학부 한영번역 수업에서는 기계번역을 통해 어떤 도움을 받을 수 있을까?

성승은 동국대학교 영어권문화연구소 2023 영어권문화연구 Vol.16 No.1

This paper aims to identify the benefits of using machine translation for Korean undergraduate students in Korean-into-English Translation. Translation into B languages, English in this case, is often regarded as more difficult than translation into one’s mother tongue. This paper examines machine translation in terms of the end product and the process. The analysis draws from the translations and commentaries of twenty-six undergraduate students during the fall semester of 2022. The results demonstrate that although machine translation is not always accurate and readable, the students were still able to learn from it. They used machine translation as peer feedback to selectively choose expressions and explore different options, which led to enhanced metalinguistic awareness. This helped them to use more authentic and contextualized expressions and improve grammatical accuracy. Using machine translation also served to lower student anxiety and establish a more nonthreatening learning environment. In this regard, machine translation can enhance Korean-into-English translation for undergraduate students in both the product and process.

근대 일본의 영어 번역론 연구 -다카하시 고로(高橋五郎)의 『영문역해법』(英文譯解法)을 중심으로-

김성은 ( Kim Sung-eun ) 한국일본근대학회 2019 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.63

본고에서는 그동안 연구되지 않았던 다카하시 고로의 영어학자로서의 활동에 주목하여 그의 저역서를 분석했다. 본고의 분석을 통해 다카하시 고로가 근대 일본에 뿌리내릴 수 있는 영어 번역법을 모색하고 있었음을 알 수 있었다. 그는 근대 일본에서 일본어 문장을 망치는 오역이라고 비난받고 있었던 무리한 직역을 비판하면서 『영문역해법』에서 직역을 새롭게 정의하고자 했다. 그에게 이상적인 직역이란 원문에 충실하면서도 일본어로 자연스러운 번역문이었다. 다카하시가 직역을 최상의 번역법으로 주장했던 배경에는 성서번역 경험에 기초한 번역관이 중요하게 작용하고 있었으며 번역을 통해 근대 일본어를 창출하고자 한 의도도 살펴볼 수 있었다. 그는 원문에 대한 충실함과 일본어로서의 자연스러움을 자신의 가톨릭 성서 『성복음서』 상하권의 번역과정에서 실천하면서 사전과 문법에 기초한 직역의 모범을 제시한 선구자로 평가될 수 있을 것이다. This article attempts to analyze Takahashi Goro’s translation method with a special focus on his achievement as an linguist of English. The analysis of this study revealed that he sought to explore an effective translation method which could lay the foundations for English-Japanese translation in modern Japan. He criticized the traditional word for word translation method for its mistranslation which could undermine Japanese sentences and redefined the meaning of literal translation in his work “How to Properly Translate English into Japanese.” From his perspective, an ideal translation is the one that is faithful to the original texts and at the same time is natural in Japanese. His claim that such literal translation is the best strategy is rooted in his experiences of translating the Bible into Japanese and reflects his desire to establish the prototype of modern Japanese through translation. He can be evaluated as a pioneer in the field of translation who presented a model of literal translation on the basis of dictionary and grammar usage which emphasizes the faithfulness of the original text and the naturalness of the Japanese language. He embodied such important qualities of literal translation in the process of translating Catholic bibles Seihukuinsho I and II into Japanese.

