A study on gear selection for planting rice seedlings based on the driving axle load of a rice transplanter

( Md Abu Ayub Siddique ),( Wan-soo Kim ),( Yong-joo Kim ) 한국농업기계학회 2020 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.25 No.1

The effect of gear selection is important for planting rice seedlings accurately because it affects the supplied pressure to the planting arm of a rice transplanter. Therefore, the goal of this study is to analyze the effect of gear stages considering the planting accuracy and performance enhancement of transplanter based on the driving axle load. This study also evaluates the performance of the pressure control algorithm of a proportional valve applied to the transplanter. The load profile of the transplanter axle was developed by the measured load data and applied as an input load. The pressures of the proportional valve and axle torques were calculated based on the input load for different sear selections (1.3 and 1.7 m/s). The pressure and axle torque were analyzed statistically by t-test using IBM SPSS Statistics (SPSS 25, SPSS Inc., New York, USA). It was found that the axle torques of the transplanter were proportional to the gear selections. However, the proportional valve pressures were almost constant. The maximum rear axle torques of transplanter were found almost 892.41 and 1166.99 Nm at 1.3 m/s and 1.7 m/s, respectively. The maximum required pressures of transplanter were 10.12 bar both at 1.7 m/s and 1.3 m/s, because the paddy field has low soil strength, and high water content. Also, the planting arm of the rice transplanter is very thin. This results indicate that the pressure control algorithm is able to maintain the planting depth sufficiently. Finally, it can be said that the axle torques of the transplanter are highly affected by the gear stages but the required pressures of the proportional valve are controlled by the algorithm to enhance the performance. Therefore, it can be recommended that the users can select the suitable gear stage for planting rice seedlings accurately based on the axle torque. It can also enhance the transplanter performance.

Structural conservation and differentiation of two insect acetylcholinesterases during evolution

Deok Jea Cha,Si Hyeock Lee 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

Insects possess two distinct acetylcholinesterases (AChE1 vs. AChE2), which are encoded by two paralogous loci originated from duplication. Kinetic analyses of several insect AChEs revealed that both AChE1 and AChE2 retain common catalytic properties of AChE but subtle kinetic differences also exist between these two AChEs. To understand how selection pressure has shaped the protein structure of AChEs and affected their function during evolution, we measured and compared the nucleotide diversity (Pi) and amino acid site-specific selection pressure between AChE1 and AChE2 from various insects. Highly conserved were the majority of the amino acid residues involved in forming the essential domains, including peripheral anionic site (PAS), and little differences were revealed between AChE1 and AChE2, suggesting the presence of strong purifying selection pressure over these essential residues. Interestingly, the EF-hand like motif was mostly found in the AChE1 lineage but not in AChE2. In addition, a unique amino acid difference in the PAS (D72 vs. Y72) was highly conserved between AChE1 and AChE2. Three-dimensional modeling of insect AChEs by particularly focusing on the PAS revealed that a subtle but consistent structural alteration in the active site topology was caused by the PAS amino acid substitution. Taken together, despite the long evolutionary history and low overall sequence similarity, both insect AChE1 and AChE2 still share a extremely high degree of structural and functional conservation, indicative of a strong purifying selection pressure. Nevertheless, only a small change in the PAS, appears to be associated with a local but significant alteration of AChE2 structure, which in turn drives the functional differentiation of AChE.

개방각녹내장에서 선택적 레이저섬유주성형술의 조사범위에 따른 효용성과 안전성 비교

박명희,문정일 대한안과학회 2007 대한안과학회지 Vol.48 No.11

Purpose: To compare the intraocular pressure-lowering effect and safety between 180˚ and 90˚ selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT). Methods: From January 2006 to august 2006, in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension, SLT was performed 90˚ to the right eye and 180˚ to the left eye within the same patient. Intraocular pressure was checked at 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after SLT. Anterior chamber reaction and ocular pain was checked at postoperative 1 day. Peripheral anterior synechia was examined at 6 months postoperatively. Results: Fourteen patients (28 eyes) of primary open-angle glaucoma and two patients (4 eyes) of ocular hypertension were included. There was no difference of intraocular pressure between 180˚ group and 90˚ group preoperatively. However, there were statistically significant differences from postoperative 1 hour (p=0.003), through 1 week (15.6±2.3 mmHg in 90˚ group, 14.0±2.5 mmHg in 180˚ group; p=0.000), to 6 months (p=0.001). Thirty-two percent of the 90˚ group and Seventy-five percent of the 180˚ group showed successful intraocular pressure decrease. There was a slightly higher complication rate of anterior chamber reactions and transient intraocular pressure spikes in the 180˚ group. Conclusions: Performing 180˚ SLT seems the safest procedure that guarantees the successful intraocular pressure decrease.

