THE EFFECT OF VIRTUAL COMMUNITY CODEPENDENCY ON VIRTUAL COMMUNITY ADDICTION: EXPLORING THE MEDIATION EFFECTS

Long-Chuan Lu,Ching-Tzu Tsai 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2018 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2018 No.07

Introduction Virtual communities have changed lifestyles and interpersonal relations, creating an internet community culture. They are a primary medium of emotional contact with others. American psychologist estimated that more than 350 million people have Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) (Hong et al., 2014; SickFacebook.com, 2010), some kind of virtual community addiction (VCA). An average of 728 million people use Facebook every day, and users spend much time on Facebook (Hong et al., 2014). 80.24% of university students think that Facebook is an important element of social culture (Thompson & Lougheed, 2012). VCA has been explored in psychology in the past. This study adds three psychological dimensions and sense of virtual community when investigating the antecedents of VCA. The results of this study may direct public attention to VCA and help develop guidelines for online marketing and operation of virtual communities. Literature review and hypotheses development Virtual community addiction (VCA) Many people are not aware of addictive in virtual community. While some addictive behaviors are considered mental disorders, an increasing number of studies has found potentially addictive behavior involving computers and the internet (Andreassen et al., 2012), including video game addiction (Fisher, 1994), Internet addiction (Beard, 2005), mobile phone addiction (Choliz, 2010), and online addiction (Griffiths, 2012). The definition of Internet addiction remains controversial. This study defines VCA as a tendency that users forced to use and even can not control not to use for the virtual communities. Virtual community codependency (VCC) Although codependency lacks a clear definition, there are only two perspectives on codependency that are relevant to this study. First, codependency is a learned helplessness, resulting in individuals who cannot create or participate in interpersonal relationships in the future (O’Gorman, 1993). Second, codependency is a pattern of dysfunction in interpersonal relationships. According to the social compensation theory, if people feel insecurity and negative social identity in real life interpersonal networks, they may spend more time using virtual communities as compensation. Therefore, we hypothesize: H1. Virtual community codependency (VCC) positively influences virtual community addiction (VAC). Sense of virtual community (SVC) Blanchard (2007) defined the SVC as members feel membership, a sense of belonging and attachment to the group through electronic communication. Abfalter et al. (2012) defined the SVC as members having a sense of ‘spirit of belonging together’ in a virtual community. Members are interacting more, making them develop close relationships that lead to a stronger bond (Abfalter et al., 2012; Chavis et al., 1986; Obst et al., 2002). Facebook is widely used in the virtual community, regardless of the number and use of the degree has been increasing. Thus, we conclude that high VCC will need individuals to have a desire to derive compensation from the virtual community that cannot be achieved in the real world. If people in this community have similar needs, priorities, and goals, increasing the use of Facebook will lead to an increase in VCA. We propose the following hypothesis: H2. The relationship between the Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Sense of Virtual Community (SVC). Behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) Gray (1982) proposed the most widely applied pair of systems controlling behavioral activity, the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the behavioral approach system (BAS). These are intrinsic motivation systems in charge of desire and disgust (Carver & White, 1994). They are used to measure the sensitivity of individuals to punishment avoidance and to reward acquisition. When the sensitivity of an individual toward penalty/reward is higher, their response to a stimulus is greater (Linden et al., 2007). Studies also show that Internet addiction and BIS are related (Yen et al, 2009). Thus, we conclude that high VCC will be stimulated by BIS when there is an accident or a novel experience, and negative emotional reactions will seek to be resolved in the virtual world. Hence, Facebook users will to escape from the real environment to the virtual world, so as to addict on the virtual community. This leads to the following hypothesis: H3. The direct relationship between the Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). BAS is based on motivations for an individual to pursue and achieve goals. BAS is more active and more sensitive to external reward clues, leading to stimulated sensory seeking behavior (Beauchaine et al., 2001). If the incentive clues appear, individuals who have high BAS are more prone to short positive emotions and approaching