다양한 환경요인에 따른 국내 홀스타인 젖소의 유방형질 실측치 변화 연구

장승호,전은정,이원영,여준모,박진기,김동욱,조광현 경상국립대학교 농업생명과학연구원 2023 농업생명과학연구 Vol.57 No.1

This study, data from 19,930 Holstein cows collected from 2019 to September 2021 were collected, and 8,675 cows were used foranalysis, excluding outliers outside the 3 SD (Standard Deviation, SD) range. Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4 software was usedfor data analysis, and the measured values of posterior rear udder height, rear udder width, udder depth, teat length and teat diameterwere used. The effects of environmental factors such as rear udder height, rear udder width, udder depth, teat length and teat diameter,parity, 305 days in milk, lactation stage, and milking speed were estimated, The measured values of posterior udder width, teat length,and teat diameter significantly increased with the increase in parity and milk yield (p < 0.0001), according to the lactation stage, themeasured values of rear udder width and udder depth decreased significantly as the lactation stage increased (p < 0.0001). In addition,a phenotypic correlation of the measured values of udder traits according to each environmental effect were estimated. The measuredvalues of rear udder width and udder depth showed a high correlation with parity and milk yield, In particular, it showed a high negativecorrelation between -0.40 and -0.67 with respect to the measured value of udder depth and parity among udder traits. Judging fromthe results of this study, these traits should be treated as an important trait as it is closely related to milk production, It is thoughtthat more research needs to be carried out, such as finding out the genetic characteristics along with their basic research. 본 연구는 2019년부터 2021년 9월까지 수집된 홀스타인 젖소 19,930두의 자료를 수집하였으며, 3 SD (Standard Deviation, SD) 범위에서벗어나는 이상치를 제외한, 8,675두를 분석에 이용하였다. 자료분석은 Statistical Analysis System (SAS) 9.4 software를 사용하였고, 뒷유방높이,뒷유방너비, 유방깊이, 유두길이 및 유두둘레의 실측치를 사용하였다. 그리고 뒷유방높이, 뒷유방너비, 유방깊이, 유두길이 및 유두둘레의 실측치와산차, 305일 유량, 비유단계 및 착유속도의 환경요인의 효과를 추정하였다. 산차와 유량이 증가함에 따라 뒷유방너비, 유두길이 및 유두둘레의실측치는 유의적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며(p < 0.0001), 비유단계에 따라서 뒷유방너비 및 유방깊이의 실측치는 비유단계가 증가할수록유의적으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.0001). 각 환경효과에 따른 유방형질 실측치의 표현형 상관의 결과에서는 뒷유방너비와 유방깊이실측치가 산차 및 유량수준에 대해 높은 상관을 나타냈으며, 특히, 유방형질 중 유방깊이 실측치와 산차에 대해 -0.40 ~ -0.67로 높은 음(-)의상관을 보였다. 본 연구 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 유방형질이 유생산에 밀접한 관련이 있는 만큼 중요한 형질로 취급되어야 하며, 이들의 기초연구와함께 유전적 특성을 구명하는 등 더 많은 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

The Influence of Dam Weight, Body Condition and Udder Scores on Calf Birth Weight and Preweaning Growth Rates in Beef Cattle

Paputungan, U.,Makarechian, M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.4

Records of weight, age, body condition at calving and udder characteristics scores of 425 beef cows and birth weights and periodical weights of their offspring from birth to weaning were analyzed to study the effect of body weight, condition and udder characteristic scores of dams on birth weight and Preweaning growth of their offspring. Dam's body condition (fat reserve) at calving were scored on a scale of 1 to 5 (1=extremely thin and 5=extremely fat) and dam's udder characteristics were scored on a scale of 1 to 7 (l=udder well attached with small teats and 7=at least one quarters not functional). Dams were from three distinct breed groups and were mated in single sire mating groups within each breed group for 45 days. Within each breed group and year, the dams were classified into high, medium and low based on their weights at the time of parturition. The data were analysed using covariance analysis. In general, calves born to heavier dams were heavier at birth and had higher rate of Preweaning growth. The effect of dam's body condition score on the calf birth weight was not significant. However, cows with average body condition score of 2.5 or 3.0 gave birth to calves that had higher pre weaning growth rates up to weaning than those born to calves with higher body condition score. The udder characteristics score did not affect calf birth weight as expected; however, cows with udder score of 3 (udder well attached with large teats) produced calves with higher preweaning growth rate than those with smaller teats. Based on the results, it can be concluded that maintaining animals with average body condition and weight would result in more efficient calf production. In addition, cows with well attached udder and large teats would provide a better maternal environment for Preweaning growth rates of their calves.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MILKING FREQUENCY AND UDDER CAPACITY IN FRIESIAN AND JERSEY COWS

Alshaikh, M.A.,Salah, M.S.,Aljobeile, H.S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5

The relationship between udder maximum capacity (36-h accumulated milk yield) and the response of dairy cows (average producers) to thrice-daily milking was studied in 25 Friesian and 15 Jersey cows using the technique of half-udder study. Maximum half-udder capacity (acual yield) as well as whole udder capacity (estimated by udder measurements) was not altered significantly after 12-day thrice-daily milking period compared with a similar twice-daily period, although there was a positive response to increased milking frequency on secretion rate during this period. No effect of breed, season of the year or stage of lactation was observed on the above relationship. Hours-worth of capacity was higher with increased milking frequency, with Jersey than Friesian. These results suggest that udder capacity is not a limiting factor in increased milk production.

