Metatranscriptome Analysis of Margalefidinium polykrikoides Harmful Algal Bloom

Sang-Hyeok CHO,Yujin JEONG,Eunju LEE,Sangrak JIN,So-Ra KO,Seung Ho BAEK,Chi-Yong AHN,Hee-Mock OH,Byung-Kwan CHO,Suhyung CHO 한국생물공학회 2021 한국생물공학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10

Harmful algal bloom (HAB) is an abnormal algal outbreak occurring in various aquatic environments, destroying the marine industry and ecosystem and damaging humans through the food web. To control HAB, it is critical to understand both the intracellular changes of the bloom-forming algae and their interactions with the symbiotic organisms. Here, we analyzed the metatranscriptome of the HAB comprising Margalefidinium polykrikoides (formerly Cochlodinium polykrikoides) with other bloom-associated microorganisms. Our comprehensive analysis predicted that M. polykrikoides in the HAB preferred propagation through asexual replication rather than reductive reproduction for fast blooming. In particular, the combined transcriptomic expression patterns of increased transcription, translation, mitosis, and asexual division with the decreased meiotic cell cycle genes such as MEI2 were found. The transcriptome analysis of M. polykrikoides analysis also showed evidence of free ferric species exchange under HAB conditions. Through the metatranscriptome analysis during HABs, we analyzed the bacterial community co-habiting with M. polykrikoides during HAB and further suggested potential roles of bacteria such as mutualistic, opportunistic, or even algicidal interactions. Notably, the abundant bacterial species are responsible for ferric ion exchange with algae. Collectively, our results provide a genetic understanding of the bloom compromising algae and algal-bacterial interactions.

Algicidal effects of free-amine water-soluble chitosan to marine harmful algal species

Park, S.C.,Choi, C.,Jeong, G.W.,Lee, H.S.,Choi, S.J.,Kim, W.S.,Nah, J.W. Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemi 2016 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.34 No.-

<P>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) commonly cause significant damage to aquatic systems due to toxin production and depletion of oxygen. In this study, the low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC) was investigated as a new algicidal compound by first investigating the potential of LMWSC in selective combating HABs. The LMWSCs disrupted algal cell and chloroplast membranes within 1 h against HABs, leading to efflux of the intracellular components. For co-cultivation of harmful and harmless algal, LMWSC selectively kill the harmful algal. Based on these results, LMWSC is a promising novel material for harmful algal bloom control. (C) 2015 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Algicidal effects of free-amine water-soluble chitosan to marine harmful algal species

박성철,최창용,정경원,이현수,최선주,김원석,나재운 한국공업화학회 2016 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.34 No.-

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) commonly cause significant damage to aquatic systems due to toxinproduction and depletion of oxygen. In this study, the low molecular weight water-soluble chitosan(LMWSC) was investigated as a new algicidal compound by first investigating the potential of LMWSC inselective combating HABs. The LMWSCs disrupted algal cell and chloroplast membranes within 1 hagainst HABs, leading to efflux of the intracellular components. For co-cultivation of harmful andharmless algal, LMWSC selectively kill the harmful algal. Based on these results, LMWSC is a promisingnovel material for harmful algal bloom control.

An Algicidal Agent against Harmful Algae Using Novel N1-benzyl-N3, N3-diethylpropane-1,3-diamine Derivatives

Kang Seok Park,최두복,손형규,Young Cheol Chang,조훈 한국생물공학회 2023 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.28 No.1

To develop a variety of algaecides for harmful algae control that cause water pollution, we synthesized a series of 79 derivatives based on the structure of N1- benzyl-N3, N3-diethylpropane-1,3-diamine and analyzed their structure-activity relationships toward a harmful and a harmless algal species. Among the derivatives, the best algicidal activities with LC50 values of 0.49 (compound 24) and 0.42 μM (compound 34) in Cyanobacteria, respectively were achieved when CH3 and F groups were substituted at the R2 position, with CH3CH3 group at the R3 position, and amine chain length 3 at the R4 position after fixing Cl substituent group at the R1 position of the benzaldehyde group. The compounds 24 and 34 decreased the chlorophyll content of treated groups by approximately 75-80% as compared to the control. Algicidal activities for harmful algal species were as follows, in the order of greatest to the least: Microcystis sp. > Microcystis aeruginosa > Hererocapsa circularisquama > Chattonella marina > Heterosigma akashiwo. The acute toxicities of compounds 24 and 34 against Daphnia magna showed EC50 values of 20.18 and 22.32 μM, respectively, which were approximately 46.4 and 44.69 times higher than the LC50 value against Microcystis sp., showing low ecotoxicity. In the case of Danio rerio, they showed very low ecotoxicity with EC50 values of 94.97 and 45.97 μM, respectively. These results indicate that compounds 24 and 34 could be potential agents for selectively controlling harmful algal blooms.