behavior individuals with low BAS. Thus, we speculate that high VCC will be stimulated by BAS when there is reward responsiveness or when driven in pursuit of goals in the virtual community. It will also make it more likely to engage in fun seeking in virtual communities. Thus, Facebook users deeply trapped in the virtual environment by BAS stimulation and fail to pull themselves out. Therefore, we hypothesize: H4. The direct relationship between Virtual Community Codependency (VCC) and Virtual Community Addiction (VAC) is mediated by the Behavioral Approach System (BAS). Methodology Survey development and measurement We adapted a number of scales (Abfalter et al., 2012; Andreassen et al., 2012; Carver & White, 1994; Fischer et al., 1991) and compiled a 55 item self-report scale questionnaire. Following the procedure recommended by Churchill (1979), we pre-tested the scale on 30 college students to determine the reliability and validity of the constructs. Based on the feedback, we refined the measures and ensured that all of the questionnaire items were applicable to our research. Finally, 53 valid items were retained in the formal questionnaire. Data collection and sample profile We used a web-based survey to collected data from the Youthwant survey platform in Taiwan. This was a more effective way to search for respondents for this study. The formal questionnaires were free to answer by members of the network platform. The participants were told of the survey’s importance to trigger participant’s interest, and give a 10 bonus points as reward. A total of 224 questionnaires were returned, 3 invalid and 221 effective. Respondents were evenly distributed across various ages between 18 and 50 years. The majority of respondents were female (60.2%) and only about 23.1% were students. Most respondents had completed university education (60.6%). 93.6% had been used Facebook for more than one year, with 63.3% having over four years of membership. 70.6% use Facebook more than once a day and for 82.8%, daily usage is at least a half hour, while 71.0% exceed a half an hour each time they use Facebook. This shows that of all respondents were long-term users. Results The total effects are determined by testing the direct impact of VCC on VCA without the mediator constructs. The results (see Table 1) show a significant relationship between VCC and VCA (β11 = 0.572, p < 0.001), supporting H1 (VCC positively affects VAC). The mediating effect is slight but statistically significant. 0.096 of the indirect effect is the result of the effect of VCC on SVC, which in turn influences VCA. The direct relationship between the VCC and VCA is significant as mediated by the SVC. Thus, H2 was supported. The mediating effect involves testing the direct relationship between the VCC and VCA mediated by the BIS. The results show a significant relationship between VCC and VCA (β13 = 0.488, p<0.001). VCC positively and significantly affects BIS (β12 = 0.493, p < 0.001). The effect of BIS on VCA is also positively significant (β23 = 0.169, p <0.05). This was confirmed by the evaluation of the structural model results. The direct effect is 0.488 (t = 5.661, p < 0.001) and the indirect effect is 0.083 (0.493 ? 0.169= 0.083) which is significant (z = 2.039, p < 0.05) by Sobel test. Thus, the direct relationship between the VCC and VCA is slightly mediated by BIS. H3 was supported. The VAF of the model is 33.70% (0.193 / (0.380 + 0.193) ? 100%). In this situation, a VAF larger than 20% and less than 80% can be characterized as partial mediation (Hair et al., 2014). The ?2 effect size is 0.117, showing that BAS has medium effects on VCA. Thus, H4 was supported. Discussion This study is a step by step quantification of how changes in virtual community codependency (VCC) are related to changes in virtual community addiction (VCA) directly and indirectly through one or more mediators. First, the results show a strong relationship between virtual community codependency (VCC) and virtual community addiction (VCA). Furthermore, we cannot deny that the sense of virtual community (SVC) has a small mediating effect on the direct relationship between virtual community codependency (VCC) and virtual community addiction (VCA). The increased use of Facebook when there is a sense of the ‘spirit of belonging together’ can lead to increased tendency to virtual community addiction (VCA). The results are supported by Fischer et al. (1991) and Hong et al., (2014). Limitations and future research directions There are limitations in this study. First, this study does not have a large sample. Second, with technology advances and use behavior changes, the popularity of virtual communities and dependency is rising. The virtual community addiction scale can only evaluate the current situation. This study investigated the latent variables that determine partial or complete mediation using the AVF of Hair (2014). The judgment of AVF uses rules of thumb and awaits meta-analysis of partial and/or complete mediation in the future. Finally, future research could examine virtual communities in other cultures.

