김유신장군의 백제공격로에 관한 연구 -효령신화와 장군당을 중심으로-

김완수 ( Wan Soo Kim ) 택민국학연구원 2011 국학연구론총 Vol.0 No.7

7세기 신라가 일으킨 통일전쟁은 백제공격에서 비롯되었다. 이때 신라군을 지휘한 장수는 가락국 구형왕의 증손자인 김유신이었다. 『삼국사기』「신라본기」의 기록을 인용하면 서기 660년 5월 26일 경주를 출발한 신라 군사는 6월 18일 남천정(경기도 이천)에 도착하였으므로 5월말쯤에 군위군 효령면 장군리 앞 벌판에 유진하였다고 생각한다. 일찍이 신라군이 주도한 영토전쟁은 한강으로 진출하는 경로에 있었다. 이러한 사실을 참고하여 660년 7월 12일 백제 사비성을 공격하는 김유신군대의 진격로는 다음과 같이 예상한다. 즉 신라군은 경주를 출발하여 영천, 신녕, 부계, 효령, 장천, 선산, 상주(이천)로 진격하였다. 이 경주-상주 진로(進路)에서 영천에서 선산으로 나가는 중도에 있는 효령(장군리)은 장천으로 진입하는 길목에 해당된다. 이러한 북진공격로에 있는 장군리는 마을 앞으로 넓은 들(모혜벌)이 펼쳐있고 들 한가운데를 사창천이 흐르고 있다. 또한 사방이 산으로 둘러싸여 분지를 이루기 때문에 이곳에는 수만 명의 군사가 주둔(은폐)하기에 안성맞춤의 지형을 가지고 있다. 이러한 이점으로 장군리는 신라에 있어서는 한때 낙동강으로 진출하는 교통의 요지였다. 이러한 전술적, 교통상의 이점 외에 김유신장군에게는 장군리를 택한 또 다른 이유가 있었을 것이다. 그것은 이 지역가까이에 가야의 유민들이 살고 있었기 때문일 것이다. 필자가 이렇게 상정(想定)하는 이유는 가야후기를 나타내는 석곽묘가 장천(면)에 많이 남아있기 때문이다. 이상과 같은 이유로 장군리는 신라군의 대백제(對百濟) 북진공격로에서 꼭 필요한 경유지였기 때문에 유진할 수밖에 없는 천혜의 장소였음에 틀림없다. 이러한 전술적인 당위성과 함께 지금까지 전승에 의하여 ‘장군’이라는 마을이름이 계속 이곳에 남아있고 또 757년의 ‘군위’와 ‘효령’이라는 지명이 만들어진 유래 등을 종합하여 보면 이곳이 660년 여름 백제 정복전쟁을 위하여 김유신장군과 신라군이 이곳 장군리에 유진한 일이 역사적 사실로 인정된다. 그리고 공민왕 때 사공중상(효령사공씨의 중조)공의 상소에 의한 김유신사(장군당, 삼장군당, 김발한사)라는 사당건립에 대한 전승과 함께 이곳 장군리에 고려 말부터 효령사공(孝靈司空)씨의 집성촌이 이루어져 온 점 등을 감안하면 이상의 일이 모두 사실로 인정된다. 이와 같이 효령의 장군리 사람들은 장군당(김유신사)을 모셨다. 이로서 효령신화가 탄생한 것이다. The Shilla Kingdom’s war for unification in the 7th century began with the conquest of the Baekje Kingdom. General Yu-sin Kim, a great-grand son of King Guhyung of the Garak Kingdom, was the commander of the Shilla military at the time of the war. According to the History of Shilla in the Record of the Three Kingdoms, (The "Shillabongi" of "Samguksagi"), General Kim’s forces, which had left Kyeong-ju in May 660 A.D., were stationed on a field near Janggun Village, Hyoryeong Township, Gunwi District in Kyeongsangbuk Province. Originally, the territorial war led by the Shilla military was on the path to the Han River. Reflecting these facts, the route of General Kim’s force, which attacked Sabi Castle in Baekje on July 12, 660 A.D. is assumed to be as follows.Namely, his campaign began in Kyeongju, then moved to Youngcheon, Shinnyeong, Bukye, Hyoryeong, Jangcheon, Seonsan, and Sangju(Icheon). Hyoryung (Janggun Village), located at the waypoint of the Kyeongju-Sangju Route, which is on route for Seonsan via Youngcheon, is considered the entrance towards Jangcheon. Janggun Village, located on the attack route to the north, was well positioned to have numerous soldiers deployed in its wide-open plains (Mohyebeol), through which the Sachangcheon River ran, also in a basin surrounded by mountains. Because of this advantage, Janggun Village was said to be a major transportation point for the Shilla on the way to Nakdong River. However, there was another reason for General Kim to choose Janggun Village as the most ideal army post besides the strategic and logistical advantages. This being the emigrants from the Gaya Dynasty, who resided in this area. In fact, this assumption is based on Seokkwakmyo, the evidence which represents the latter period of the Gaya Dynasty andwas found in large amounts in Jangcheon-myun. Therefore, Janggun Village, an important pass on the attack route to the north, is believed to be the location that possessed great strategic value for conquering Baekje. As well as the strategic necessity, the fact that ‘Janggun’ still remains as the name of the region and that the origin of the names ‘Gunwi’ and ‘Hyoryeong’ can be traced back to 757 A.D. indicates the town’s historicity as the domain of Yu-sin Kim and his army during their campaign against the Baekje in the summer of 660. Additionally, considering the fact that a ancestral shrine was built for Yu-sin Kim by Sagongjungsang’s request when King Gongmin reigned, and the residence of Hyreongsagong family was largely formed during the latter part of the Goryo Kingdom’s period, these incidents are believed to be historical facts. Similarly, residents in Janggun Village set up a shrine named ‘Janggundang’ which means ‘a shrine for General Yu-sin Kim’. That is how the myth of Hyoryeong was born.