Isolation of marine algicidal bacteria from surface seawater and sediment samples associated with harmful algal blooms in Korea

실비아 그리스티안토,김재수,Kristyanto, Sylvia,Kim, Jaisoo The Microbiological Society of Korea 2016 미생물학회지 Vol.52 No.1

본 연구는 식물성플랑크톤의 대량증식 조절과 관련된 해양성 살조능이 있는 박테리아의 분리와 유해조류에 대한 분리 균주의 살조능 특성에 주로 초점을 맞추고 있다. 해수 표면에서 자연적으로 발생하는 유해조류번성(HAB)은 전세계적으로 많은 환경문제를 일으키고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유해조류 성장을 억제하는 능력을 가진 40개의 박테리아 균주를 마산만, 진해만, 돌섬, 거제도, 통영 앞바다에서 분리하였다. 분리된 균주들은 다양한 유해조류인 Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chattonella marina, Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, Scrippsiella trochoidea에 대한 살조특성을 추가로 조사하였다. 살조균주의 선별은 이중층 아가배지와 현미경 계수법을 이용하여 진행하였고 Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Ruegeria, Joostella, Marinomonas, Stakelama, Porphyrobacter, Albirhodobacter의 속들에 속하는 균주들이었다. 가장 중요한 유해조류인 Co. polykrikoides에 대한 가장 강력한 살조능은 10% 배양상등액으로 6시간 처리했을 때 94%를 보이는 균주였다. 이 연구를 통해 살조효과를 보이는 새로운 속으로 Marinomonas sp. M Jin 1-8, Stakelama sp. ZB Yeonmyeong 1-11 & 1-13, Porphyrobacter sp. M Yeonmyeong 2-22, Albirhodobacter sp. 6-R Jin 6-1를 새롭게 찾았다. 결론적으로 이들 해양박테리아를 이용하면 식물성플랑크톤 번성을 제어하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 예상된다. This study mainly focused on isolation of marine algicidal bacteria associated with phytoplankton blooms and characterization of algicidal activity against harmful algae. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) found naturally in surface waters have caused many environmental problems worldwide. In this study, forty bacterial strains that have capability of inhibiting harmful algal growth were isolated from Masan Bay, Jinhae Bay, Dol Island, Jangmok Bay, and the Tongyeong Sea, Republic of Korea. The bacteria were screened furthermore for the characteristics on algicidal activities against Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Chattonella marina, Skeletonema costatum, Heterosigma akashiwo, Heterocapsa triquetra, Prorocentrum minimum, and Scrippsiella trochoidea. As a result, the algicidal bacteria that were screened from double over layer agar and microscopic counts tests belonged to genera Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Bacillus, Pseudoalteromonas, Ruegeria, Joostella, Marinomonas, Stakelama, Porphyrobacter, and Albirhodobacter. One of the most important HAB species is Co. polykrikoides and the strongest algicidal activity against the dinoflagellate was 94.00% after 6 h treatment with 10% bacterial culture filtrate. In this study, Marinomonas sp. M Jin 1-8, Stakelama sp. ZB Yeonmyeong 1-11 & 1-13, Porphyrobacter sp. M Yeonmyeong 2-22, and Albirhodobacter sp. 6-R Jin 6-1 were found to be as new genera of bacteria having anti-algal activity. These results suggest that these bacteria might play an important role in controlling phytoplankton blooms.