생활체육참여자의 지각된 스트레스, 자기관리 그리고 정신건강

박성무(Park, Seong-Moo),허진영(Huh, Jin-Young) 한국체육과학회 2016 한국체육과학회지 Vol.25 No.4

This study analyzed the mediated moderation effect and moderated mediation effect of resilience on the relations of perceived stress, self-management, and mental health of life-time sport participants by using SPSS macro PROCESS 2.13. Life-time sport participants(N=311) living in Seoul-si and Gyeonggi-do, data of perceived stress, self-management, mental health, and resilience was collected. Using SPSS 23.0 program, the explanatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and correlation analysis were conducted for the collected data. Using SPSS macro PROCESS 2.13 program, the mediation effect and moderation effect(mediated moderation effect, moderated mediation effect, and moderated direct effect) were analyzed. Through the research methods and procedures above, the results like below were obtained. First, on the relation between perceived stress and mental health, there were partially mediated effects of self-management. Second, the interaction effect of perceived stress and resilience was significant, and there were the mediated moderation effects. Third, the interaction effect of self-management and resilience was not significant on the mediated model, and there were no moderated mediation effects. Fourth, the interaction effect of resilience was significant on the relation between perceived stress and mental health, and there were the moderated direct effects.

판타지 드라마 주인공의 초현실적 능력과 몰입

임인재(In Jae Lim),나은영(Eun-Yeong Na),김승현(Seung Hyun Kim) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 2019 언론정보연구 Vol.56 No.2

본 연구는 판타지 드라마 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 드라마 몰입에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 그 과정에서 의사사회적 상호작용과 판타지 충족감이 매개효과를 보이는지 분석하였다. 실험 1에서는 드라마 ‘도깨비’에서 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 높은 장면과 낮은 장면을 추출한 뒤 330명을 대상으로 유사 실험 연구를 진행했다. 그 결과, 주인공의 초현실적 능력은 드라마 몰입도에 정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 그 과정에서 의사사회적 상호작용은 매개효과를 보이지 않았지만 판타지 충족감은 부분적인 매개효과를 보였다. 실험 1의 단점을 보완하고 결론의 일반화 가능성을 높이기 위해 실험 2에서는 ‘도깨비’보다 상대적으로 시청률과 인지도가 낮은 판타지 드라마 ‘별에서 온 그대’, ‘W(더블유)’를 선정해 유사 실험 연구를 진행했다. 각 드라마에서 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 높은 장면과 낮은 장면을 추출해 설문을 실시한 결과(N=320), 집단(고초능력 집단 vs 저초능력 집단)에 따라 드라마 몰입도 차이가 유의미하여, 등장인물의 초현실적 능력이 높을수록 드라마 몰입도가 높아졌다. 의사사회적 상호작용과 판타지 충족감은 각각 부분 매개 효과를 보였다. 초현실적 능력을 보이는 등장인물은 의사사회적 상호작용을 매개로 몰입도에 부정적인 영향을, 판타지 충족감을 매개로 몰입도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. This study explored the effect of protagonists’ surrealistic power for the immersion in fantasy drama and analyzed the mediation effect of parasocial interaction and fantasy fulfillment. Through the study 1, we extracted several scenes which shows protagonists’ high and low surrealistic power from the soap opera ‘Goblin’ and searched the quasi-experiment study for 330 subjects. It came down to the following conclusions. First, it has shown that protagonists’ surrealistic power effects on the immersion positively and fantasy fulfillment has the mediation effect partially even though parasocial is not related to the mediation effect. In Study 1, considering the fact that there was no difference among the groups(high surrealistic power vs low surrealistic power) due to the high awareness of the participants, in Study 2, we conducted a quasiexperiment study by selecting the fantasy drama ‘My Love from the Star’ and ‘W(W)’, which have a relatively lower viewer ratings than ‘Goblin’. As a result of the surveys (N= 320), we found that the drama immersion difference was significant according to the group(high surrealistic power vs low surrealistic power). The higher the surrealistic power of the drama, the higher the drama immersion. Parasocial interaction and fantasy fulfillment were partially mediated. The characters with surrealistic ability had a negative influence on immersion through mediation of parasocial interaction, and positive influence on immersion through mediation of fantasy fulfillment. 본 연구는 판타지 드라마 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 드라마 몰입에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고, 그 과정에서 의사사회적 상호작용과 판타지 충족감이 매개효과를 보이는지 분석하였다. 실험 1에서는 드라마 ‘도깨비’에서 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 높은 장면과 낮은 장면을 추출한 뒤 330명을 대상으로 유사 실험 연구를 진행했다. 그 결과, 주인공의 초현실적 능력은 드라마 몰입도에 정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 그 과정에서 의사사회적 상호작용은 매개효과를 보이지 않았지만 판타지 충족감은 부분적인 매개효과를 보였다. 실험 1의 단점을 보완하고 결론의 일반화 가능성을 높이기 위해 실험 2에서는 ‘도깨비’보다 상대적으로 시청률과 인지도가 낮은 판타지 드라마 ‘별에서 온 그대’, ‘W(더블유)’를 선정해 유사 실험 연구를 진행했다. 각 드라마에서 주인공의 초현실적 능력이 높은 장면과 낮은 장면을 추출해 설문을 실시한 결과(N=320), 집단(고초능력 집단 vs 저초능력 집단)에 따라 드라마 몰입도 차이가 유의미하여, 등장인물의 초현실적 능력이 높을수록 드라마 몰입도가 높아졌다. 의사사회적 상호작용과 판타지 충족감은 각각 부분 매개 효과를 보였다. 초현실적 능력을 보이는 등장인물은 의사사회적 상호작용을 매개로 몰입도에 부정적인 영향을, 판타지 충족감을 매개로 몰입도에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. This study explored the effect of protagonists’ surrealistic power for the immersion in fantasy drama and analyzed the mediation effect of parasocial interaction and fantasy fulfillment. Through the study 1, we extracted several scenes which shows protagonists’ high and low surrealistic power from the soap opera ‘Goblin’ and searched the quasi-experiment study for 330 subjects. It came down to the following conclusions. First, it has shown that protagonists’ surrealistic power effects on the immersion positively and fantasy fulfillment has the mediation effect partially even though parasocial is not related to the mediation effect. In Study 1, considering the fact that there was no difference among the groups(high surrealistic power vs low surrealistic power) due to the high awareness of the participants, in Study 2, we conducted a quasiexperiment study by selecting the fantasy drama ‘My Love from the Star’ and ‘W(W)’, which have a relatively lower viewer ratings than ‘Goblin’. As a result of the surveys (N= 320), we found that the drama immersion difference was significant according to the group(high surrealistic power vs low surrealistic power). The higher the surrealistic power of the drama, the higher the drama immersion. Parasocial interaction and fantasy fulfillment were partially mediated. The characters with surrealistic ability had a negative influence on immersion through mediation of parasocial interaction, and positive influence on immersion through mediation of fantasy fulfillment.

