shoulder disease. Methods : We treated Five patients who have shoulder disease with acupotomy. To check the effect and satisfaction of acupotomy we used visual analog scale(VAS) and Five-point Likert scale. At the same time, we measured Change of shoulder range of motion(ROM). Results : After treatment pain were improved, VAS score decreased significantly to 2.5. The Likert scale point were checked 4.4, the patients were satisfied with the effect of acupotomy. Conclusions : This study shows acupotomy has useful effect on shoulder disease. An acupotomy is an alternative effective treatment modality for shoulder disease.

침도침 시술이 견관절 질환에 미치는 영향에 관한 임상적 고찰

김연미,홍권의,Kim, Yeon-Mi,Hong, Kwon-Eui 대한침구의학회 2008 대한침구의학회지 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report the effect of acupotomy for patients with shoulder disease. Methods : We treated Five patients who have shoulder disease with acupotomy. To check the effect and satisfaction of acupotomy we used visual analog scale(VAS) and Five-point Likert scale. At the same time, we measured Change of shoulder range of motion(ROM). Results : After treatment pain were improved, VAS score decreased significantly to 2.5. The Likert scale point were checked 4.4, the patients were satisfied with the effect of acupotomy. Conclusions : This study shows acupotomy has useful effect on shoulder disease. An acupotomy is an alternative effective treatment modality for shoulder disease.

Effect of cryoanesthesia and sweet tasting solution in reducing injection pain in pediatric patients aged 7–10 years: a randomized controlled trial

Shital Kiran Davangere Padmanabh,Vishakha Bhausaheb Gangurde,Vikram Jhamb,Nasrin Gori 대한치과마취과학회 2024 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.24 No.1

Background: The delivery of profound local anesthetics helps children receive successful treatment by reducing fear, anxiety, and discomfort during dental procedures. Local anesthetic injections are the most anticipated stimuli in dental surgery. Children's perceptions of pain can be altered by applying cryotherapy to precool the oral mucosa or by diverting their minds through taste distractions before administering local anesthetic injections. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cryoanesthesia and xylitol sweet-tasting solution at the injection site in 7–10-year-old children. Methods: A total of 42 participants, aged 7–10 years, who underwent dental treatment requiring local anesthesia, were enrolled in the study. The children were randomly divided into three groups. In group I, sterile water was held in the mouth for 2 minutes before anesthetic administration, similar to group II, and in group III, a xylitol sweet-tasting solution was used for 2 minutes before needle insertion. The analysis of pain perception was carried out based on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Sound, Eyes, and Motor (SEM) scale. For VAS analysis, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for intergroup comparison, and a post hoc Tukey test was performed for subgroup analysis. For the categorical SEM scale, the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the post hoc test was performed for intergroup comparison. Where a P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant at 95% confidence intervals. Results: Cryoanesthesia significantly reduced pain scores on VAS (4.21 ± 1.42) when compared to those on VAS with xylitol sweet-tasting solution (5.50 ± 1.40) and that with sterile water (6.14 ± 2.47). Intergroup comparison of the VAS scores among the three groups was performed using one-way ANOVA, which demonstrated statistically significant differences (P value <0.026) on the VAS scale. Intergroup comparison of the SEM scale was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by post hoc comparison, which exhibited statistically significant differences (P < 0.007) among the three groups for the SEM scale. Conclusion: Cryoanesthesia demonstrated higher efficacy in reducing injection pain than that exhibited by the xylitol sweet-tasting solution.

Factors contributing to the perception of facial asymmetry in dentists and laypersons

Sung-Kwon Choi,강경화 조선대학교 치의학연구원 2019 Oral Biology Research (Oral Biol Res) Vol.43 No.3

The aims of this study were to find differences in how dentists and laypersons evaluate facial asymmetry and to identify factors contributing to the perception of asymmetry. Photographs of young male and female faces were transformed according to lower facial height, lower facial width, the direction of chin deviation, and the angle of chin deviation. Thirty dentists (mean age, 28.0 years; 16 males, 14 females) and 50 laypersons (mean age, 22.2 years; 24 males, 26 females) answered a questionnaire evaluating the asymmetry in 24 photographs (12 males and 12 females) using visual analog scale. The individual t-test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. There was no difference between dentists and laypersons in evaluating photographs with a 5° chin deviation angle. Compared with laypersons, dentists evaluated photographs with 10° chin deviation angle as more asymmetric. Faces with a long lower facial height, left deviation of the chin, and a large chin deviation angle were considered to be more asymmetric than those with normal lower facial height, right deviation of the chin, and a small chin deviation angle, respectively ( p <0.05). There was no consistent relationship between lower facial width and the perception of facial asymmetry in both the groups. The perception of facial asymmetry was affected by lower facial height, the direction of chin deviation, and the amount of chin deviation.

Exploratory Study of Dimensions of Health-related Quality of Life in the General Population of South Korea

김선하,조민우,옥민수,이상일 대한예방의학회 2017 예방의학회지 Vol.50 No.6

Objectives: This study aimed to explore dimensions in addition to the 5 dimensions of the 5-level EQ-5D version (EQ-5D-5L) that could satisfactorily explain variation in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in the general population of South Korea. Methods: Domains related to HRQoL were searched through a review of existing HRQoL instruments. Among the 28 potential dimensions, the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L and 7 additional dimensions (vision, hearing, communication, cognitive function, social relationships, vitality, and sleep) were included. A representative sample of 600 subjects was selected for the survey, which was administered through face-to-face interviews. Subjects were asked to report problems in 12 health dimensions at 5 levels, as well as their self-rated health status using the EuroQol visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) and a 5-point Likert scale. Among subjects who reported no problems for any of the parameters in the EQ-5D-5L, we analyzed the frequencies of problems in the additional dimensions. A linear regression model with the EQ-VAS as the dependent variable was performed to identify additional significant dimensions. Results: Among respondents who reported full health on the EQ-5D-5L (n=365), 32% reported a problem for at least 1 additional dimension, and 14% reported worse than moderate self-rated health. Regression analysis revealed a R2 of 0.228 for the original EQ-5D-5L dimensions, 0.200 for the new dimensions, and 0.263 for the 12 dimensions together. Among the added dimensions, vitality and sleep were significantly associated with EQ-VAS scores. Conclusions: This study identified significant dimensions for assessing self-rated health among members of the general public, in addition to the 5 dimensions of the EQ-5D-5L. These dimensions could be considered for inclusion in a new preference-based instrument or for developing a country-specific HRQoL instrument.