Social investment effects of public education, health care, and welfare service expenditures on economic growth

Kim Soo‐Wan,Ahn Sang‐Hoon 한국사회복지학회 2020 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.14 No.1

The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically examine whether public spending in education, health care, and welfare service operates as a fruitful investment in welfare states, which has been implied in the literature of social investment arguments. Based on comprehensive review of existing literature, this study suggested a tripartite mechanism of social investment effect of such spending, that is “enhancement of human capital,” “support for labor force participation,” and “job creation.” To find the empirical evidence, a pooled time‐series cross‐section analysis was conducted with the data of 15 advanced welfare states from 1980 to 2015 using estimation technique of fixed‐effect model. The results confirmed that public spending in education, health care, and welfare service had a positive medium‐term as well as long‐term effect on economic performance, while cash‐type welfare spending had an obscure or no visible effect on economy. Government consumption that is a proxy and control variable of size of the welfare state showed a positive effect on real GDP in the medium term but a negative effect in the long run. In conclusion, this study suggests that reinforcing social services should be recognized and dealt with as essence of social investment strategy.

Kim's Femoral Stem의 임상적 고찰

김영민(Young Min Kim),김희중(Hee Joong Kim),진종수(Jong Soo Jin),문영완(Young Wan Moon) 대한정형외과학회 1991 대한정형외과학회지 Vol.26 No.5

선택적 후근절제술의 수술중 근전도 감시방법과 치료효과

김형일,김연희,김완호,김근수,김동찬 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.10

Selective posterior rhizotomy(SPR) has been known to reduce the spasticity as well as to improve the quality of life in patients with intractable spasticity. Twenty patients underwent SPR under intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring(IOM). Fifty-two percent of sacrolumbar rootlet were cut after electrical stimulation. Eighteen patients(90%) with spastic type of cerebral palsy showed marked reduction of spasticity and functional improvement without any complication. The patients who did not respond to SRP had mixed types of spasticity. IOM facilitate the selection of pathological rootlets regardless of anaesthetic level. intensity of electrical stimulation, and individual variability of responses. It is concluded that careful selection of surgical candidates and of pathological rootlets under IOM are important to reduce the spasticity. thereby to obtain a better outcome.