예배 및 선교요인이 교회사회복지 참여성에 미치는 영향에 대한 영성의 매개효과

조운희(Woon-Hee Cho) 연세대학교 신과대학(연합신학대학원) 2010 신학논단 Vol.60 No.-

??This work is about the questionnaire with 304 christians in Gyeung-buk region about worship, mission and church social work. Following is the result of the how Mediating Effect of spirituality affect the influence of worship and mission between church social work.<br/> ??FIrst, church social work seems more positive as the recognition of worship, mission and the spirituality is higher in that there are big relation between worship, mission, spiritualiry and church social work in the ratio of about .538-.712 and also there is positive relation.<br/> ??Secondly, it seems that there is the perfect mediating effect between the worship element of independent fluent and the church social work of slavery fluent when the spirituality element of mediating fluent is put by the procedure brought up by Baron & Kenny(1986).<br/> ??Thirdly, mediating effect of spirituality about mission element's influence to the church social work also has the perfect mediating effect. And the mediating effect significance is statistically worth at the rate of p <. 05. Spirituality element's mediating effects has 63.50% of indirect effect and 34.7% of direct effect on church social work.<br/> ??Thus, because enforcing spirituality through the worship or enforcing spirituality for the missions play a vital mediating role in social welfare work of church, it is primarily requested that the effort of the practical and various study and adaption is needed to enforce the spirituality of christians. ??This work is about the questionnaire with 304 christians in Gyeung-buk region about worship, mission and church social work. Following is the result of the how Mediating Effect of spirituality affect the influence of worship and mission between church social work.<br/> ??FIrst, church social work seems more positive as the recognition of worship, mission and the spirituality is higher in that there are big relation between worship, mission, spiritualiry and church social work in the ratio of about .538-.712 and also there is positive relation.<br/> ??Secondly, it seems that there is the perfect mediating effect between the worship element of independent fluent and the church social work of slavery fluent when the spirituality element of mediating fluent is put by the procedure brought up by Baron & Kenny(1986).<br/> ??Thirdly, mediating effect of spirituality about mission element's influence to the church social work also has the perfect mediating effect. And the mediating effect significance is statistically worth at the rate of p <. 05. Spirituality element's mediating effects has 63.50% of indirect effect and 34.7% of direct effect on church social work.<br/> ??Thus, because enforcing spirituality through the worship or enforcing spirituality for the missions play a vital mediating role in social welfare work of church, it is primarily requested that the effort of the practical and various study and adaption is needed to enforce the spirituality of christians.