팔탄(八灘) 남숙관(南肅寬)의 한역시조 연구

이홍식(Lee, Hong-Shik) 한국시조학회 2014 시조학논총 Vol.41 No.-

상기 논문은 최근까지 일부(14수)만 소개되었던 팔탄(八灘) 남숙관(南肅寬, 1704∼1781)의 한역시조 40수 전체를 소개하여 학계의 관심을 제고하고, 팔탄의 한역시조가 시조사에서 차지하는 의미와 가치를 밝히기 위한 목적 하에 기획되었다. 이를 위해 본고에서는 먼저 그 동안 제대로 알려져 있지 않았던 팔탄의 생애와 문학 및 문집 간행의 정황을 간단히 살펴보았고, 이어서 새로 발굴된 『 팔탄집(八灘集)』 (개인소장, 8권4책의 낙질 초교본)의 서지 사항과 한역시조 40수 전체를 소개하였다. 그리고 마지막으로 팔탄의 시조 한역에 드러나는 제 특징을 일별하여, 18세기 초 한역시조사에서 팔탄이 차지하는 위치를 대략이나마 가늠할 수 있도록 하였다. 그 결과 본고에서는 팔탄의 한역시조와 관련하여 중요한 몇 가지 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 첫째, 팔탄은 만년이 아니라 20대 초반에 시조를 한역하였으며, 이 과정에 부친인 농환재 남도진의 영향이 매우 컸다. 둘째, 팔탄은 5언6구와 7언4구 등 제언체와 장단구를 적절히 활용하여 시조를 한역하되 원작자가 확인된 작품을 다수(15수) 한역하였고, 새로운 시조의 존재도 확인시켜 주었다. 셋째, 팔탄은 원시조의 시상과 내용을 온전히 이해한 뒤에 한역에 임하되 이를 적실한 제목 속에 드러내었다. 넷째, 팔탄은 원시조를 온전히 기록하는 데 초점을 맞추되, 번역에 변화를 주어 제목에 드러나 있는 시상을 구체화하거나 강화하는 방식을 취하였다. 팔탄의 한역시조에 보이는 이상의 특징들은 이후 남구만, 이형상, 홍양호, 황윤석 등 18세기 한역시조 작가들과의 비교연구에서 중요한 지표가 될 수 있을 것이다. 그리고 나아가 18세기 한역시조사에서 팔탄의 위치를 가늠하는 데에도 일정정도 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다. This paper introduced Paltan(八灘) Nam Sukgwan’s whole 40 works of translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry which were known only 14 works until now. It aimed at rising interest of academia and revealing meanings and value of Paltan’s translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry in Sijo history. For these purposes, this paper simply researched life, literature and issues on literary collection of Paltan that wasn’t revealed in detail. Then it introduced bibliographic data and 40 works of translation of Sijo nto Chinese poetry Paltanjib(八灘集) ;private collection, 8 volumes 4 books, the first revise, that is newly discovered. Finally, as it gliffed features of Paltan’s translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry, the position of Paltan in the history of translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry could be evaluated at the early of 18C. As a result, this paper could confirm important several facts on Paltan’s translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry. The first, Paltan translated Sijo in not his latter years but his twenties, he was helped by his father Nonghwanjae Nam Dojin in this course. The second, Paltan translated Sijo using Jeaon-style(齊言體) and Jangdangu(長短句) such as 5 characters 6 line stanza and 7 characters 4 line stanza. He translated 15 works which were identified writers and revealed existence of new Sijo. The third, Paltan translated after full understanding of image and contents of genuine Sijo and showed these in the titles. The fourth, Paltan focused on entirely recording genuine Sijo and used method that concreted or reinforced image revealed in titles with changing in translation. These features of Paltan’s translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry could be standards in comparative study with writers of translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry in 18C such as Nam Guman, Lee Hyeongsang, Hong Yangho, Hwang Yoonseok and so on. Consequently, these could be helped evaluating Paltan’s position of the history of translation of Sijo into Chinese poetry.

한국문학번역의 2인 공동번역체제에 관한 고찰

권은희 ( Kwon Eunhee ),성초림 ( Seong Cholim ) 한국스페인어문학회(구 한국서어서문학회) 2016 스페인어문학 Vol.0 No.81

Translation of Korean literature into foreign languages involves a Korean translator working together with a native foreign translator. In many cases, the Korean translator, who is supposed to have a full knowledge of the source text language and culture, is in charge of understanding the original text, while the native foreign translator is in charge of the re-creation process. As mentioned by Albrecht Neubert, the five parameters of translational competences are (1) language competence, (2) textual competence, (3) subject competence, (4) cultural competence, and (5) transfer competence. Of the five, the most crucial part is the last parameter, as transfer skills integrate the knowledge of language, text, subject and culture with the sole aim of satisfying transfer needs. But in the actual co-translation system there is no clear mention about which one of the two co-translators will be in charge of the transfer task. Much of the criticism focused on the co-translation system is due to this point. This study tries to make clear that the transfer process must be done by both co-translators working together. Furthermore, the study discusses the competences required by the translators, the actual situation of co-translation system as regards to Korean literature and the steps that need to be taken in order for the translation to be a `real` co-translation in every sense of the word.