신라 장경호 부장 정형과 신라 토기의 확산

김대환(Kim,Dae-hwan) 중앙문화재연구원 2012 중앙고고연구 Vol.0 No.11

이 글은 신라 고분에서 확인되는 장경호 부장 정형(pattern)을 찾아 기술하고, 이를 통해 신라 토기 확산에 대한 2가지 가설인 ‘토기제사법(土器祭祀法)’과 ‘양식적 선택압 (selective pressure)’의 실체를 설명하면서 신라 토기의 지방 확산론을 재검토한 것이 다. 장경호 부장 정형이란 신라 고분에서 토기를 부장할 때, 동일한 형태 또는 유사한 장 경호를 망자의 머리 쪽에 세트로 부장하는 방식을 말한다. 이것은 신라 고분이 분포하는 대부분 지역의 대형 무덤과 중·소형 무덤에서 많이 확인된다. 장경호 부장 정형은 시기적으로 볼 때, 신라 중앙인 경주지역에서 먼저 출현한 후 신라 지방에 점차 나타난다. 장경호 부장은 지역에 따라 세부적인 차이는 있으나 광범위한 정형이 확인되는 것이 큰 특 징이다. 이러한 정형은 기왕에 제안된 ‘토기제사법’과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 생각되며, ‘토기제사법’의 실체는 이러한 장경호를 이용하는 제사 및 이와 같은 토기의 최종적인 배 치나 배열과 관련이 깊다고 생각한다. ‘양식적 선택압’은 신라 토기의 확산을 설명하는 중요한 가설 중 하나인데, 신라 정치 지배력의 확대를 전제로 한다. 그러나 ‘양식적 선택압’ 은 ‘토기제사법’의 수용 과정으로 볼 때, 신라 중앙에서 일방적으로 발신되는 것이 아니 다. 다시 말해, 장경호 부장 방법과 같은 ‘토기제사법’을 수용하는 과정에서 지역마다 다양한 방식으로 나타난다. 따라서 신라 토기의 확산 과정은 신라 지배력의 확대와 같은 정치적 요인뿐만 아니라 좀 더 다양한 관점에서 논의가 필요하다고 생각한다. This article is to find out and describe Pattern of Jar with long necked Burial which can be seen in tombs of Shilla Dynasty so that the truth of two hypotheses on the spread of Shilla earthenware, ‘Funeral Ceremony Mode with earthenware’ and ‘Selective Pressure’, may be explained along with the review of the theory that Shilla earthenware was spread into provinces. Pattern of Jar with long necked Burial is to bury a pair of jars called Jar with long necked with identical or similar shape at the head of the dead when Shilla people buried earthenware along with the dead body, which is confirmed in small, medium and large tombs in most areas which are spread with ancient Shilla tombs. From the viewpoint of time, this pattern appeared first in Gyoungju-city area, the central part of Shilla Kingdom and then spread to provinces gradually. The burial of Jar with long necked shows detailed difference by province, but its extensive pattern is characteristically confirmed. This pattern is thought to be closely related to ‘Funeral Ceremony with Earthenware’ proposed in the past and its substance is assumed to be arrangement or placement of earthenware like Jar with long necked. ‘Selective Pressure’, one of the very important hypotheses for explaining the spread of Shilla earthenware, presupposes the expansion of political control of Shilla Kingdom. However, when the process of accepting ‘Funeral Ceremony with Earthenware’ is considered, Selective Pressure was not unilaterally sent from the center of Shilla Kingdom. In other words, each process of accepting ‘Funeral Ceremony Mode with Earthenware’ like the burial of Jar with long necked is seen different at each area. Accordingly, it is thought that the process for earthenware of Shilla Dynasty to spread needs the discussion from various viewpoints as well as any political factors like the expansion of Shilla's control.