Feeding by the harmful phototrophic dinoflagellate <i>Takayama tasmanica</i> (Family Kareniaceae)

Lim, An Suk,Jeong, Hae Jin,Ok, Jin Hee,Kim, So Jin Elsevier 2018 HARMFUL ALGAE Vol.74 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The trophic mode of a phototrophic dinoflagellate is a critical factor in the dynamics of its harmful algal bloom. Recent discoveries of the mixotrophic capabilities of phototrophic dinoflagellates have changed the traditional view of bloom dynamics and prediction models. Here, mixotrophy in the harmful phototrophic dinoflagellate <I>Takayama tasmanica</I> was examined. Moreover, growth and ingestion rates of <I>T. tasmanica</I> on each of <I>Alexandrium minutum</I> CCMP1888 and <I>Alexandrium tamarense</I> CCMP1493, suitable prey, were determined as a function of prey concentration. This study reported for the first time that <I>T. tasmanica</I> is a mixotrophic species. Among the phytoplankton species offered as prey, <I>T. tasmanica</I> fed on all prey species whose equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) was greater than 30 μm, but also <I>A. minutum</I> whose ESD was 19 μm. In contrast, <I>T. tasmanica</I> did not feed on the phototrophic dinoflagellates <I>Heterocapsa triquetra</I>, <I>Gymnodinium aureolum</I>, <I>Scrippsiella acuminata</I> (previously <I>S. trochoidea</I>), <I>Cochlodinium polykrikoides</I>, <I>Alexandrium affine</I>, <I>Alexandrium insuetum</I>, and <I>Alexandrium pacificum</I> that its sister species <I>Takayama helix</I> is able to feed on. With increasing mean prey concentration, ingestion rates of <I>T. tasmanica</I> on <I>A. minutum</I> increased, but became saturated at the prey concentrations of >2130 cells mL<SUP>−1</SUP> (1070 ng C mL<SUP>−1</SUP>). The maximum ingestion rate (MIR) of <I>T. tasmanica</I> on <I>A. minutum</I> was 0.5 ng C predator<SUP>−1</SUP> d<SUP>−1</SUP> (1.0 cells predator<SUP>−1</SUP> d<SUP>−1</SUP>) which is only 64% of the body carbon of a <I>T. tasmanica</I> cell. Growth rates of <I>T. tasmanica</I> on <I>A. minutum</I> were not affected by prey concentrations. Thus, the low maximum ingestion rate is likely to be responsible for the small increases of its growth rate through mixotrophy. In addition, neither growth nor ingestion rates of <I>T. tasmanica</I> feeding on <I>Alexandrium tamarense</I> were affected by prey concentrations. The maximum ingestion rate of <I>T. tasmanica</I> on <I>A. minutum</I> was considerably lower than that of <I>T. helix</I> on the same prey species. Therefore, the mixotrophic ability of <I>T. tasmanica</I> is weaker than that of <I>T. helix</I>, and also <I>T. tasmanica</I> may have an ecological niche different from that of <I>T. helix</I> in marine ecosystems.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> <I>Takayama tasmanica</I> is revealed to be a mixotrophic species. </LI> <LI> <I>T. tasmanica</I> fed on the algal prey >30 μm and <I>Alexandrium minutum</I>. </LI> <LI> Mixotrophic growth rates of <I>T. tasmanica</I> were not affected by prey concentrations. </LI> <LI> Its maximum ingestion rate was 0.5 ng C predator-1 d-1. </LI> <LI> <I>T. tasmanica</I> may have an ecological niche different from that of <I>T. helix</I>. </LI> </UL> </P>

진해만에 출현하는 기생성 와편모류 Amoebophrya spp.와 숙주 와편모류

박종규,허현정,이원호,하나,Park, Jong-Gyu,Hur, Hyun-Jung,Coats, D. Wayne,Yih, Won-Ho,Ha, Na 한국해양학회 2007 바다 Vol.12 No.4