초등학생의 사회불안과 행복감의 관계에서 자기자비의 매개효과

심우엽 ( Woo Youp Shim ) 한국초등교육학회 2014 초등교육연구 Vol.27 No.1

최근 들어 상당수의 청소년과 성인들이 사회불안으로 인하여 고통을 겪고 있으며 이로 인하여 행복감도 낮아지는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 그런데 일부 연구는 이러한 사회불안이 초등학교 시기에 이미 발생하고 있음을 시사하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 초등학생을 대상으로 두 가설 즉 사회불안이 행복감에 영향을 미치는가, 그리고 사회불안이 행복감에 영향을 미치는 과정에서 자기자비의 매개효과가 있는가를 검증하고 아울러 자기자비의 매개효과가 남녀 학생 중 누가 더 높은지를 분석하였다. 자기자비의 매개효과가 있다면 높은 사회불안으로 인하여 행복감이 낮은 초등학생들에게 자기자비 향상을 통하여 사회불안의 부정적 영향을 해소하고 나아가 행복감을 증진시킬 수 있을 것이기 때문이다. 강원도 소재 한 초등학교의 6학년 246명으로부터 수집한 자료를 구조방정식과 Sobel test를 통하여 분석한 결과 부분매개모형이 가장 적합한 것으로 판정되었다. 즉 사회불안은 행복감에 부정적 영향을 미치고, 그 과정에서 자기자비는 부분매개효과가 있었다. 그리고 매개효과는 여학생이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 교육과 추후 연구에 관하여 논의를 하였다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the main effects of social anxiety on happiness and the mediation effects of self-compassion on happiness in the relationship between social anxiety and happiness of elementary school students. 246 students(131 boys, 115 girls) were sampled from one elementary school in a city, Kangwon-do. Structural equation model(SEM) regression analysis, and Sobel test were used in order to test mediation effects. The results were as follows. First, model fit indices showed the estimated partial mediation model of this study was good. Second, social anxiety influenced happiness of the students. Third, self-compassion partially mediated the effects of social anxiety on happiness. Fourth, mediation effect of self-compassion was higher in girls than in boys. Discussion and suggestions were as follows. First, elementary schools need to develop the methods of alleviating children`s social anxiety. Second, teachers need to understand self-compassion and its mediation effects. That is, school needs to develop program for self-compassion. Third, program for elevating self-compassion for the girls needs to be differentiated from that of the boys, since mediation effects of self-compassion were higher in girls than in boys. And future research needs to investigate why the mediation effect of the boys is different from that of the girls. Fourth, future researches have to find out other mediation variables other than self-compassion, for instance self-efficacy, social support, and self-esteem. This study is subject to limitations in generalizing the results due to the limited sampling.

대형화재위험인식이 화재정보효과에 미치는 영향 : 정부신뢰와 위험의사소통의 이중매개효과

최인규 ( In-kyu Choi ) 한국정책연구원 2023 한국정책논집 Vol.23 No.0

이 연구는 다중이용시설의 대형화재위험인식와 화재정보효과의 관계에서 정부신뢰와 위험의사소통의 이중매개효과를 검증하고자 한다. 이를 위해 전 국민 1,100명을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하였으며, Macro Process for SPSS를 활용하여 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 다중이용시설의 대형화재위험인식은 화재정보효과와 정적인 관계로 유의미하게 입증되었다. 둘째, 대형화재위험인식과 화재정보효과의 관계에서 정부신뢰는 부분매개효과가 있는 것으로 검증되었다. 셋째, 다중이용시설의 대형화재위험인식와 화재정보효과의 관계에서 위험의 사소통의 매개효과는 유의미하게 검증되지 않았다. 넷째, 다중이용시설의 대형화재위험인식와 화재정보효과의 관계에서 정부신뢰와 위험의사소통의 이중매개효과는 존재하는 것으로 검증되었다. 이러한 분석 결과를 기반으로 다중이용시설의 대형화재위험인식을 확산하기 위한 지원과 정부신뢰와 위험의사소통의 개선방안, 그리고 효율적인 화재정보효과를 도출하기 위한 정책 및 화재예방제도의 개선에 대한 방향을 제안하였다. This study aims to verify the dual mediating effects of government trust and risk communication on the relationship between large fire risk perception and fire information effectiveness in multi-use facilities. For this purpose, a survey was conducted on 1,100 people nationwide, and the mediation effect was verified using Macro Process for SPSS. The results of the analysis are as follows. First, large fire risk perception in multi-use facilities is significantly related to fire information effectiveness. Second, government trust was found to have a partial mediating effect on the relationship between large fire risk perception and fire information effectiveness. Third, the mediating effect of risk communication on the relationship between large fire risk perception and fire information effectiveness in multi-use facilities was not significantly verified. Fourth, the dual mediating effect of government trust and risk communication on the relationship between large fire risk perception and fire information effectiveness in multi-use facilities was found to exist. Based on the results of these analyses, the authors suggested support for spreading large fire risk awareness in multi-use facilities, ways to improve government trust and risk communication, and directions for improving policies and fire prevention systems to achieve efficient fire information effectiveness.