The characteristic of the synonymous codon usage and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis B virus

Xiaoming Qi,Chaojun Wei,Yonghong Li,Yu Wu,Hui Xu,Rui Guo,Yanjuan Jia,Zhenhao Li,Zhenhong Wei,Wanxia Wang,Jing Jia,Yuanting Li,Anqi Wang,Xiaoling Gao 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.7

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a crucial medical issue worldwide. The dependence of HBV replication on host cell machineries and their co-evolutionary interactions prompt the codon usage pattern of viral genes to translation selection and mutation pressure. Objective The evolutionary characteristics of HBV and the natural selection effects of the human genome on the codon usage characteristics were analyzed to provide a basis for medication development for HBV infection. Methods The codon usage pattern of sequences from different HBV genotypes of our isolates and reference HBV genome sequences downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database were analyzed by computing the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), nucleotide content, codon adaptation index (CAI) and the effective number of codons (ENC). Results The highest ENC values were observed in the C genotypes, followed by the B genotypes. The ENC values indicated a weak codon usage bias (CUB) in HBV genome. The number of codons differentially used between the three genotypes was markedly higher than that of similarly used codons. High CAI values indicated a good adaptability of HBV to its host. The ENC plot indicated the occurrence of mutational pressure in the three genotypes. The mean Ka/Ks ratios in the three genotypes were lower than 1, which indicated a negative selection pressure. The CAI and GC3% plot indicated the existence of CUB in the HBV genome. Conclusions Nucleotide composition, mutation bias, negative selection and mutational pressure are key factors influencing the CUB and phylogenetic diversity in HBV genotypes. The data provided here could be useful for developing drugs for HBV infection.

Analysis of evolutionary and genetic patterns in structural genes of primate lentiviruses

Cho Myeongji,Min Xianglan,Son Hyeon S. 한국유전학회 2022 Genes & Genomics Vol.44 No.7

Background: Primate lentiviruses (HIV1, HIV2, and Simian immunodeficiency virus [SIV]) cause immune deficiency, encephalitis, and infectious anemia in mammals such as cattle, cat, goat, sheep, horse, and puma. Objective: This study was designed and conducted with the main purpose of confirming the overall codon usage pattern of primate lentiviruses and exploring the evolutionary and genetic characteristics commonly or specifically expressed in HIV1, HIV2, and SIV. Methods: The gag, pol, and env gene sequences of HIV1, HIV2, and SIV were analyzed to determine their evolutionary relationships, nucleotide compositions, codon usage patterns, neutrality, selection pressure (influence of mutational pressure and natural selection), and viral adaptation to human codon usage. Results: A strong 'A' bias was confirmed in all three structural genes, consistent with previous findings regarding HIV. Notably, the ENC-GC3s plot and neutral evolution analysis showed that all primate lentiviruses were more affected by selection pressure than by mutation caused by the GC composition of the gene, consistent with prior reports regarding HIV1. The overall codon usage bias of pol was highest among the structural genes, while the codon usage bias of env was lowest. The virus groups showing high codon bias in all three genes were HIV1 and SIVcolobus. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and similarity D(A, B) values indicated that although there was a high degree of similarity to human codon usage in all three structural genes of HIV, this similarity was not caused by translation pressure. In addition, compared with HIV1, the codon usage of HIV2 is more similar to the human codon usage, but the overall codon usage bias is lower. Conclusion: The origin viruses of HIV (SIVcpz_gor and SIVsmm) exhibit greater similarity to human codon usage in the gag gene, confirming their robust adaptability to human codon usage. Therefore, HIV1 and HIV2 may have evolved to avoid human codon usage by selection pressure in the gag gene after interspecies transmission from SIV hosts to humans. By overcoming safety and stability issues, information from codon usage analysis will be useful for attenuated HIV1 vaccine development. A recoded HIV1 variant can be used as a vaccine vector or in immunotherapy to induce specific innate immune responses. Further research regarding HIV1 dinucleotide usage and codon pair usage will facilitate new approaches to the treatment of AIDS.