통번역대학원생을 위한 한국어 번역 글쓰기 교과 과정 설계 연구

하나은 ( Ha Naeun ),윤창숙 ( Yoon Changsook ) 한국언어문화교육학회 2021 언어와 문화 Vol.17 No.1

This study proposes a Korean translation-writing course model for graduate students that emphasizes the importance of translators’creative writing skills. Such skills are vital in this era when human translators must compete against artificial intelligence (AI) machine translation software. Translation programs must provide courses that help students develop creative writing skills rather than only training them in direct translation; however, few graduate or undergraduate curriculums pay adequate attention to improving this aspect of students’writing skills. The 16-week course model proposed in this study focuses on incorporating creative writing skills not only into the initial translation process but also in editing and proof-reading; post-editing, which includes editing machine translation work; and trans-creation, which encompasses translating a source text into a target text by balancing translation and creative writing. Expanding translators’skills in this way will give them competitive advantages over machine translation software. (Busan University of Foreign Studies·Pusan National University)

김정환 시 번역의 도전과 성취: <셰이머스 히니 전집>을 중심으로

정하연 한국번역학회 2023 번역학연구 Vol.24 No.3

Korean poet and translator Kim Jung-hwan has translated a vast body of modern English poetry for over three decades, but due to the lack of critical discourse on poetry translation in Korea, his translations have rarely been reviewed or discussed by critics and scholars. This research offers a close examination of Kim’s translation of The Collected Poems of Seamus Heaney, focusing on four poems from different stages in Heaney’s poetic development, as categorized and structurally analyzed by Helen Vendler. The examination finds that Kim strictly adheres to his principle of translating every element as they are in pursuit of “comparative versification,” James W. Underhill’s concept of translating verse into verse, as opposed to paraphrasing, the more conventional approach in English-into-Korean poetry translation. Kim’s strategy sometimes results in compromises in comprehensibility and syntactic flow, but despite these risks, his translations demonstrate new possibilities in comparative versification in translating English poetry into Korean.

Training for the Translation of Korean Literature: Theory and Practice

최미경 이화여자대학교 통역번역연구소 2015 T&I review Vol.5 No.-

Our aim is to study the issue of literary translation training in ordinary situations but also (and mainly) when it is carried into the B language of the translator (in our case from Korean to French). In Korea, we try to overcome the lack of French translators able to produce literary translations by themselves by training Korean translators working into their B language (from Korean to French). The Ewha Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation (GSTI) and some other institutes like the Korean Literary Translation Institute (KLTI) offer training programs which take into account the specific situation of the Korean literature, expressed in a language of limited extension. At first we address a common question: can literary translation be taught? If the answer is positive, a second question arises: what kind of training would be pertaining for literary translation, an activity which belongs to art and technique altogether? The purpose of this paper is to address both questions with regard to the specific situation of Korean literature. The first part of this paper is devoted to theoretical aspects of our study (definition of key notions, with an emphasis on the Interpretative Theory of Translation) and practical aspects as well (general survey of the present training program of translators). In the second part, we analyze the different steps of the translation process, from understanding to reformulation in the light of the Interpretative Theory of Translation. Our conclusion is that, by using an efficient training program, we are able to train qualified translators as long as we can rely on the help of not only the teaching institutions but also the government.