불응성 자가면역질환에서의 자가조혈모세포이식

민도준,양동원,민창기,김완욱,이상헌,박성환,김동욱,이종욱,조철수,민우성,김범생,김호연,김춘추 대한조혈모세포이식학회 2001 대한조혈모세포이식학회지 Vol.6 No.1

배경: 기존의 치료에 불응하고 예후가 불량한 자가면역질환 환자들에게 최근 고용량 면역억제 및 조혈모 세포이식이 새로운 치료방법으로 대두되고 있다. 저자들은 다발성 경화증(multiple sclerosis, MS) 및 류마티스 관절염(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 등 2명의 자가면역질환 환자들에서 자가조혈모세포 이식을 시행하였다. 방법: 말초혈액 조혈모세포 가동화를 위하여 cyclophosphamide (4 g/㎡) 및 granulocyte colony stimulating factor (10 g/kg/day)를 투여하였고, CD34+ 세포를 분리·채집 하였다, 이식 전처치로 MS 환자에서 BEAM 및 antihymocyte globulin (ATG) (3.75 mg/kg), RA 환자에서 fludarabine (180 mg/㎡), ATG (10 mg/kg)와 busulfan (8 mg/kg)을 투여하였다. 결과: 호중구 수가 500/㎕ 이상으로 회복되는 기간은 MS 환자에서 9일, RA 환자에서 15일이었다. 혈소판이 20.000/㎕ 이상으로 회복되는 가간은 RA 환자에서 9일 이었고, MS 환자에서는 혈소판 감소증이 발생하지 않았다. 비혈액학적 독성으로 MS 환자에서 WHO 1도의 오심 및 점막염이 관찰되었다. MS 환자는 이식 6개월 후까지 시력감소가 남아있었으나, 이식전에 관찰되던 감각이상 및 운동장애 등의 신경학적 이상 소견은 더 이상 관찰되지 않았다. RA 환자는 이식 1개월 후 관절 증상 및 검사소견의 호전을 보였다. 결론: 불응성 자가면역질환 환자에서 고용량 면역억제 및 조혈모세포이식은 적은 독성으로 높은 치료효과를 기대할수 있으며, 향후 이 시술의 임상적 의의를 규명하기 위하여 전향적이고 장기적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. Background: High-dose immunosuppressive therapy followed by autologous hemathpoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been proposed as a new approach to treat severe, refractory autoimmune diseases. We describe two patients with refractory autoimmune diseases (one multiple sclerosis 〔MS〕and one rheumatoid arthritis〔RA〕) who underwent T-cell-depleted autologous peripheral bleed stem cell transplantation for the first time in Korea. Methods: We mobilized autologous stem cells with cyclophisphamide (4 g/㎡) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (10 ㎍/kg/day). Stem cells were enriched ex vivo using CD34-positive immunoselection and reinfused after high-dose chemotherapy with BEAM and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (3.75 mg/kg) in MS, or fludarabine (180 mg/㎡), ATG (10 mg/kg) and busulfan (8 mg/kg) in RA. Results: The engraftment with an absolute nerutrophil count greater than 500㎕ occurred on day 9 in MS and 15 in RA, respectively. The time to nontransfused platelet count greater than 2.000/㎕ was 9 day in RA. MS patient did not show ant episode of thrombocytopenia. Regimen-related non-hematopoietic toxicity was minimal. For 6 months since HSCT, them patient with MS had been free from previously existed sensory and motor abnormalities except decreased visual acuity. Then patient with RA and only one tender joint and two mildly swollen joints with improvement in laboratory parameters at one month after HSCT. Conclusion: These results underscore the feasibility and potential efficacy of intensive immunosuppression followed by autologous HSCT for treatment of intractable autoimmune diseases. The durability of remission, however, remains to be clarified.

대상청구권에 대한 입법론적 고찰

김대규,전완수 圓光大學校 法學硏究所 2006 法學硏究 Vol.22 No.2

When an obligation become insolvent after the fact, the Korean civil law provide that if it is caused by obligor's responsibility, he should take the burden of the debt, but he can be released from the debt if the default is not his own responsibility. In the latter case, meanwhile, it become an issue whether a consideration duty exists or not if the obligation is based on a bilateral contract. Accordingly, it has been settled by the provision of the risk bearing. The claim rights of vicarious compensation mean the creditors' right of recourse on the profit against the obligators when debtors make profits on vicarious compensation of the object to be fulfilled by the same causes which raised the insolvency. The Korean civil law has no provisionn on the claim rights of vicarious compensation, but the rights are expressly provided in substantive enactment of Germany and France. The rights are acknowledges, but the application scopes are different by each country in various cases like above, and the requisites and the effectiveness are as well. Moreover, the meaning of the claim rights of vicarious compensation in legal schemes and the harmonizations of the laws with other civil law systems are different due to the differences in the ways of the transfer of a real right and the principles of risk bearing etc. of the countries. In conclusion, due to the problems in itself as well as possible conflict with existing system and fairness breaking result of the acknowledging the claim right of vicarious compensation, it is reasonable that the Korean civil law should not acknowledge the claim rights of vicarious compensation.