일체형 PM/NOx 동시저감장치의 최적 설계에 대한 기초 연구

최수정,PhamVanChien,이원주,김준수,김정국,박호용,임인권,최재혁 해양환경안전학회 2022 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.28 No.6

Research on exhaust aftertreatment devices to reduce air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions is being actively conducted. However, in the case of the particulate matters/nitrogen oxides (PM/NOx) simultaneous reduction device for ships, the problem of back pressure on the diesel engine and replacement of the filter carrier is occurring. In this study, for the optimal design of the integrated device that can simultaneously reduce PM/NOx, an appropriate standard was presented by studying the flow inside the device and change in back pressure through the inlet/outlet pressure. Ansys Fluent was used to apply porous media conditions to a diesel particulate filter (DPF) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by setting porosity to 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 70%. In addition, the effect on back pressure was analyzed by applying the inlet velocity according to the engine load to 7.4 m/s, 10.3 m/s, 13.1 m/s, and 26.2 m/s as boundary conditions. As a result of a computational fluid dynamics analysis, the rate of change for back pressure by changing the inlet velocity was greater than when inlet temperature was changed, and the maximum rate of change was 27.4 mbar. This was evaluated as a suitable device for ships of 1800kW because the back pressure in all boundary conditions did not exceed the classification standard of 68mbar. 대기오염물질과 온실가스 배출량을 저감 시키기 위한 배기 후처리 장치에 대한 연구는 활발히 진행 중이지만 그 중 선박용 입자상물질/질소산화물(PM/NOx) 동시저감 장치에서는 엔진에 미치는 배압 및 필터 담체 교체에 대한 문제가 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PM/NOx를 동시저감 할 수 있는 일체형 장치의 최적 설계를 위해 장치 내부 유동과 입·출구 압력을 통한 배압의 변화를 연구하여 적절한 기준을 제시하였다. Ansys Fluent를 활용하여 디젤미립자필터(DPF) 및 선택적촉매환원법(SCR)에 다공성 매체 조건을 적용하였고 공극률은 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 및 70%로 설정하였다. 또한, 엔진 부하에 따른 Inlet 속도를 경계 조건으로 7.4m/s, 10.3m/s, 13.1m/s 및 26.2m/s로 적용하여 배압에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. CFD 분석 결과, 장치의 입구 온도 보다 입구 속도에 따른 배압의 변화율이 크고 최대 변화율은 27.4mbar였다. 그리고 모든 경계 조건에서의 배압이 선급 기준인 68mbar를 초과하지 않았기 때문에 1800kW 선박에 적합한 장치로 평가되었다.

안압 조절을 위한 선택적 접착 공정이 포함된 폴리머 체크 밸브

임성민(Seongmin Im),문병필(Byungphil Mun),안재용(Jaeyong An),최종찬(Jongchan Choi),양성(Sung Yang),이종현(Jonghyun Lee) 대한기계학회 2010 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2010 No.6

본 연구에서는 안압 조절을 위한 마이크로 체크밸브를 설계하고 제작하였다. 체크밸브는 얇은 막과 마이크로 채널로 구성되어 있으며, 밸브 오리피스의 직경, 막의 두께, 밸브 오리피스와 밸브 안착의 겹치는 길이를 구하기 위해 FEA 해석을 하였다. 또한 밸브의 신뢰성이 있는 작동과 생산 수율을 높이기 위해 새로운 공정으로서 밸브 안착 부분에 Cr/Au 를 증착하였다. 제작된 체크밸브가 열리는 압력 (cracking pressure)은 2.50 ㎩ 이었으며, 이 값은 목표 값인 2.67 ㎪ (20㎜Hg)과 매우 근접한 값으로, 이 결과를 통해 적정한 안압을 유지할 수 있는 녹내장 치료용 소자를 만들 수 있다. The micro check valve for the regulation of intraocular pressure is presented. The device consists of two polymer layers; diaphragm (intermediate layer), and micro channel (bottom layer). Finite-element analyses (FEA) were performed to find appropriate design for targeted intraocular pressure: the diameter of orifice, the thickness of intermediate layer, and the overlapped length of the orifice and valve seat. The overlapped area of the bottom layer was coated with Cr/Au not to be bonded with the intermediate layer so that the device showed the enhanced reliability in operation and higher yield in production. The cracking pressure of the fabricated valve was 2.50 ㎪, and it is very close to the target value (2.67 ㎪), which confirmed that the proposed micro check valve has a great potential as a component of glaucoma drainage device.