영한 번역에서 ‘-은/는’과 ‘-이/가’의 선택 문제: 한국어 모국어 화자의 번역 양상 고찰

신혜정 한국동서비교문학학회 2022 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.- No.62

This study examines the translation problem of choosing the topic marker “eun/neun” or the subject marker “i/ka” in English to Korean Translation. For native speakers of Korean, the markers “eun/neun” and “i/ka” are intuitively distinctive, and the decision which of the two to use is made naturally, without difficulty. However, when translating English into Korean, choosing “eun/neun” or “i/ka” can be challenging. The language difference between English and Korean interferes with the native speaker’s intuition. When translating English―a language without markers such as “eun/neun” and “i/ka”―into Korean, determining which particle to use after the subject-functioning noun phrase can be demanding. This study looks into English-major undergraduate students’ translation samples and analyzes their use of “eun/neun” and “i/ka” when translating the “A is B” type English sentence into Korean. While translating the same sentence, the students made different choices: some used “eun/neun,” others used “i/ka,” and still others used both. The problem lies in that “eun/neun” or “i/ka” is not a direct translation of the English verb “is.” The key to the problem is to know the difference in syntactic structures of the two languages: English is a “subject-prominent” language, whereas Korean is a “topic-prominent” language. Some scholars say Korean is a language that is both “topic- and subject-prominent.” After explaining different meanings and usages of the markers “eun/neun” and “i/ka” in the Korean language, the study suggests possible approaches to translating the “A is B” structure (in English) into Korean.

한영 문학번역에서 L1 번역가가 고유성을 옮기는방식: 「나는 봉천동에 산다」의 영역에 근거해서

박옥수 ( Ock Sue Park ) 한국비교문학회 2015 比較文學 Vol.0 No.67

한영문학 번역처럼 소수가 사용하는 언어를 다수가 사용하는 언어로 번역할 경우 대상독자에게 원문의 의미와 원저자의 의도를 전달하기 위해서 번역 과정에서 불가피하게 정보 격하 현상이 발생한다. 원문 고유의 정신을 담은 표현이나 함축적인 정보의 수준이 낮아지는 일반화의 과정을 거치는 것이다. 한영 문학번역의 기술적 분석 결과 이런 현상이 드러나는데, 예를 들면 ‘상위어 번역’, ‘동의어 번역’, ‘의미 번역’의 전략이 그것이다. 이런 번역 규범이 주는 함의는 축어적 번역보다는 소통에 중점을 둔 번역 방식의 구현이다. 한영 문학번역이 문학 번역의 기본 맥락에서 수행되지만 환경적인 특수성을 갖고 있기 때문에 이 문제를 고려해서 충실성을 정의해야 한다. 여기서 일차적으로 고려해야 할 사실은 의미의 전달, 즉 대상독자와의 소통이다. 이 연구에서는 한영 문학번역에서 영어가 모국어인 번역가가 작품의 배경이 되는 한국 사회의 고유성을 옮기는 방식을 소통의 관점에서 논의하였다. 한국의 언어와 문화에 생소한 독자를 대상 독자로 설정하고, 고유성을 표현하는 어휘와 문장을 분석대상 텍스트로 선정하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 첫째, 한영 문학번역의 기술(記述)적 연구에서 분류 항목을 제시하고, 둘째, 한국의 고유성을 내포한 L1 번역가의 번역물을 분석하고 번역 방식을 기술하는 것이다. 이 과정에서 소통을 위한 정보 전달에 문제가 있다면 대안 번역을 통해번역 사례를 제시할 것이다. 구체적인 연구 방법으로 ‘고유의 혼’을 담고 있는 텍스트를 선정해서 ‘한국 고유의 정서를 표현한 텍스트’, ‘현대 한국 사회를 반영한 텍스트’,‘한국 고유의 언어를 표현한 텍스트’로 분류 항목을 규정하였다. 분석 자료의 원천 텍스트는「나는 봉천동에 산다」로 저자는 조경란이며, 목표 텍스트는 카리 쉥크(KariShenk)가 번역한 “I Live in Bongcheon-dong”이다. There are some common factors in the target texts focused on communication to carry the typical features of the source culture in Korean-English literary translation. In the case where the common knowledge shared between the source culture and the target language readers is deficient, the degradation phenomena of information inevitably take place in translation process to transfer meaning of the source text and intention of the author. This is a process of ‘generalization’ and lowers the literal level of typical expression or implicated information. Such phenomena, which include ‘translation into hypernym’, ‘replacement with synonym’ and ‘sense-for-sense translation’, have been revealed in the descriptive analysis of Korean-English literary translation. These translation norms implicate embodiment of translation method focused on communicating with the target readers rather than faithfulness to the original. It takes place due to the special condition of Korean-English literary translation, which the translator must consider before defining faithfulness to an orignal. When a text of a minor language is translated into a major language, a different definition of faithfulness is required. The appropriate conveyance of meaning, or in other words, the communication with the target readers, is the priority for the work. This study will analyze the translation of a Korean modern short story and examine the translator’s strategy which tries to approach to the globalization of Korean literature and the explain the uniqueness of Korean culture. It will look at how the target text reflects the meaning and the function of the source text which deals with the human relation and reinterpreting things. In the process, the faithfulness of Korean-English literary translation will be redefined and the analyzing tools will be presented. The source text of the study is “Naneun Bongcheon-donge Sanda(I Live in Bongcheon-dong)” written by Jo Kyung-ran, and the target text is “I Live in Bongcheon-dong” translated by Kari Schenk.