부부의 내현적 자기애와 결혼만족도의 관계에서 내면화된 수치심의 매개효과: 자기효과와 상대방효과

박유진,심은정 한국상담학회 2021 상담학연구 Vol.22 No.4

This study attempted to identify the paths from the husband’s and the wife’s covert narcissism to marital satisfaction, mediated by internalized shame, and to understand differences by actor and partner effects among married couples. For this purpose, path analysis was conducted using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model(APIM) for the collected data from 142 married couples to confirm direct and indirect effects, and actor and partner effects among the variables. Additionally, phantom variables were created and the bootstrapping tests were performed to confirm the mediating effects. The results of this study were summarized as follows: First, the actor effect of covert narcissism directly on marital satisfaction was significant only in the wife. The partner effects of covert narcissism directly on marital satisfaction were not significant either among husbands or among wives. Second, the internalized shame of the husband and the internalized shame of the wife fully mediated the actor-effect of the husband’s covert narcissism on the husband’s marital satisfaction; the internalized shame of the wife partially mediated the actor-effect of the wife’s covert narcissism on wife’s marital satisfaction. Third, the wife’s internalized shame fully mediated the partner effect of husband’s covert narcissism on the wife’s marital satisfaction; the wife’s internalized shame fully mediated the partner effect of wife’s covert narcissism on the husband’s marital satisfaction. Based on these results, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed. 본 연구는 부부관계에서 남편과 아내의 내현적 자기애가 내면화된 수치심을 매개로 결혼만족도에 영향을 미치는 경로를 확인하고, 자기효과와 상대방효과에 따른 차이를 이해하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 142쌍의 기혼부부 자료를 대상으로, 자기-상대방 상호의존모형(Actor-Partner Interdependence Model: APIM)을 활용하여 경로분석을 실시하여 변인들 간의 직․간접 효과 및 자기효과와 상대방효과를 확인하였다. 또한 팬텀변수를 생성하여 부트스트랩 검증을 통해 매개효과를 검증하였다. 연구결과를 요약하면 첫째, 내현적 자기애가 결혼만족도에 미치는 자기효과는 아내의 경우만 유의하였다. 남편과 아내의 내현적 자기애가 결혼만족도에 미치는 상대방효과는 모두 유의하지 않았다. 둘째, 남편의 내현적 자기애가 남편의 결혼만족도에 미치는 자기효과에서 남편의 내면화된 수치심과 아내의 내면화된 수치심은 완전매개 하였고, 아내의 내현적 자기애가 아내의 결혼만족도에 미치는 자기효과에서는 아내의 내면화된 수치심은 부분매개 하였다. 셋째, 남편의 내현적 자기애가 아내의 결혼만족도에 미치는 상대방효과에서 아내의 내면화된 수치심이 완전매개 하였고, 아내의 내현적 자기애가 남편의 결혼만족도에 미치는 상대방효과에서도 아내의 내면화된 수치심이 완전매개 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의 및 한계점을 논하였다.

학령전환기 아동의 사회적 유능감이 행복감에 미치는 영향 : 학교적응의 매개효과 중심으로

김경화 ( Kim¸ Kyunghwa ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2020 교육문화연구 Vol.26 No.4