약물로 조절되지 않는 개방각녹내장에서 선택적레이저섬유주성형술의 효용성

박혜원(Hye Won Park),한승수(Seung Soo Han),박종운(Jong Woon Park) 대한안과학회 2017 대한안과학회지 Vol.58 No.7

목적: 약물로 조절되지 않는 개방각녹내장에서 선택적레이저섬유주성형술(selective laser trabeculoplasty, SLT)의 안압하강 효과와 그 결과에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상과 방법: 개방각녹내장으로 진단받고 최대한의 약물치료를 하였음에도 불구하고 목표안압에 도달하지 못한 환자 47명 47안을 대상으로 180° SLT 또는 360° SLT를 시행하였다. 모든 환자는 레이저 시술 이후 1년 이상 경과 관찰을 하였다. 치료의 성공은 기존 안압에서 12개월이 경과한 시점에서 20% 이상의 안압하강으로 정의하였다. 결과: SLT 치료 성공률은 65.96%였으며, 시술 전 평균 안압은 성공군에서 23.84 ± 4.52 mmHg였고 실패군에서 21.44 ± 2.97 mmHg로 나타났다(p=0.0347). 성공군의 SLT 시술 후 6, 9, 12개월에 유의한 안압하강 효과가 있었다(6개월[p=0.001], 9개월[p=0.041], 12개월[p<0.001]). 성별(p=0.362), 나이(p=0.081), 백내장 수술 여부(p=0.470), 시술 전 사용한 약물의 개수(p=0.857), 약물을 사용한 기간(p=0.613), 레이저 조사 방법(180° SLT or 360° SLT, p=0.137)에 따른 성공의 차이는 보이지 않았다. SLT 성공군은 시술 전 평균 안압과 시술 후 안압하강 정도에는 양의 상관관계를 보였으나(p<0.001, r=0.861), SLT 실패군에서는 상관관계가 나타나지 않았다(p=0.272, r=-2.921). 결론: 약물로 조절되지 않는 개방각녹내장 환자에서 SLT는 안압하강에 있어 1년 경과 관찰까지 효과적인 치료 방법으로 성공군에서는 시술 전 안압이 높은 경우 시술 후 더 큰 폭의 안압하강을 기대할 수 있겠다. <대한안과학회지 2017;58(7):828-835> Purpose: To determine the effect of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) on medically uncontrolled open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and the factors associated with the treatment result. Methods: Forty-seven eyes of 47 OAG patients were enrolled for 180° SLT or 360° SLT, all under maximal tolerated medical therapy and with IOP above their target pressure. All patients were followed-up for at least 1 year after the procedure. Treatment success was defined as IOP reduction ≥20% from baseline at 12 months after SLT treatment without additional anti-glaucomatous intervention. Results: The treatment success rate was 65.96%. Baseline IOP was 23.84 ± 4.52 mmHg in the success group and 21.44 ± 2.97 mmHg in the failure group (p = 0.035). Significant mean IOP reduction was observed at 6, 9, and 12 month follow-ups (p = 0.001 at 6 months; 0.041 at 9 months, and <0.001 at 12 months). The success rate did not vary significantly by sex (p = 0.362), age (p = 0.081), history of cataract surgery (p = 0.470), number of medications (p = 0.857), duration of medication (p = 0.613), or angular degree of SLT treatment (180° vs. 360°) (p = 0.137). There was a positive correlation between mean baseline IOP and mean reduction of IOP from baseline in the success group (p < 0.001, r = 0.861), while there was no such correlation in the failure group (p = 0.272, r = -2.921). Conclusions: SLT was an effective treatment for IOP reduction until 12 months in medically uncontrolled OAG patients. A greater amount of IOP reduction is expected in patients with higher baseline IOP in the success group. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2017;58(7):828-835

가압 기포유동층에서 산소전달입자들의 환원반응특성

윤주영,배달희,백점인,류호정 한국수소및신에너지학회 2016 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.27 No.5

Effects of pressure, temperature, gas velocity, and fuel flow rate on reduction of three oxygen carriers,SDN70, OC-1, OC-2, were measured and investigated in a pressurized bubbling fluidized bed reactor. Among threeoxygen carriers OC-2 was selected as the best oxygen carrier in view of fuel conversion and CO2 selectivity. However, all oxygen carriers showed good reactivity even at high pressure conditions. SDN70 particle showedmaximum reactivity at 900°C and low reactivity at 950°C. However, reactivity decay of OC-1 and OC-2 particlesat high temperature condition was negligible. The fuel conversion and the CO2 selectivity slightly decreased asthe gas velocity increased, whereas they are slightly increased as the fuel concentration increased.