국내 젖소의 유방 특성에 관한 연구

이정치,이정길,이채용,Lee, Jeong-chi,Lee, Chung-gil,Lee, Chai-yong 대한수의학회 2004 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.44 No.1

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the occurrence of mastitis and the conformation of udders, teats, and teat tips of Holstein cows raised in Korea. Udders, teats, and teat tips were categorized by their conformation and the teat length, teat diameter and the distance from the tip of teat to the ground of 259 cows were measured. The most common shapes of udder, teats and teat tip were milking machine udder (27.4%), U-shaped teats (53.9%) and disk teat tip (53.8%), respectively. Mean teat length and diameters were 4.78 cm and 3.11 cm, respectively. The length and the diameter of front teats were significantly longer and wider than those of rear teats. However, the distance of the tip of teats to the ground was similar between front teats $(50.5{\pm}7.51cm)$ and rear teats $(50.7{\pm}8.83cm)$. The average daily milk yield was 26.4 kg/day, and the highest milk yield was observed from cows with large udder shape and above 4th lactation.

Genetic and Economic Analysis for the Relationship between Udder Health and Milk Production Traits in Friesian Cows

El-Awady, H.G.,Oudah, E.Z.M. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.11

A total of 4,752 monthly lactation records of Friesian cows during the period from 2000 to 2005 were used to estimate genetic parameters and to determine the effect of udder health on milk production traits. Three milk production traits were studied: 305-day milk yield (305-dMY), 305-day fat yield (305-dFY) and 305-day protein yield (305-dPY). Four udder health traits were studied: somatic cell count (SCC), mastitis (MAST), udder health status (UDHS) with 10 categories and udder quarter infection (UDQI) with 7 categories. Mixed model least square analysis was used to estimate the fixed effects of month and year of calving and parity (P) on different studied traits. Sire and dam within sire were included in the model as random effects. Data were analyzed using Multi-trait Derivative Free Restricted Maximum Likelihood methodology (MTDFREML) to estimate genetic parameters. Unadjusted means of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY and SCC were 3,936, 121, 90 kg and 453,000 cells/ml, respectively. Increasing SCC from 300,000 to 2,000,000 cells/ml increased UDQI from 5.51 to 23.2%. Losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields per cow ranged from 17 to 93 and from 135 to 991 kg, respectively. The corresponding losses in monthly and lactationally milk yields return per cow at the same level of SCC ranged from 29.8 to 163 and from 236 to 1,734 Egyptian pounds, respectively. Heritability estimates of 305-dMY, 305-dFY, 305-dPY, SCC, MAST, UDHS, UDQI were 0.31${\pm}$0.4, 0.33${\pm}$0.03, 0.35${\pm}$0.05, 0.23${\pm}$0.02, 0.14${\pm}$0.02, 0.13${\pm}$0.03, and 0.09${\pm}$0.01, respectively. All milk production traits showed slightly unfavorable negative phenotypic and genetic correlations with SCC, MAST, UDHS and UDQI. There were positive and high genetic correlations between SCC and each of MAST (0.85${\pm}$0.7), UDHS (0.87${\pm}$0.10) and UDQI (0.77${\pm}$0.06) and between MAST and each of UDHS (0.91${\pm}$0.11) and UDQI (0.83${\pm}$0.07). It could be concluded that the economic losses from mastitis and high SCC are considerable. The high genetic correlation between SCC and clinical mastitis (CM) suggest that the selection for lower SCC would help to reduce or eliminate the undesirable correlated responses of clinical mastitis associated with selection for increasing milk yield. Additionally, it is recommended also that if direct information on under health traits is not available, measures of SCC can be inclusion in a selection criteria to improve the income from dairy cows.

광주지역에서 도태되는 홀스타인 소 유방의 병변 조사

이채용,김혜라,이정치,김상기,이정길,김종택,Lee, Chai-yong,Kim, Hye-ra,Lee, Jeong-chi,Kim, Sang-ki,Lee, Chung-gil,Kim, Jong-taek 대한수의학회 2003 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.43 No.2

Macroscopic investigations were made on the lesions of a total of 101 udders from slaughtered Holstein cows in Gwangju area. Incidence of supernumerary teats was 9.9%. Gross lesions were found in the surface of teats of 29.4% of cows; these lesions comprised papilomatosis (16.0%), fronds (8.9%) and injury at the tip (3.2%). Approximately 95% of the cows had slight to severe teat orifice keratosis. On the mucous membranes of the teat cisterns, fibrosis (22.7%) and congestion (8.9%) were observed. Gross lesions were found in the mammary glands of 68% of cows; these lesions comprised fibrosis (18.8%), serous exudate (4.9%), fatty tissue (4.9%), pus (4.0%), congestion (2.0%).