본 연구는 학령 전환기 아동이 새로운 환경에 적응하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 반영하여 사회적 유능감이 학교적응을 매개로 행복감에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 특히, 학교는 유아학교에서 초등 교육기관으로 전환 되었다는 점에서 중요한 변수 이므로 학교적응 전체뿐만 아니라 하위 요인별로 매개효과를 검증 하였다. 연구방법으로는 육아정책연구소의 한국아동페널 7차년도(2014년)와 8차년도(2015년) 데이터를 사용하였다. 변인과 관련하여 결측값이 발생한 데이터를 제거하여 총 866명의 응답 자료를 바탕으로 Hayes(2018)가 제안한 PROCESS macro의 model 4번을 이용하여 분석하였으며, 간접효과는 부스트랩 샘플을 5,000개로 지정하여 분석하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교적응은 사회적 유능감이 아동의 행복감에 영향을 미치는 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이때 매개효과는 부분매개로 나타났다. 둘째, 학교생활적응은 유아기의 사회적 유능감이 아동의 행복감에 영향을 미치는데 있어 매개효과가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 학업수행적응은 유아기의 사회적 유능감이 아동의 행복감에 영향을 미치는데 있어 매개효과 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이때 매개효과는 부분매개로 나타났다. 넷째, 또래관계는 유아기의 사회적 유능감이 아동의 행복감에 영향을 미치는데 있어 매개효과 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이때 매개효과는 부분매개로 나타났다. 다섯째, 교사관계는 유아기의 사회적 유능감이 아동의 행복감에 영향을 미치는데 있어 매개효과 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이때 매개효과는 부분매개로 나타났다. 이는 유아기 사회적 유능감이 높을수록 아동의 학교적응과 행복감이 높아질 수 있음을 알 수 있다. This study analyzed the effect of social competence on happiness through the mediating effect of school adaptation, reflecting the importance of adapting to a new environment during the transitional period of school age. Especially, since school is an important variable in that it transitioned from a childhood school to an elementary education institution, the mediating effect was verified not only for the overall school adaptation but also for each sub-variant. As for the research method, Korean Institute of dhild care and education's Korean Children's Panel data from the 7th year(2014) and 8th year(2015) were used. After removing data with missing values related to the variables, The data was analyzed using model 4 of the process macro proposed by Hayes(2018) based on a total of 866 responses. Indirect effects were analyzed with 5,000 bootstrap samples. The findings are as follows. First, school adaptation shows social competence has a mediating effect on child’s happiness. The mediating effect is partial mediation. Second, school life adaptation does not show early childhood’s social competence has a mediating effect on child’s happiness. Third, academic performance adaptation shows that early childhood’s social competence has a mediating effect on child’s happiness. The mediating effect is partial mediation. Fourth, peer adaptation shows social competence has a mediating effect on child’s happiness. The mediating effect is partial mediation. Fifth, teacher adaptation shows early childhood's competence has a mediating effect on child’s happiness. The mediating effect is partial mediation. This study shows that the higher the early childhood’s social competence, the higher child’s school adaptation and happiness.

행정형 직권조정결정의 쟁점과 입법과제

황창근 연세법학회 2024 연세법학 Vol.0 No.44

Ex Officio Mediation Decision originated from the Civil Mediation Act are introduced and operated as ADR in specialized administrative fields such as media, communication, environment, copyright, and protection of new varieties. When compared with other types of ADR, it can be considered a new type. While administrative ADR generally serves as the primary function of dispute resolution, Ex Officio Mediation Decision also performs roles related to regulatory administration such as victim redress, indicating an expectation for its widespread adoption in the future. Ex Officio Mediation Decision have the characteristic of rationalization through legal formalization, considering the higher degree of intervention by the mediation authority compared to general mediation. Although procedures and effects are regulated differently in individual laws, it appears that the Civil Mediation Act is generally referenced. However, as the purpose and function of administrative mediation differ from civil mediation, it is necessary to derive its unique nature. The current shortcomings and improvement tasks under the present law are as follows. Firstly, to establish the prerequisites for Ex Officio Mediation Decision, the determining authority and initiation procedures must be defined to ensure predictability and stability. Secondly, while most Ex Officio Mediation Decision grant the effectiveness of settlement in court, considering factors such as guaranteeing the right to litigation, the perspective of separation of powers, and the degree of administrative intervention, it raises doubts about their appropriateness. It would be sufficient to say that recent legislation has shown an adequate level of enforcement. Thirdly, concerning the requirements for the effectiveness of Ex Officio Mediation Decision, it would be appropriate to consider a lack of objection or explicit acceptance from the parties as a presumption of non-acceptance. Lastly, despite its nomenclature suggesting mediation, Ex Officio Mediation Decision exhibit significant differences from the essence of mediation; therefore, clear regulations on procedures and effects are necessary. 민사조정법에서 유래한 직권조정결정은 언론, 통신, 환경, 저작권, 신품종보호 등 특별 행정분야의 ADR로 도입되어 운영되고 있는데, 다른 ADR의 유형과 비교할 때 역사가 일천한 신유형이라고 할 수 있다. 일반적으로 행정형 ADR은 분쟁해결을 주된 기능으로 하지만, 직권조정결정은 피해자구제 등 규제행정 수단의 역할도 수행하고 있어서 향후 많은 도입이 예상된다. 직권조정결정은 일반 조정과 비교하여 조정기관의 개입의 정도가 높은 점을 감안하여 사유를 법정화하는 특징을 가진다. 절차나 효력에 대하여는 개별법상 달리 규정되어 있어서 일반적인 법리를 찾기는 어려우나 대체로 민사조정법을 참고한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 행정형의 목적이나 기능이 민사조정과는 다르다고 할 것이므로 독자적인 성격을 도출하는 것이 필요하다고 하겠다. 그런 관점에서 현행법상 미비점과 개선과제를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 첫째 직권조정결정의 개시요건으로 개시결정권자, 개시 절차 등을 정하여 예측가능성과 안정성을 확보하여야 한다. 둘째 대부분의 직권조정결정이 재판상 화해의 효력을 부여하고 있는데, 재판청구권의 보장, 권력분립주의의 관점, 행정개입의 정도 등을 고려하면 적절한지는 의문이다. 최근 입법에서 많이 나타나는 집행력 정도면 충분하다고 할 것이다. 셋째 직권조정결정의 효력요건에 관한 사항으로, 당사자의 이의신청이나 수락의사표시 등 아무런 의사표시가 없는 경우에는 불수락간주로 보는 것이 적절하다고 할 것이다. 넷째 직권조정결정은 명칭은 조정이지만 실질적으로 조정의 본질과는 상당한 차이가 있다고 할 것이므로 절차나 효력 등을 분명하게 규정할 필요가 있다.