전통 발효식품인 젓갈류의 특성

김완수 호남대학교산업기술연구소 2011 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.17 No.-

Jeotgals, time-lapse foods, which fresh seafoods are salted, fermented and aged at ambient conditions for a limited time, and with the help of microorganisms or enzymes, some ingredients are decomposed and/or new components are formed, giving increase in nutritional, organoleptical and preserving characteristics. Jeotgals are largely divided into Jeotgal and Sikhae. The former(Jeotgal) is classified into liquid type Jeot for Kimchi making, solid(flesh) type Jeot for side dish and fish sauce for condiment of assorted foods. Sikhae is developed as a substitute for Kimchi in the area of salt shortage, that is, Kimchi style Jeotgal. In this paper, the origin, classification and compositions of Jeotgals, and commercially available those products were reviewed 젓갈류는 어패류를 자연 조건에서 염장 후 발효ㆍ숙성시키면 미생물 또는 효소의 도움으로 식품 성분이 분해되거나 새로운 성분이 만들어져 영양가, 기호성, 저장성이 증가된 시간의 음식이다. 젓갈류는 젓갈과 식해로 분류하는데, 젓갈은 김치에 사용하는 액젓, 반찬(찬품)으로 사용하는 육젓, 조미식품으로 사용하는 어간장 등 여러 용도에 사용되고 식해는 일반적으로 소금이 귀한 지역(함경도, 강원도)에서 발달하여 김치 대용식으로 애용되는 김치형 젓갈이다. 본 논문은 젓갈류의 기원, 분류, 성분 및 시판 젓갈에 대해 고찰하고자 한다.

소비 패러다임 변화에 대응하는 국내 식품산업의 동향

김완수 호남대학교산업기술연구소 2009 산업기술연구논문집 Vol.15 No.-

식품산업은 우리에게 먹거리 제공이라는 기본적 역할 외에도 사회적웰빙(로하스), 고령화, 환경친화적, 첨단기술의 융복합화, 안전성 등 점점 복잡한 소비트랜드에 부합되도록 고부가가치산업으로 활성화되고 경쟁력 강화가 이루어져야 세계식품시장의 선점을 모색할 수 있다. 이를 위해 현재 취약한 우리 식품산업의 글로벌 경쟁력을 성장시키고 고용확대 및 수출 산업화가 되도록 국가 및 지역차원의 식품클러스터 조성으로 식품산업이 육성되논 방안을 고찰하였다. Besides providing foods for survival of fundamental role, our food industry should invigorate high value-added industry and strengthen the competitiveness in order to come up to complex consumption trends such as social well-being(LOHAS), an aging society, eco-friendliness, fusion of high technology, safety, etc., resulting in allowing us to secure early dominance in food market internationally. For this, the purpose of this review paper was attempted to consider a measure for fostering food industry through creating national and regional food industrial clusters which would give nurturing global competitiveness of our weak food industry, extending employment and leading export-oriented industrialization.

생물 실험 지도에 있어서 가설 검증 수업모형의 적용 효과

김광수,정완호 한국교원대학교 과학교육연구소 1996 청람과학교육연구논총 Vol.6 No.1

Improving of scientific inquiring ability is the major goal of current science curriculum, and the 6th science curriculum. But science educators consider that the existing textbooks and teaching manuals are insufficient to achieve this goal. For science teachers at teaching site to guide students efficiently in research work, development of teaching-learning programs is urgently demanded. Hypothesis Verification Learning Model(HVLM) was applied to classroom situation to improve ability of scientific inquiry in experiment teaching of middle school biology. The effects of the model were analyzed to suggest some approach method to reach the goal of science education in this study. The major results of this study are as following: 1. The students and teachers responded positively on this new learning model. an students were willing to participate in biology experiment and they said that to know what was unknown to them while exchanging ideas and opinions through the discussion, It was hard for teachers to instruct at the first time and it took much time for them to arrange materials ready, but it turned to be easier as time went on. 2. In science process skills, there was no significant difference statistically by new leaning model. Only the formulating a generalization or model showed significant difference statistically between the two groups. 3. For scientific attitude, experimental group did not show significant difference statistically between the two groups, but the experimental group showed statistically more significant positiveness in all areas afterwards than before. 4. In science achievement test, there was significantly higher than the control group. It is also analyzed that they remember the experiments in courses and results they planned and performed by themselves longer than these guided by teachers.