Amoebophrya는 숙주생물에 기생하여 이들을 단기간에 사멸시키는 내부기생성 진핵와편모류로서 숙주 특이성과 숙주 생물의 개체군 동태에 미치는 막대한 영향으로 인해 오래 전부터 유해적조생물에 대한 생물학적 제어 가능성이 제기되었다. 그 동안 숙주 - 기생생물 시스템 배양이 어려워 수 십 년간 연구가 답보상태에 빠졌으나, 최근 소수 종의 숙주 - 기생생물 시스템 배양에 성공하여 새로운 전기를 맞았다. 본 연구는 Amoebophrya가 숙주생물의 개체군 동태에 미치는 영향을 탐색하기 위한 예비연구로서 진해만에서 2년 동안 숙주 와편모류에 기생하는 Amoebophrya spp.의 출현 시기를 관찰하고 Heterocapsa triquetra의 숙주 - 기생생물 시스템 배양을 통하여 이들의 숙주특이성을 평가하였다. 연구기간 동안 9종의 와편모류, Akashiwo sanguinea, Ceratium fusus, Dinophysis acuminata, Heterocapsa triquetra, Oblea sp., Prorocentrum minimum, P. triestinum, Scrippsiella spinifera, S. trochoidea에서 내부기생 Amoebophrya에 의한 감염을 관찰하였으며, 이 중 무각 와편모류 A. sanguinea와 유각 와편모류 H. triquetra 2종에 대한 숙주 - 기생생물 시스템의 실내 배양체 확립에 성공하였다. 연구해역이나 이전에 Amoebophrya가 관찰 또는 보고된 6종의 숙주생물에 H. triquetra에 기생하는 Amoebophrya를 교차 접종하여 이들이 다른 와편모류보다 자기 숙주에 매우 큰 선호도를 가짐을 확인하였다. 앞으로도 우리나라 주변 해역에 출현하는 기생성 와편모류 Amoebophrya를 탐색하여 다양한 숙주 - 기생생물 시스템 배양체를 지속적으로 확보할 필요가 있다. 이러한 기생성 와편모류 Amoebophrya에 대한 생리 생태 특성 연구를 통하여 해양생태계 내에서 그들의 역할을 이해하고 생물학적으로 적조를 제어하는 데에 크게 도움을 얻을 수 있다. Amoebophrya is an obligate endoparasitic eukaryotic dinoflagellate infecting host species and eventually killing them within a short period. Because of its host specificity and significant impacts on population dynamics of host species, it has long been proposed to be a potential biological agent for controlling harmful algal bloom (HAB). For several decades, the difficulties of culturing host - parasite systems have been a great obstacle to further research on the biology of Amoebophrya but recent success of several culture systems reactivates this research field. In this study, as a preliminary work for understanding the impacts of Amoebophrya on the population dynamics of host species, semimonthly occurrence of infected host dinoflagellates by Amoebophrya spp. had been observed in Jinhae Bay for two years and with a host - parasite system cultivated, host specificity of Amoebophrya spp. on several dinoflagellates was tested. Amoebophrya spp. were observed in the cellular organelle and cytoplasm of several species including Akashiwo sanguinea, Ceratium fusus, Dinophysis acuminata, Heterocapsa triquetra, Oblea sp., Prorocentrum minimum, P. triestinum, Scrippsiella spinifera, and S. trochoidea. Among them two host - parasite systems for an athecate dinoflagellate, A. sanguinea, and for a thecate dinoflagellate, H. triquetra, had been able to be successfully established as laboratary cultures. Cross-infection tests for 6 species of dinoflagellates in which Amoebophrya was observed or had been reported to exist confirmed high preference for host species of the parasite. Through the continuous research on Amoebophrya occurring in Korean coastal waters, we need to maintain various host - parasite culture systems, which will be very helpful for understanding its ecological role in marine food webs and for applying the species to biologically control harmful algal blooms.

군체 크기와 세포수 상관관계를 이용한 녹조 유발 남조류의 세포수 산정 방법

유경아 ( Kyung A You ),송미애 ( Mi Ae Song ),변명섭 ( Myeong Seop Byeon ),이혜진 ( Hae Jin Lee ),황순진 ( Soon Jin Hwang ) 한국하천호수학회 2014 생태와 환경 Vol.47 No.4

Harmful Algal Bloom Alert System (HABAS) for drinking water supply is require to fast and accurate count as system monitoring of cyanobacterium occurrence and inducing a response action. We measured correlation between colony size and cell number including genus Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, Oscillatoria which are targeted at HABAS, deducted from standard formula, and suggested calculation method from colony size to the number of cell. We collected cyanobacteria samples at Han River (Paldang reservoir), Nakdong River (Dalseong weir, Changnyeonghaman weir) and Geum River (Gobok reservoir) from August to October, 2013. Also, we studied correlation between colony size and cell number, and calculated regression equation. As a result of correlation of harmful cyanobacteria by genus, Anabaena spp. and Aphanizomenon spp. having trichome showed high correlation coefficients more than 0.93 and Microcystis spp. having colony showed correlation coefficient of 0.76. As a result of correlation of harmful cyanobacteria by species, Anabaena crassa, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, A. issatschenkoi, Oscillatoria curviceps, O. mougeotii having trichome showed high correlation coefficients from 0.89 to 0.96, and Microcystis aeruginosa, M. wessenbergii, M. viridis having colony showed correlation coefficients from 0.76 to 0.88. Compared with other genus Microcystis relatively showed low correlation because even species and colony size are the same, cell density and cell size are different from Microcystis strains. In this study, using calculated regression might be fast and simple method of cell counting. From now on, we need to secure additional samples, and make a decision to study about other species.