혁신지향성이 조직 효과성에 미치는 영향: 임원리더십과 팀장리더십의 이중매개 효과 분석

노윤정 ( Ro Yun Jeong ),주재홍 ( Joo Jaehong ),김선아 ( Kim Sunah ),김하은 ( Kim Haeun ),송지훈 ( Song Ji Hoon ) 한국인력개발학회 2021 HRD연구 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 혁신지향성과 조직효과성의 관계에서 임원리더십과 팀장리더십의 이중매개효과를 검증하는데 있다. 급격한 환경의 변화와 함께 혁신지향성은 조직효과성을 증진시키고, 지속적 성장을 유도하는 주요한 요인으로 고려되고 있다. 리더십은 조직의 구성원들이 혁신지향성을 받아들이도록 하고, 이를 통해 조직 효과성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인이다. 본 연구는 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 국내 A 대기업 제조회사에 재직 중인 서울, 경기 및 지방 사업장에 소재하고 있는 본사 및 현장 구성원 1,135명을 대상으로 연구하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 혁신지향성과 조직효과성의 관계가 정(+)적으로 유의함을 확인하였다. 둘째, 혁신지향성과 조직효과성의 관계에서 임원리더십이 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)적 매개효과가 있음을 검증하였다. 셋째, 혁신지향성과 조직효과성의 관계에서 팀장리더십 또한 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)적 매개효과가 있음을 검증하였다. 마지막으로 혁신지향성과 조직효과성 관계에서 임원리더십과 팀장리더십의 이중 매개효과가 통계적으로 유의함을 검증하였다. 이상의 연구 결과를 바탕으로 학문적 및 실무적 시사점을 제공하고, 연구의 한계점과 이를 개선하기 위한 후속 연구에 대해 방향성을 제시하였다. The purpose of this article is to examine the dual mediation effect of executive leadership and managerial leadership in the relationship between innovation orientation and organizational effectiveness. With the rapid environmental change, innovation orientation is regarded as the most important factor that promotes organizational effectiveness and the sustainable growth of organizations. Leadership promotes compliance with innovation orientation so that it positively influences on organizational effectiveness. To achieve the purpose of the study, we surveyed 1,135 members of a major manufacturing company in South Korea. The results are followings. First, it was confirmed that the relationship between innovation orientation and organizational effectiveness was positive. Second, in the relationship between innovation orientation and organizational effectiveness, executive leadership was validated to have statistically significant positive mediating effects. Third, in the relationship between innovation orientation and organizational effectiveness, managerial leadership was also examined as having statistically significant positive mediating effects. Finally, the dual mediation effects of executive leadership and managerial leadership in the relationship between innovation orientation and organizational effectiveness were revealed to be statistically significant. The study findings suggest academic and practical implications. Research limitations and future research suggestions are proposed based on the study findings.