축산물 작업장에서 젖소 미경산 및 경산우 구별을 위한 비교 항목 평가

김경호 ( Kyoung Ho Kim ),이정구 ( Jung Goo Lee ),라도경 ( Do Kyung Ra ),김철완 ( Cheol Wan Kim ),변재원 ( Jae Won Byun ),이성모 ( Sung Mo Lee ) 한국가축위생학회 2007 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.30 No.1

In Korea, it is the one of controversial problems to distinguish heifer from cow in slaughtered Holstein cattle. This study was conducted to evaluate the several criterions which could be used to discriminate heifer from cow. Some criterions have shown significant differences between heifer and cow in ante and post-mortem inspections(p<0.01). Firstly, the numbers of milk teeth of heifer and cow were 6.12±1.92 (Mean±Standard deviation) and 0.03±0.39 respectively. The teat diameter(D) and length(L) of cow were 26.43±4.31㎜ and 47.76±6.89㎜ respectively. However, those of heifer were significantly smaller (D: 18.04±5.04㎜, L: 28.61±8.91㎜) than those of cow. The size of udder was 203.68±16.84㎜ in Holstein cow and 112.70±20.59㎜ in heifer. Secondly, the uterus size of cow was significantly bigger than that of heifer and caruncle in mucosa of uterus could be easy to be confirmed by necropsy inspection. It was also obvious that the folding and length of uterus body were significantly remarkable in cow. Lastly, the pelvic cavity was 196.33±10.01㎜ in heifer and 220.90±11.41㎜ in cow. The ossifying maturation of heifer was 2.64±0.82 and 6.71±1.81 in cow. As the results, this study can be helpful for meat inspectors to discriminate the non-delivery heifer from delivery cow in Holstein cattle.

체세포점수와 홀스타인 유방형질간의 관계

최태정 ( Tae Jeong Choi ),서강석 ( Kang Seok Seo ),김시동 ( Si Dong Kim ),박병호 ( Byung Ho Park ),최재관 ( Je Kwan Choi ),윤호백 ( Ho Paek Yoon ),나승환 ( Seung Hwan Na ),손삼규 ( Sam Kyu Son ),권오섭 ( Oh Sub Kwon ),조광현 ( Kwa 한국동물자원과학회 2008 한국축산학회지 Vol.50 No.3

Genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in a mouse model reveals two novel genes associated with Staphylococcus aureus mastitis

Wang, Di,Wei, Yiyuan,Shi, Liangyu,Khan, Muhammad Zahoor,Fan, Lijun,Wang, Yachun,Yu, Ying Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2020 Animal Bioscience Vol.33 No.2

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the major microorganisms responsible for subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The present study was designed with the aim to explore the DNA methylation patterns using the Fluorescence-labeled methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (F-MSAP) techniques in a S. aureus-infected mouse model. Methods: A total of 12 out-bred Institute of Cancer Research female mice ranging from 12 to 13 weeks-old were selected to construct a mastitis model. F-MSAP analysis was carried out to detect fluctuations of DNA methylation between control group and S. aureus mastitis group. Results: Visible changes were observed in white cell counts in milk, percentage of granulocytes, percentage of lymphocytes, CD⁴⁺/CD⁸⁺ ratio (CD⁴⁺/CD⁸⁺), and histopathology of mice pre- and post-challenge with S. aureus. These findings showed the suitability of the S. aureus-infected mouse model. A total of 369 fragments was amplified from udder tissue samples from the two groups (S. aureus-infected mastitis group and control group) using eight pairs of selective primers. Results indicated that the methylation level of mastitis mouse group was higher than that in the control group. In addition, NCK-associated protein 5 (Nckap5) and transposon MTD were identified to be differentially methylated through secondary polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in the mastitis group. These observations might play an important role in the development of S. aureus mastitis. Conclusion: Collectively, our study suggests that the methylation modification in Nckap5 and transposon MTD might be considered as epigenetic markers in resistance to S. aureus-infected mastitis and provided a new insight into S. aureus mastitis research in dairy industry and public health.

광주지역에서 도태되는 홀스타인 소 유방의 병변 조사

이채용(Chai Yong Lee),김혜라(Hye Ra Kim),이정치(Jeong Chi Lee),김상기(Sang Ki Kim),이정길(Chung Gil Lee),김종택(Jong Taek Kim) 대한수의학회 2003 大韓獸醫學會誌 Vol.43 No.2