Inland harmful algal blooms (HABs) modeling using internet of things (IoT) system and deep learning

Do Hyuck Kwon,Seok Min Hong,Ather Abbas,JongCheol Pyo,Hyung-Kun Lee,Sang-Soo Baek,Kyung Hwa Cho 대한환경공학회 2023 Environmental Engineering Research Vol.28 No.1

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been frequently occurred with releasing toxic substances, which typically lead to water quality degradation and health problems for humans and aquatic animals. Hence, accurate quantitative analysis and prediction of HABs should be implemented to detect, monitor, and manage severe algal blooms. However, the traditional monitoring required sufficient expense and labor while numerical models were restricted in terms of their ability to simulate the algae dynamic. To address the challenging issue, this study evaluates the applicability of deep learning to simulate chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and phycocyanin (PC) with the internet of things (IoT) system. Our research adopted LSTM models for simulating Chl-a and PC. Among LSTM models, the attention LSTM model achieved superior performance by showing 0.84 and 2.35 (μg/L) of the correlation coefficient and root mean square error. Among preprocessing methods, the z-score method was selected as the optimal method to improve model performance. The attention mechanism highlighted the input data from July to October, indicating that this period was the most influential period to model output. Therefore, this study demonstrated that deep learning with IoT system has the potential to detect and quantify cyanobacteria, which can improve the eutrophication management schemes for freshwater reservoirs.

An Unusual Coastal Environment and Cochlodinium polykrikoides Blooms in 1995 in the South Sea of Korea

Kang, Young-Shil,Kim, Hak-Gyoon,Lim, Wol-Ae,Lee, Chang-Kyu,Lee, Sam-Geun,Kim, Sook-Yang The Korean Society of Oceanography 2002 Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography Vol.37 No.4

Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom in 1995 was studied with a focus on an unusual coastal environment in the South Sea of Korea. Data on temperature, salinity, and zooplankton biomass during 1965-1998 and nutrients during 1990-1998 and chlorophyll-a during 1995-1998 were used in this study. These data were obtained from the serial oceanographic observations in Korean waters carried out by the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. In 1995 the C. polykrikoides bloom began in the coastal area around Narodo Island in August and consequently occurred to the whole coastal area of the South and East Seas of Korea. During June-October 1995, the coastal environment was unusual compared with the long-term means during 1965-1998. In June 1995, sea surface temperature was 1-2$^{\circ}C$ warmer than in other years in all coastal areas, while salinity was high only to the east of Jeju Island. In August 1995, a strong coastal front appeared inshore of a line between Jeju and Tsushima Islands. In particular, a strong coastal front which showed the characteristics of upwelling front occurred in the coastal area around Narodo and Sorido Islands, not only because of a strong intrusion of the Tsushima Warm Current but also because of the upwelling of cold bottom water. Salinity was low in the neighboring waters of western side of Jeju Island. Nutrients and chlorophyll-a were high in the inshore area between Narodo and Sorido Islands in 1995 in contrast with the other years and areas. Zooplankton showed an unusually high abundance in the coastal area in October 1995. We conclude that the Tsushima Warm Current strongly influenced the South Sea of Korea in 1995 and created strong upwelling front bordering cold upwelled water in the coastal area around Narodo and Sorido Islands. It leads us that these physical structures introduce the favorable environment for the development of C. polykrikoides blooms. We suggest that C. polykrikoides has a bio-physical tolerance of high shear and stress and prefers frontal and upwelling relaxed areas as its habitat. We also find that nutrients were not supplied to the coastal area from the offshore where a low salinity water mass with high nutrients appeared around Jeju Island. Because the strong upwelling front protect the reach of offshore low saline water mass. The main source of nutrients was the upwelled water mass in the coastal area of Wando-Narodo-Sorido.