Difficulties in Translation from Hungarian into Korean

한경민(Han, Kyeng Min) 아시아·중동부유럽학회 2010 동유럽발칸학 Vol.12 No.1

번역은 제 2 의 창조라는 말이 있듯, 외국 문학 작품을 한국어로 번역하는 과정은 글자만 옮기는 것이 아니라, 독자가 이해할 수 있도록 새롭게 표현해내는 방법을 필요로 한다. 이 논문은 헝가리 작품을 한국어로 번역할 때 만나게 되는 문제점과 그 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방법을 찾기 위한 시도이다. 문제점의 기본은 헝가리어와 한국어의 차이에서 발생한다. 그래서 우선 두 언어의 공통점을 II 장에서, 차이점을 III 장에서 살펴보았다. 한국어에서는 주인공들의 나이, 성별, 상하관계를 정확히 파악해야 올바른 공대법과 높임말을 사용할 수 있다. 하지만 두 언어의 가장 큰 차이점은 어순에 있다. 헝가리어에서는 동사 앞에 높이는 문장성분이 가장 강조가 되지만, 한국어 번역에서는 이 강조점이 드러나지 않아, 단어를 반복하여 강조점을 유지하는 방법을 사용한다. 번역에서 가장 중요한 등가성은 내용적인 면과 형식적인 면을 함께 다루어야만 지켜진다. 헝가리 시에서는 음절 수, 운, 강세, 마디가시의 형식적인 미를 구성한다. 하지만 번역에서 이 세 기본요소를 충족시키려면 내용적으로 불명확한 번역이 될 수 있다. 그러므로 내용과 형식의 구성을 훼손하지 않고 등가성을 유지하기 위한 번역가의 독창적인 방법이 필요하다. 번역의 문제는 번역하려는 문학작품이 태어난 사회와 환경, 문화적인 분위기를 번역해 낸 언어가 가진 사회적, 문화적 특징과 접목시키려는 데에서 발생한다. 그러므로 번역은 단어와 단어, 문장과 문장을 그대로 옮기는 것이 아니라, 작품 전체를 구성하는 정신세계를 새로운 문화의 생산물로 구성해내는 새로운 시도이자 도전이라고 할 수 있다. This article aims to solve some of the difficulties in translation from Hungarian into Korean. Translation is defined in the first section, and the Hungarian language is compared with Korean in the second section. The comparison consists of similarities and differences in two languages and cultures. In the last section, I focus on the problems of equivalence and the method to gain the equivalence in translation. I hope this article show the problems and one method for problem solving in Translation from Hungarian into Korean. Hungarian and Korean do not have a verb ‘have’, while ‘having’ is expressed using the verbs ‘van’ and ‘있다’. Two languages have no expletives. However, Korean verb stems are what cause the difficulties in translation from Hungarian. Korean honorifics and speech levels form 14 basic verb stems. Besides, Korean has many special honorific words, too. Translation must be done carefully with the expression of honorific and formality. The Hungarian language's word order is not fixed. the word order changes and the important words stay in front of the verb. The important words in the four Hungarian sentences are not expressed in Korean text. Translation is an interactive act and translators are mediators of meaning consequently they are responsible for transmitting cultural values. Therefore it is necessary for Hungarian and Korean translators to improve their language and culture knowledge. Translation connect not only one literal work with other, but also one culture with other.