혈액종양병동 입원환자에서 Vancomycin 내성 장구균의 직장내 감시 배양 연구

김명신,이승옥,임지향,서광수,김용구,한경자,최정현,유진홍,최수미,신완식,이동건,김경미 대한감염학회 2003 감염과 화학요법 Vol.35 No.3

목적 : Vancomycin 내성장구균(VRE)은 병원감염의 중요한 원인균으로 VRE 보균상태의 환자들을 파악하여 감염을 예방할 수 있는 감시체계가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 혈액종양병동 입원 환자를 대상으로 VRE의 직장내 감시배양을 실시하여 그 빈도 및 분포를 알아보고, 집락화된 균주와 임상검체에서 분리된 VRE와의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법 : 가톨릭대학교 성모병원 혈액종양병동에 입원해 있는 환자를 대상으로 14개월간 직장 감시배양을 시행하였다. 혈액한천배지에서 장구균이 의심되는 집락을 따서 vancomycin 6㎍/㎖이 포함된 Brain-heart infusion agar에 10^(6) CFU를 접종하여 vancomycin 내성선별검사를 하였다. 이 기간 동안 4병실에서 환경감시배양을 시행하였다. 분리된 균주는 Microscan을 이용하여 균종을 동정하였고 vancomycin에 대한 최소억제농도를 측정하였다. Multiplex PCR로 균종 확인 및 동시에 vancomycin 내성 유전형을 알아보았다. 결과 : 대상이 된 452명의 환자 중 230명(50.9%)이 직장내 VRE 보균자로 확인되었다. 균종의 분포는 E. faecium (72.4%), E. faecalis(24.1%) 순으로 vancomycin에 대한 MIC가 128㎍/㎖ 이상의 고도 내성이었으며, vanA형이 대부분이었다. 환경 감시배양에서는 2개 병실에서 VRE 4주가 분리되었다(E. faecium 3주, E. faecalis 1주). 감시기간동안 32명의 환자의 임상검체에서 33주의 VRE가 동정되었고 이 중 29명(90.6%)이 직장내 VRE 보균자였다. 결론: 가톨릭의대 성모병원 혈액종양병동의 VRE의 직장 내 집락화율이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 특히 임상검체에서 VRE가 분리된 환자의 경우 VRE 직장내 집락화율이 유의하게 높게 나타나 보균상태의 VRE가 환자의 감염에 직접적인 연관이 있을 수 있으므로 이를 예방하고 관리하는 지침이 필요하다고 생각한다. Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important pathogens among hospitalized patients. We evaluated the prevalence of rectal VRE colonization at hematology-on-cology unit and the correlation between VRE colonization and infection. Materials & Methods: All VRE isolates were obtained from rectal swabs and clinical samples of the patients hospitalized over 14-month period at hematology-oncology unit in St. Mary's Hospital. The agar screening test was performed by using 6 ug/ml of vancomycin in brain heart infusion agar with 10^(6) CFU inoculum. During this period, the environmental surveillance culture was performed in 4 hospital rooms. Species identification of VRE was done by Microscan and MICs to vancomycin. Identification and genotyping of VRE pattern were confirmed by multiplex PCR. Results: Rectal colonization rate was 50.9% (230 among 452 patients). The most common isolate was E. faecium (72.4%) followed by E. faecalis (24.1%), and all had vanA genotype. Four VREs (three E. faecium and one E. faecalis) were isolated from 2 hospital rooms. During this period, 33 clinical VRE strains from 32 patients were isolated (infected or colonized). Twenty nine (90.6%) of these clinical isolates came from VRE carriers. Conclusion: This study showed a high rectal colonization rate of VRE in patients hospitalized at the hematology-oncology unit in St. Mary's Hospital. The colonization rate of VRE in the rectum was higher among the patients who had clinical infection by VRE. Therefore, the strategies for prevention and control of VRE infection should be deveoloped and monitored.